Effect of Ti,Zr and Mg addition on inclusions and the impact toughness of heat affected zone in low carbon steel

In order to understand the effects of titanium,zirconium and magnesium on inclusions and the impact toughness of heat affected zone(HAZ) of steel,four low carbon steels deoxidized by titanium,zirconium and magnesium were obtained.After melting,forging,rolling and welding simulation,the inclusion characteristics (size,distribution,morphology and chemistry) analysis,Charpy-type test and the fracture observation of the specimens after the Charpy-type test were carried out respectively.The following results were found.A linear relationship exists between inclusions density and Ti content when Ti content ranges from 0.004%to 0.032% without Mg,and the proportion of inclusions in diameter less than 0.5μm decreases with the increasing of Ti content in steel.The density of inclusion increases rapidly when adding Ti-Zr-Mg deoxidant.The addition of Ti-Zr-Mg can enhance the impact toughness of HAZ after welding simulation.The maximal impacting energy after welding simulation is 249 J at 253 K.The complex particles of MgO-ZrO_2-TiO_x-MnS are most benefit to enhance impact toughness.

Effect of an upward magnetic field on nanosized sulfide precipitation in ultra-low carbon steel

An induction levitation melting （ILM） refining process is performed to remove most microsized inclusions in ultra-low carbon steel （UCS）. Nanosized, spheroid shaped sulfide precipitates remain dispersed in the UCS. During the ILM process, the UCS is molten and is rotated under an upward magnetic field. With the addition of Ti additives, the spinning molten steel under the upward magnetic field ejects particles because of resultant centrifugal, floating, and magnetic forces. Magnetic force plays a key role in removing sub-micrometer-sized particles, composed of porous aluminum titanate enwrapping alumina nuclei. Consequently, sulfide precipitates with sizes less than 50 nan remain dispersed in the steel matrix. These findings open a path to the fabrication of clean steel or steel bearing only a nanosized strengthen- ing phase.

Effect of interface morphology on the mechanical properties of titanium clad steel plates

Interface morphology has important influence on the bond quality of titanium clad steel plates. The mechanical properties of titanium clad steel plates with wavy and straight interfaces were investigated by tensile-shear tests and bending tests. The interface morphology of the plates was examined by optical microscopy （OM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The experimental results show that the shear strength of a wavy interface is higher than that of a straight interface. A wavy interface is the guarantee for obtaining high shear strength to provide a greater shear resistance. During the maerobending process, cracks appear in the swirl of the wave tip and ferrotitanium intermetallies. For in-situ observing the bending process by SEM, the wave tip of a wavy interface and the massive ferrotitartium intermetallies of a straight interface are places where cracks initiate and propagate. The results are the same as those observed in the macrobending process. Became of high hardness, the wave tip and the massive ferrotitanium intermetallies are hard in terms of compatible deformation.

Analysis of thermodynamics and kinetics of titanium between top slag and liquid steel

： Titanium is an impurity element in some special steel grades. The existence of titanium decreases the grain size and lowers the yield strength ,resulting in low quality of these steels with regard to various properties. Thus, the titanium content should be reduced to the minimum. Based on the industrial production of ultra-low carbon A1-Si killed steel, this paper investigated the physical-chemical behaviors of titanium with and without desulfurization during RH refining. The influences of Ti content in hot metal, ladle slag composition, and ladle slag quantity, etc., on the Ti content in refined liquid steel were discussed. The results show that the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel is inversely proportional to the AI content to the power of 4/3 ,and the empirical formula regressed from practical experience can be expressed as w（TiO2）/WTi=48/w[AI]4/3 Maximum partition ratio of titanium between top slag and liquid steel can be ensured W[Til WIAIIby an optimum slag composition including components of FeOx and A12 03 and an appropriate slag basicity. The contents of FetO and A1203 should be controlled above 6% and below 20% respectively and the slag basicity should be kept within 1.5 to 3.0. Moreover, desulfurization refining in the RH vacuum will decrease the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel significantly. To keep the Ti content stably below 15 ×10 ^-4% in a 300 ton ladle ,the Ti content in hot metal must be lower than 500 × 10^-4% and the thickness of ladle slag carried over from BOF slag must be less than 50 ram.

