Performance study of aluminum shielded room for ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging based on SQUID： Simulations and experiments

The aluminum shielded room has been an important part of ultra-low-field magnetic resonance imaging （ULF MRI） based on the superconducting quantum interference device （SQUID）. The shielded room is effective to attenuate the external radio-frequency field and keep the extremely sensitive detector, SQUID, working properly. A high-performance shielded room can increase the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and improve image quality. In this study, a circular coil with a diameter of 50 cm and a square coil with a side length of 2.0 m was used to simulate the magnetic fields from the nearby electric apparatuses and the distant environmental noise sources. The shielding effectivenesses （SE） of the shielded room with different thicknesses of aluminum sheets were calculated and simulated. A room using 6-mm-thick aluminum plates with a dimension of 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2.0 m was then constructed. The SE was experimentally measured by using three-axis SQUID magnetometers, with tranisent magnetic field induced in the aluminum plates by the strong pre-polarization pulses. The results of the measured SE agreed with that from the simulation. In addition, the introduction of a 0.5-mm gap caused the obvious reduction of SE indicating the importance of door design. The nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） signals of water at 5.9 kHz were measured in free space and in a shielded room, and the SNR was improved from 3 to 15. The simulation and experimental results will help us design an aluminum shielded room which satisfies the requirements for future ULF human brain imaging. Finally, the cancellation technique of the transient eddy current was tried, the simulation of the cancellation technique will lead us to finding an appropriate way to suppress the eddy current fields.

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to carbon capture,utilization and storage:A review

Carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.

Heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences in liquid nuclear magnetic resonance

This paper analyses the heteronuclear Cosy Revamped by Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection pulse sequence. General theoretical expressions of the pulse sequence with arbitrary flip angles were derived by using dipolar field treatment and signals originating from heteronuclear intermolecular single-quantum coherences （iSQCs） in highly-polarized two spin-1/2 systems were mainly discussed in order to find the optimal flip angles. The results show that signals from heteronuclear iSQCs decay slower than those from intermolecular double-quantum coherences or intermolecular zero-quantum coherences. Magical angle experiments validate that the signals are from heteronuclear iSQCs and insensitive to the imperfection of radio-frequency flip angles. All experimental observations are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The quantum-mechanical treatment leads to similar predictions to the dipolar field treatment.

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement station in SECUF using hybrid superconducting magnets

Nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） is one of the most powerful tools to explore new quantum states of condensed matter induced by high magnetic fields at a microscopic level. High magnetic field enhances the intensity of the NMR signal, and more importantly, can induce novel phenomena. In this article, examples are given on the field-induced charge density wave （CDW） in high-To superconductors and on the studies of quantum spin liquids. We provide a brief introduction to the high magnetic field NMR platform, the station 4 of the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility （SECUF）, being built at Huairou, Beijing.

7.0T nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of the amyloid beta(1–40) animal model of Alzheimer's disease: comparison of cytology verification

3.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging brain function in Alzheimer＇s disease. However, is a commonly used method in the research ot the role of 7.0T high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in brain function of Alzheimer＇s disease remains unclear. In this study, 7.0T magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that in the hippocampus of Alzheimer＇s disease rats, the N-acetylaspartate wave crest was reduced, and the creatine and choline wave crest was elevated. This finding was further supported by hematoxylin-eosin staining, which showed a loss of hippocampal neurons and more glial cells. Moreover, electron microscopy showed neuronal shrinkage and mitochondrial rupture, and scanning electron microscopy revealed small size hippocampal synaptic vesicles, incomplete synaptic structure, and reduced number. Overall, the results revealed that 7.0T high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy detected the lesions and functional changes in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer＇s disease rats in vivo, allowing the possibility for assessing the success rate and grading of the amyloid beta （1-40） animal model of Alzheimer＇s disease.

Observation of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips in nuclear magnetic resonance

The correlated spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric Z-gradient echo detection （CRAZED） sequence is modified to investigate intermolecular double-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance signal dips in highly polarized spin systems. It is found that the occurrence of intermolecular double-quantum coherence signal dips is related to sample geometry, field inhomogeneity and dipolar correlation distance. If the field inhomogeneity is refocused, the signal dip occurs at a fixed position whenever the dipolar correlation distance approaches the sample dimension. However, the position is shifted when the field inhomogeneity exists. Experiments and simulations are performed to validate our theoretic analysis. These signal features may offer a unique way to investigate porous structures and may find applications in biomedicine and material science.

基于LF-NMR研究双孢菇远红外辅助热泵干燥过程中水分迁移规律及品质变化

为研究双孢菇远红外辅助热泵干燥过程中水分分布规律及品质变化,采用低场核磁共振及成像技术分别对干燥过程的双孢菇进行弛豫特性及质子密度成像分析,并研究干燥前、后双孢菇微观结构和品质的变化。结果表明:在热泵温度分别为45,55,65℃时,双孢菇到达干燥终点的时间分别为510,420,390 min。双孢菇的T2反演谱有3个不同的弛豫峰:T21(3~23 ms)、T22(25~155 ms)和T23(155~1084 ms),分别代表双孢菇中的结合水、不易流动水和自由水。干燥初期,T23左迁幅度很大,干燥后期,左迁幅度变小,随着干燥时间的延长,自由水的流动性降低。干燥结束时,T23对应的弛豫峰下降约99.8%,只剩下部分T21和T22对应的峰,说明自由水几乎被完全去除,双孢菇内仅剩结合水和少量不易流动水。低场核磁共振图像显示,65℃条件下,干燥360 min,水分基本被脱除,而55℃和45℃处理组分别在干燥390 min和450 min才基本脱除。双孢菇外侧的水分先被脱除,内部的水分向外迁移,并且温度越高,内部水分迁移速率越快。另外,65℃条件下的双孢菇的BI值分别比45℃和55℃条件下的BI低30.55%和22.69%,说明65℃更能维持双孢菇原有的色泽。65℃条件下干燥的双孢菇的抗坏血酸、总酚、总黄酮含量分别比干燥前下降84.62%,55.80%和36.78%,与45℃和55℃相比,65℃下双孢菇营养成分的损失最小。本研究表明低场核磁共振及成像技术为双孢菇干燥过程中水分的变化提供了直观的参考依据,也可为双孢菇的远红外辅助热泵干燥工艺优化干燥参数、提高产品质量提供理论参考。

