Thermodynamic Research on Precipitates in Low Carbon Nb-Microalloyed Steels Produced by Compact Strip Production

Microalloying element Nb in low carbon steels produced by compact strip production （CSP） process plays an important role in inhibiting recrystallization, decreasing the transformation temperature and grain refinement.With decreasing the rolling temperature, dislocations can be pinned by carbonitrides and the strength is increased. Based on the two sublattice model, with metal atom sublattice and interstitial atom sublattice,a thermodynamic model for carbonitride was established to calculate the equilibrium between matrix and carbonitride. In the steel produced by CSP, the calculation results showed that the starting temperature of precipitation of Ti and Nb are 1340℃ and 1040℃, respectively. In the range of 890-950℃, Nb rapidly precipitated. And the maximum of the atomic fraction of Nb in carbonitride was about 0.68. The morphologies and energy spectrum of the precipitates showed that （NbTi） （CN） precipitated near the dislocations. The experiment results show that Nb rapidly precipitated when the temperature was lower than 970℃, and the atomic fraction of Nb in carbonitride was about 60%-80%. The calculation results are in agreement with the experiment data. Therefore the thermodynamic model can be a useful assistant tool in the research on the precipitates in the low carbon steels produced by CSP.

Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami-no Acids on Production Performance,Carcass Qual-ity and Input-output Ratio of Pigs

[ Objectives ] To study the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids on the production performance, carcass quality and input-output ratio of fattening pigs and growing-finishing pigs. [ Methods] Two studies were conducted on fattening pigs and growing pigs respectively. Pigs in two experimental groupswere fed with low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids and normal diets respectively, and the initial weight, final weight, feed consumption and car- cass index of the tested pigs were measured. [ Results] The average final weight of fattening pigs in test group was 2.4 kg lower than that in control group, while the difference was not significant （P 〉 0.05 ）. The average daily gain of fattening pigs in test group was 60 g lower than that in control group, indicating that low protein diets had a tendency to decrease the growth rate （P 〉 0.05 ）, and reduction of daily weight gain in low protein diet pigs reached 7.6%. The development of pigs in low protein diet group was poor, however, the difference was not significant. Carcass backfat thickness in low-protein diet group was slightly higher than that in control group, the difference was significant （ P 〈 0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in input-output ratio between low-protein diet group and control group. Finalweight of growing-finishing pigs in low-protein diet group was 3.22 % lower than that in control group, the average daily weight gainwas 6.91% lower than that in control group, feed intake in test group was 5.48% lower than that in control group, and difference between the two treatments was significant （P 〈 0.05 ）. Feed meat ratio in low-protein diet group improved, however, the difference was not significant（P 〉0.05）. [ Conclusions] Production performance of the pigs would be decreasedand the input-output ratio could not be improvedwhen the adding contents of crude protein in diets was reduced 3% -4%. Therefore, it is recommended that the crude protein level should be enough when pigs were fed with low-protein diets.

Physical simulation of fluid flow and production performance in extra-low permeability porous media

For extra-low permeability reservoirs, with a permeability of about 0.3×10?3 μm2, fluid flow and production performance in cores were studied. A long core holder with a multi-location piezometric measurement was specially designed. An artificial long core, about 700 mm long and with a cross section of 45mm×45mm, was used. In the experiment, pressure distribution along the core can be measured in real time. Single phase flow in the core was investigated. Different modes of production in long cores were also simulated including natural depletion, water flooding, and advanced water flooding. Through physical simulation, flow parameters were collected and production characteristics in extra-low permeability cores were studied. From experimental results, it can be seen that fluid flow in extra-low permeability cores is different from that in high permeability cores. Transmission of pressure in extra-low permeability cores is very slow, and it needs a long time for the pressure to become stable. The distribution curve of pressure along the core is nonlinear and the production rate in extra-low permeability reservoirs decreases sharply. The development effects of different production modes in extra-low permeability cores were compared with one another. Among the production modes, advanced water flooding has much potential for effective development of extra-low permeability reservoirs. Natural depletion and conventional water flooding can also be used in early production periods. In addition, the countermeasures and some ideas especially for the potential development of extra-low permeability reservoirs are suggested.