基于钛质铆钉的低碳钢/钛电阻单元焊接接头的组织与性能

以钛质铆钉作为单元件对2 mm厚的钛和Q235低碳钢板进行电阻单元焊。利用扫描电镜观察接头中各区域的微观组织结构,分析了焊接参数对接头抗剪载荷和十字抗拉载荷的影响。结果表明:低碳钢/钛电阻单元焊接接头的抗剪载荷与十字抗拉载荷随焊接电流、焊接时间的增加而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当铆钉腿径为8 mm、焊接时间为300 ms、焊接电流为12 kA时,接头的抗剪载荷与十字抗拉载荷分别为11.26和7.39 kN。采用电阻单元焊焊接低碳钢/钛时,铆钉的腿径在4~8 mm范围内,所用铆钉的腿径越大,适焊窗口越宽。

高级别汽车桥壳钢Q460QK的生产

驱动桥桥壳是中重型商用汽车的重要零件之一,既是承载零件,也是传力部件,同时又是主减速器、差速器及驱动车轮传动装置的外壳,因而要求汽车桥壳钢除具备综合力学性能外,还应具备一定的耐低温疲劳服役性能。由于汽车桥壳零件采用冲压工艺,且零件形状较为复杂,要求桥壳钢具备一定的成型性能。本文根据汽车桥壳钢加工方式及服役工况,采用低碳锯钛微合金成分体系细化晶粒尺寸,通过高纯净度双联冶炼工艺降低钢水中非金属夹杂物,采用TMCP控轧控冷工艺控制带钢组织类型,生产出了高韧性耐低温Q460QK桥壳钢。采用室温拉伸试验、折弯试验、夏比摆锤冲击试验、光镜检验、扫描电镜检验等检验手段,经检测,该桥壳钢在-60℃温度下冲击功>300J且无明显的韧脆转变点,断后延伸率>24%,冷弯d=a折弯合格,微观组织为铁素体+贝氏体,其中的针状铁素体在改善强度的同时,还能显著提高带钢低温韧性,晶粒度评级达11.5级,带状组织评级1级,具备较优异的综合性能。

Control of Ultra Low Titanium in Ultra Low Carbon Al-Si Killed Steel

Titanium is the impurity in some special steel grades.The existence of titanium decreases the grain size,depresses the yield strength,and results in the low quality of these steels in various properties.Thus,titanium should be removed to the minimum.Based on the industrial production of ultra low carbon Al-Si killed steel,the physical-chemical behavior of titanium was investigated in vacuum degassing refining（RH）process with and without desulfurization.The influences of titanium content in hot metal,ladle slag composition,and ladle slag quantity,etc,on titanium content of refined liquid steel were discussed.The results showed that the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel is in inverse proportion to the 4/3square of aluminum content.The maximum partition ratio of titanium between top slag and liquid steel can be obtained by adjusting an optimum slag composition including contents of FeOxand Al2O3and the slag basicity,and the suitable range of them should be controlled higher than 6%,less than 20%,and within 1.5to 3.0,respectively.Moreover,desulfurization refining by RH decreases the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel significantly.To ensure the titanium content stably less than 15×10-6 in a 300tladle,the titanium content in hot metal must be less than 500×10-6 and the thickness of basic oxygen furnace（BOF）slag carrying over must be less than 50mm.

钛/低碳钢的自冲铆-电阻点焊复合连接工艺研究

以钛为上板、低碳钢为下板,分别采用自冲铆、自冲铆-电阻点焊复合工艺对其进行连接,对比分析了两类接头的主要几何特征参量和抗剪性能。结果表明:自冲铆+电阻点焊复合连接接头的残余底厚和钉脚张开度比自冲铆接头的大,尤其在采用较大电流的焊接情况下。与钛/低碳钢自冲铆接头相比,焊接电流为6~10 kA获得的自冲铆+电阻点焊复合连接接头的抗剪载荷较大,最大值达到6.71 kN,提高了约56%。

铌中间层对钛与Q235低碳钢电阻点焊接头组织和性能的影响

以100μm厚的铌箔为中间层,改变中间层的层数对钛与Q235低碳钢进行电阻点焊,利用扫描电镜对接头熔核区域的微观组织进行观察,研究了焊接电流和焊接时间对接头熔核直径和抗剪力的影响。结果表明:随着铌中间层层数的增加,可采用的焊接参数范围逐渐增大。但随着铌中间层层数的增加,焊接接头的抗剪力呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,在铌中间层层数为3层时,焊接电流为14 kA时达到最大,为6.29 kN。当中间层未熔断时,熔核区域组织主要由α-Fe和Fe_(2)Nb相组成;当中间层熔断时,熔核区域组织主要由TiFe、TiFe_(2)和残余Nb中间层处的FeNb金属间化合物组成。

激光功率对低碳钢表面激光熔覆钛合金涂层组织和性能的影响

目的利用激光熔覆简便、高效的特点,在低碳钢表面开发低成本、短流程的耐蚀钛合金涂层,拓宽钛合金在海洋工程装备上的应用。方法选择球形纯钛粉末,采用同步送粉式激光熔覆技术在低碳钢表面制备一层薄的钛合金涂层。通过单色红外测温仪对熔池的温度变化进行监测。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征涂层的宏观形貌、微观形貌和相组成。借助万能试验机和维氏硬度计测试涂层的结合强度、剪切强度和硬度。使用电化学工作站在NaCl(质量分数3.5%)溶液中测试涂层的极化曲线和阻抗(EIS),以评价涂层的耐蚀性能。结果采用激光熔覆技术在低碳钢表面成功制备了一层薄的耐蚀钛合金涂层。激光功率的选择对在低碳钢表面制备性能良好的钛合金涂层至关重要。一方面,激光功率会影响熔池的温度演变,随着功率的降低,熔池的最高温度降低,熔池寿命缩短。通过引入粉末沉积密度(ρPDD)和单位面积有效能量输入(Eeff)进一步描述工艺参数与涂层质量之间的关系。结果表明,在ρPDD(0.009 g/mm^(2))不变的情况下,要获得表面质量良好的涂层,需要将E_(eff)控制在一定范围(45~54 J/mm^(2))内。另一方面,激光功率会影响铁元素的热扩散,功率的增大会导致涂层表面的铁元素增多。由于铁元素在熔覆过程中的剧烈扩散,涂层的平均硬度皆大于400HV,预期对涂层的耐磨性能有正面影响。受到粉末束流对熔池的搅动作用,界面处形成了TiFe和Fe_(2)Ti的混合区域,此时涂层的结合强度降低。通过调控功率来减少涂层表面的铁元素含量,有利于提高涂层的耐蚀性能,P10涂层表面铁元素的含量最少,其自腐蚀电位最正(-0.298 V),自腐蚀电流密度(1.117×10^(-7)A/cm^(2))最低,EIS结果也进一步证实P10涂层具有良好的耐蚀性。结论选择合适的激光功率可以在保证良好结合性能的同时,使熔覆层获得优异的耐蚀性。文中以激光熔覆方式在低碳钢表面制备了高性能的钛合金涂层,为钛合金在海洋工程装备上实现低成本、大面积应用奠定了基础。

Effect of Inclusions Containing Ti,Mg on Microstructure and Performance of HAZ in Low Carbon Steel

In order to study the effects of inclusions containing titanium,zirconium and magnesium on the impact toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ) of steel,two low carbon steels deoxidized by titanium,zirconium and magnesium were obtained.After some treatments,the inclusion characteristics (size,morphology and chemistry) analysis,Charpy-type test,microstructure and the fracture observation were carried out on the prepared specimens.The following results were found.The inclusions containing Mg can keep more stable in HAZ.The inclusion containing Mg can enhance the impact toughness of HAZ,and the impacting energy reaches 249J at 253K when simulated input energy is 150kJ/mm.The inclusions with diameter smaller than 1.5 μm play a key role of pinning effect.

Population Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Ti-stabilized Ultra-low Carbon Steels after Deoxidation

Population density function （PDF）, which can eliminate the arbitrariness caused by the choice of the num- ber and the size of bins compared to the well-used histograms, was introduced to analyze the amount of inclusions. The population evolution of oxide inclusions in forms of PDF in Ti-stabilized ultra-low carbon steels after deoxidation during industrial RH refining and continuous casting processes was analyzed using an automated SEM-EDS system. It was found that after deoxidation till the early stage of casting, the alumina inclusions exhibited a lognormal PDF distribution, and three factors including the existence of a large amount of alumina clusters, the generation of alumi- na from the reduction of Al-Ti-O inclusions and the reoxidation of molten steel were estimated as the reasons. The shape parameter σ was high after deoxidation and then decreased after Ti treatment, indicating that in a short period after deoxidation, the size of alumina inclusions was widely distributed. After Ti treatment, the distribution of inclu- sion size was more concentrated. The scale parameter m decreased with time during the whole refining process, indi- cating that the proportion of large inclusions decreased during refining. Contrarily, the Al-Ti-O inclusions presented a fractal PDF distribution except at the end of casting with fractal dimension D of 4.3, and the constant of propor- tionality C decreased with time during RH refining and increased during casting process. The reoxidation of steel by slag entrapped from ladle was considered as the reason for the lognormal PDF behavior of Al-Ti-O inclusions at the end of casting.