Intelligent production optimization method for a low pressure and low productivity shale gas well

Shale gas wells frequently suffer from liquid loading and insufficient formation pressure in the late stage of production.To address this issue,an intelligent production optimization method for low pressure and low productivity shale gas well is proposed.Based on the artificial intelligence algorithms,this method realizes automatic production and monitoring of gas well.The method can forecast the production performance of a single well by using the long short-term memory neural network and then guide gas well production accordingly,to fulfill liquid loading warning and automatic intermittent production.Combined with adjustable nozzle,the method can keep production and pressure of gas wells stable automatically,extend normal production time of shale gas wells,enhance automatic level of well sites,and reach the goal of refined production management by making production regime for each well.Field tests show that wells with production regime optimized by this method increased 15%in estimated ultimate reserve(EUR).Compared with the development mode of drainage after depletion recovery,this method is more economical and can increase and stabilize production effectively,so it has a bright application prospect.

Low CO content hydrogen production from oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over CuO-CeO_2 catalysts at low-temperature

CuO-CeO2 catalysts were prepared by a urea precipitation method for the oxidative steam reforming of ethanol at low-temperature.The catalytic performance was evaluated and the catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,temperature-programmed reduction,field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis.Over CuOCeO2 catalysts,H2 with low CO content was produced in the whole tested temperature range of 250–450 C.The non-noble metal catalyst 20CuCe showed higher H2production rate than 1%Rh/CeO2 catalyst at 300–400 C and the advantage was more obvious after 20 h testing at400 C.These results further confirmed that CuO-CeO2 catalysts may be suitable candidates for low temperature hydrogen production from ethanol.

Research on Innovation of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit’s Rent Mode under Low Oil Price

After many years of exploitation,onshore oil and gas resources are about to enter a recession period.Oil and gas will mainly come from oceans in the future.Generally speaking,the exploration and production(E&P)cost of oil from offshore is much higher than that of oil from onshore,so it is more sensitive to oil price.However,in recent years,oil price has been hovering at a low level for a long time,almost close to or even lower than the E&P cost of oil,which directly affects the development of oilfields.Besides the influence of oil price,some oilfields present the characteristics of marginal reserve scale,short peak production period and output rapidly declining.There leads to short economic life period and makes the economic benefit close to or lower than oilfield’s hurdle rate,which increases the difficulty of offshore oilfield development.As an important part of oilfield development,Floating Production Storage and Offloading unit,its investment mode and rent mode directly affect overall oilfield’s rate of return and the economic life.This paper chooses lease mode as the research object based on the analysis of investment mode,and further puts forward rent mode related with oil price through the analysis of traditional rent mode,and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of various rent modes and their applicability so that the lessor chooses the right mode to achieve Win-Win with Oil Company and promotes the development of oilfields under low oil price.

Full Mechanized Production Technology for Double-Low Rapeseed in Xianning City

This paper standardizes the operation of rapeseed production including variety choosing,field preparation,mechanical seeding,field management,mechanical harvesting etc.,to realize full mechanization of rapeseed production. The key technologies: the optimum sowing date was from mid-September to mid-October in rapeseed-rice（corn） double cropping system region,and from mid-October to late October in rapeseed-rice-rice triple-cropping region; seeding rate was 4. 5 kg/ha-6. 0 kg/ha; the optimum density was 450000-750000 plants per ha;150-240 kg N fertilizer,60-90 kg P2O5 fertilizer,90-135 kg K2O fertilizer and 7. 5-15 kg B fertilizer were used per ha,50% of N fertilizer and the rest of fertilizer were used as basal fertilizer; segmented harvesting was done when 70%-80% of siliques per plant was yellow and combined harvesting was done when more than 90% of siliques per plant was yellow or brown.

Numerical study on gas production via a horizontal well from hydrate reservoirs with different slope angles in the South China Sea

It is important to study the effect of hydrate production on the physical and mechanical properties of low-permeability clayey–silty reservoirs for the largescale exploitation of hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea.In this study,a multiphysical-field coupling model,combined with actual exploration drilling data and the mechanical experimental data of hydrate cores in the laboratory,was established to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of low-permeability reservoirs with different slope angles during 5-year hydrate production by the depressurization method via a horizontal well.The result shows that the permeability of reservoirs severely affects gas production rate,and the maximum gas production amount of a 20-m-long horizontal well can reach186.8 m3/day during the 5-year hydrate production.Reservoirs with smaller slope angles show higher gas production rates.The depressurization propagation and hydrate dissociation mainly develop along the direction parallel to the slope.Besides,the mean effective stress of reservoirs is concentrated in the near-wellbore area with the on-going hydrate production,and gradually decreases with the increase of the slope angle.Different from the effective stress distribution law,the total reservoir settlement amount first decreases and then increases with the increase of the slope angle.The maximum settlement of reservoirs with a 0°slope angle is up to 3.4 m,and the displacement in the near-wellbore area is as high as2.2 m after 5 years of hydrate production.It is concluded that the pore pressure drop region of low-permeability reservoirs in the South China Sea is limited,and various slope angles further lead to differences in effective stress and strain of reservoirs during hydrate production,resulting in severe uneven settlement of reservoirs.

带式焙烧机球团NOx超低排放技术研究现状与展望

总结了带式焙烧机NOx的产生机制,揭示了带式焙烧机产生NOx的主要因素,探索从焙烧过程中可降低NOx产生的措施;并结合最新烟气强化脱硝技术和强化手段,为带式焙烧机烟气脱硝技术改造做理论支持和铺垫。

低空经济的内涵、特征和运行模式

低空经济作为低空飞行活动与产业融合的新型综合性经济形态,具有空间立体性、区域依赖性、数字生态性、产业融合性以及辐射带动性等特征。党和政府高度重视发展低空经济,将其确定为国家战略性新兴产业,各地加紧布局,发展势头良好。但具体实践中仍存在发展低空经济的体制机制不畅、技术创新支持不足、新型基础设施不全、产业领域需不断拓展等问题。针对上述问题,文本依据螺旋理论,提出“政产学研金服用”的低空经济开放式创新生态模式。

800MW旋流对冲燃烧锅炉低NOx改造的数值模拟

针对某800MW超临界锅炉NOx排放量较高的问题,设计了配风方式不同的3种工况.利用CFD软件,对3种工况进行了炉内燃烧、传热及污染物排放等方面的数值计算,并分析了炉内的温度、NOx及CO组分的分布情况.结果表明:计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,空气分级燃烧使主燃区温度降低,CO体积分数升高,NOx质量浓度明显降低;燃尽风对燃料的燃尽率和炉膛出口烟温产生了不利影响,从而影响机组的经济性和安全性.通过对各个工况燃料的燃尽率及炉膛出口烟温进行综合比较分析,得出工况3为较理想的改造方案.

不同煤燃烧方式降低NOx排放比较及解耦燃烧应用

采用两段反应器研究了三种煤在不同燃烧方式下抑制NOx生成的效果。结果表明,煤的热解气和部分气化生成气再燃均能较好的抑制NOx生成,抑制效果优于空气分级燃烧,解耦燃烧方式抑制NOx生成的效果最显著,相对于传统燃烧其NOx排放降低了32%以上。煤种对各种燃烧方式降低NOx的程度有明显影响,煤中单位氮含量的燃料比(固定碳/挥发分)越小,煤的热解气和部分气化生成气再燃以及解耦燃烧方式下NOx的排放量越低。在煤部分气化生成气再燃烧方式中,部分氧化气化段通氧量不同,降低NOx排放的效果也不同,在氧气体积分数为8%～10%时的NOx生成量最低。基于解耦燃烧技术原理,研制了1.4 MW解耦燃烧工业锅炉,在燃烧同一煤种时,解耦燃烧锅炉和传统立式锅炉相比,烟气中NOx排放量降低了32.9%。

空气分级燃烧降低锅炉NOx排放控制技术

阐述了空气分级燃烧降低NOx的排放机理及影响分级燃烧NOx生成的主要因素。对某电厂应用空气分级燃烧技术及NOx排放效果进行了分析,同时对内蒙古乌拉山电厂WGZ410/100—12型锅炉的分级燃烧改造方案及其降低NOx排放效果进行了分析,初步了解分级燃烧的特性。

Biohydrogen production with anaerobic sludge immobilized by granular activated carbon in a continuous stirred-tank

A continuous stirred-tank reactor （CSTR） process with granular activated carbon （GAC） was developed for fermentation hydrogen production from molasses-containing wastewater by mixed microbial cultures. Operation at 35℃, an initial biomass of 17.74 g·L^-1 and hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 6 h, the CSTR reactor presented a continuous hydrogen production ability of 5.9 L·d^-1 and the biogas was free of methane throughout the experiment. Dissolved fermehtation products were predominated by ethanol and acetate acid, with smaller quantities of propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid. It was found that GAC could make the immobilized system durable and stable in response to organic load impacting and low pH value. When the organic loading rate （OLR） ranged from 8 kgCOD/（m^3d） to 4 kgCOD/（m^3d）, stable ethanol-type fermentation was formed, and the ethanol and acetate concentrations account for 89% of the total liquid products.