含钛低碳钢凝固过程中氧化钛形成的热力学

通过研究含钛低碳钢的热力学,确定了在凝固过程中形成氧化钛的最佳钢液条件。计算结果表明:在含钛低碳钢中,为促进凝固初期析出Ti2O3从而细化凝固组织,关键的工艺要点是控制钢液中氧含量在0 0005%～0 0030%,铝含量小于0 001%,氮含量小于0 014%。

微量钛对低碳硼钢冲击韧性的影响

研究了微量钛对低碳硼钢冲击韧性的影响．结果表明：在－６０℃～＋２０℃范围内，加入微量钛的低碳硼钢的冲击韧性普遍较好，随着温度升高，冲击韧性值增大，但其冲击韧性值变化幅度不大．在－６０℃～＋２０℃范围内，必须的钛含量超出时，这些过剩的钛对低碳硼钢的冲击韧性没有明显影响．

含Ti超低碳钢的氢渗透实验研究

对含Ti量为0.043％和0.071％的二种超低碳钢,研究Ti化合物析出相和不同冷轧形变量对钢板贮氢性能的影响。结果表明,钢中含Ti量提高,含Ti化合物的析出量增加,钢板的氢穿透时间延长,氢扩散系数降低。钢板冷轧形变量的增加,其贮氢能力也随之提高。

低碳钢纳米TiO2涂层的结构、形貌与防腐性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法与浸渍提拉技术在经碱性发黑和热处理后的低碳钢上制备纳米TiO2涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对涂层的结构、形貌及组成进行表征,采用电化学方法研究涂层的防腐蚀性能.结果表明:所制备的纳米TiO2涂层外观呈蓝灰色,表面存在大小不等的微裂纹;XRD分析表明纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型;XPS分析表明涂层主要由Ti、Fe、O和C 4种元素组成;稳定电位和Tafel曲线测试表明纳米TiO2涂层对于低碳钢具有一定的防腐蚀性能,在2.5%NaHCO3溶液中光电化学效应明显,在3%NaC l溶液中光电化学效应不明显.

终轧温度对含钛铌超低碳铁素体不锈钢显微组织、织构和力学性能的影响

实验室研究了终轧温度对钛、铌复合添加的16%Cr超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢的显微组织、织构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当终轧温度从940℃降低到800℃时,热轧退火钢板和冷轧退火钢板的铁素体晶粒尺寸均减小,因此采用低温终轧有利于细化铁素体晶粒。降低终轧温度,热轧退火后钢板中形成的γ纤维明显增强且比较均匀。由于织构具有遗传性,在冷轧退火钢板中也形成了均匀的γ再结晶织构。采用较低的终轧温度既有利于提高成型性又有利于改善材料的各向异性。

ICP-AES法测定普碳钢及中低合金钢中钛

采用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪 (ICP-AES)测定普碳钢及中低合金钢中的钛 ,通过选择仪器最佳分析参数 ,研究了酸度、铁基体、共存元素对钛光谱线 (3 2 3 .4nm、3 3 4.9nm、3 3 6.1nm)的影响 ,确定了测定钛的最佳分析条件。此法测定范围为0 .0 0 0 5 %～ 2 .0 % ,检测限为 10 - 7%。

钛与低碳钢的夹铜电阻点焊接头的特性

为改善接头性能,以100μm厚的铜箔为中间层对钛与低碳钢Q235进行电阻点焊。观察、分析了接头中各特征区域的微观结构,探讨了焊接电流、焊接时间和电极压力对接头熔核尺寸及抗剪载荷的影响。结果表明:以铜为中间层的钛与低碳钢点焊接头熔核内部与端部分别由Ti-Fe系和Cu-Ti系金属间化合物构成。接头的抗剪载荷随焊接电流、焊接时间及电极压力的增大而呈先增大后下降的变化趋势,接头最大抗剪载荷约为4.2 kN。接头的断裂方式主要呈界面撕裂破坏,熔核内部的Ti-Fe金属间化合物呈脆性断裂,端部的Cu-Ti化合物呈准韧性断裂。