低NOx排放的“风包粉”浓淡煤粉燃烧技术

提出了一种低ＮＯｘ排放的煤粉燃烧技术──“风包粉”浓淡煤粉燃烧技术。分析了这种技术降低ＮＯｘ排放的原理和技术措施，并指出这项技术在低ＮＯｘ排放的同时，还具有低负荷稳燃、高燃烧效率、防止结渣和防止高温腐蚀的性能。介绍了这项技术的一些试验结果和应用情况。

抗生素菌渣热解N官能团变化特征及其与NOx前驱物关系研究

以青霉素菌渣(PMW)和土霉素菌渣(TMW)为对象,在水平管式反应器中进行快速热解,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征和化学吸收-分光光度定量分析方法,研究了抗生素菌渣热解N官能团变化特征及其与NO_x前驱物的关系。结果表明,菌渣燃料N官能团分为无机N(N-IN)和蛋白质及其水解产物N(N-A)两种。决定菌渣NO_x前驱物以NH_3-N为主,N官能团主要为N-A,PMW占81.1%、TMW占59.0%。在低温区间,N-IN在150-250℃分解和N-A在250-450℃转化,为NH3-N主要来源;PM W和TM W产率分别为20.9%和25.6%,而HCN-N产率小于2%,基本与燃料N官能团特征无关;该阶段伴随吡啶N(N-6)和吡咯N(N-5)的生成及转化,峰值在350-400℃。在高温区间,半焦N反应,主要是N-6和N-5的转化,为NH_3-N和部分HCN-N的来源;该阶段伴随少量更稳定质子化吡啶N(N-Q)和氮氧化物N(N-X)生成。由于N-IN和不稳定N-A低温下会快速分解,250-300℃下菌渣半焦N去除高达40%、能量损失可控制在25%,因此,采用合适低温热解处理菌渣,在保证能量前提下可有效去除燃料中的N。

一种低NOx旋流燃烧器流场特性的研究

介绍了国内某锅炉厂按引进日立-巴布科克公司技术制造的HT-NR3低NOx燃烧器的基本情况及其主要结构特点,并对这种燃烧器进行了试验研究.结果表明:该燃烧器的回流区为中间环状回流区,煤粉浓度分布为外浓内淡,与其回流区相匹配,具有良好的着火及燃烧特性.实际运行表明,该燃烧系统具有很好的低NOx特性,可以满足国内燃煤锅炉的低NOx排放要求.

浓淡型双调风旋流燃烧器低NOx特性分析

利用冷态等温模化技术对浓淡型双调风旋流燃烧器进行了模拟实验研究。根据实验结果,对双调风旋流燃烧器的结构及特点进行了分析,研究了此种燃烧器的分级送风和浓淡燃烧技术的特点以及稳燃环所起的重要作用。

基于热解与燃烧反应重构的低NOx解耦燃烧原理与技术

解耦燃烧原理最早于1995年被用于烟煤的低氮无烟燃烧,其通过分离燃料热解与半焦燃烧,打破两反应在传统燃烧方式中的耦合作用,并通过重构热解挥发分与半焦的燃烧反应,实现挥发分完全燃烧的同时有效还原燃烧生成的NO_(x)。基于此方法的燃烧技术在1997年被定义为“解耦燃烧”。本文围绕固体燃料解耦燃烧高效低氮化原理、燃烧过程反应重构原则和反应过程定向调控关键要素,综合总结近三十年在煤炭与生物质解耦燃烧基础研究、技术开发、民用及工业燃烧典型应用及其实现的燃烧强化效果等方面取得的主要进展。解耦燃烧耦合其他诸如燃料再燃、燃料或空气分级燃烧、流态重构燃烧等先进燃烧技术可以进一步提高燃烧效率,降低空气污染物排放。解耦燃烧技术特别适合高含水燃料,对创新低阶煤和有机废弃物等的高效低氮燃烧新技术具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。