基于LF-NMR探究板栗失水过程中质构和色差变化

板栗(Castanea mollissima Blu.)果实中的水分组成在其生理代谢及品质变化过程中具有重要作用。本研究以贵州黔西南望谟县板栗为实验材料,利用低场核磁共振技术,对不同水分含量(48%、38%、28%、18%)的板栗果中氢核的横向弛豫衰减信号进行测试,并利用SIRT模型对数据进行反演,得出横向弛豫时间T2的反演数据。采用自旋回波脉冲序列对板栗果的质子密度加权成像;使用物性测试仪分析质构特性,利用色差仪分析板栗失水过程中果肉颜色的变化。结果显示,自然失水改变了板栗果中水分的结合状态,水分发生明显迁移,自由水和不易流动水的信号幅值随失水程度的加剧而逐渐减弱。不同含水率板栗的反演峰总面积不同,随着含水率的增加,核磁共振信号增强,峰面积增大,两者具有显著的相关性。核磁共振成像技术通过图片明暗不同,可直观反映不同阶段的水分含量。板栗果实自然贮藏过程中发生石灰化,果实质地发生硬化,挤压咀嚼时抵抗力增大,失水初期内聚性和弹性变化不显著,后期下降;粘附性前期降低,但后期变化不明显;板栗失水初期果肉发生氧化,颜色逐渐呈暗红色,失水后期石灰化较为严重,果肉颜色变白,亮度增加。本研究结果可为板栗加工过程中的水分迁移机制探讨以及产品的品质控制提供参考。

LF-NMR结合MRI分析热泵干燥过程中黑木耳水分迁移

采用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)和核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,探讨黑木耳在不同热泵干燥温度脱水过程中的水分状态和分布变化。结果表明:黑木耳的热泵干燥过程加速和恒速干燥阶段持续时间较短,降速干燥阶段较长;黑木耳中的自由水首先被脱除,然后是结合水,且有部分自由水向结合水转移;黑木耳含水率与总峰面积呈较强的线性相关性(R2=0.9847);黑木耳边缘和表面的水分首先被脱除,根部的水分逐渐向边缘和表面转移;低场核磁共振技术可以作为一种快速、无损监测黑木耳热泵干燥过程水分迁移的有效方法。

Advances in high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance methods in inhomogeneous magnetic fields using intermolecular multiple quantum coherences

Strong and extremely homogeneous static magnetic field is usually required for high-resolution nu-clear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, in the cases of in vivo and so on, the magnetic field inho-mogeneity owing to magnetic susceptibility variation in samples is unavoidable and hard to eliminate by conventional methods such as shimming. Recently, intermolecular multiple quantum coherences (iMQCs) have been employed to eliminate inhomogeneous broadening and obtain high-resolution NMR spectra, especially for in vivo samples. Compared to other high-resolution NMR methods, iMQC method exhibits its unique feature and advantage. It simultaneously holds information of chemical shifts, multiplet structures, coupling constants, and relative peak areas. All the information is often used to analyze and characterize molecular structures in conventional one-dimensional NMR spec-troscopy. In this work, recent technical developments including our results in this field are summarized; the high-resolution mechanism is analyzed and comparison with other methods based on interactions between spins is made; comments on the current situation and outlook on the research directions are also made.

A Novel Model of Predicting Archie's Cementation Factor from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) Logs in Low Permeability Reservoirs

The resistivity experimental measurements of core samples drilled from low permeability reservoirs of Ordos Basin, Northwest China, illustrate that the cementation factors are not agminate, but vary from 1.335 to 1.749. This leads to a challenge for the estimation of water and hydrocarbon sa- turation. Based on the analysis of Purcell equation and assumption that rock resistivity is determined by the parallel connection of numerous capillary resistances, a theoretical expression of cementation factor in terms of porosity and permeability is established. Then, cementation factor can be calculated if the parameters of porosity and permeability are determined. In the field application, porosity can be easily obtained by conventional logs. However, it is a tough challenge to estimate permeability due to the strong heterogeneity of low permeability reservoirs. Thus, the Schlumberger Doll Research （SDR） model derived from NMR logs has been proposed to estimate permeability. Based on the analysis of the theoretical expressions of cementation factor and SDR model, a novel cementation factor prediction model, which is relevant to porosity and logarithmic mean of NMR T2 spectrum （T21m）, is derived. The advantage of this model is that all the input information can be acquired from NMR logs accurately. In order to confirm the credibility of the novel model, the resistivity and corresponding laboratory NMR measurements of 27 core samples are conducted. The credibility of the model is confirmed by compar- ing the predicted cementation factors with the core analyzed results. The absolute errors for all core samples are lower than 0.071. Once this model is extended to field application, the accuracy of water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation will be significantly improved.

基于LF-NMR和HS-SMPE-GC-MS分析烤牛脂水分分布及关键挥发性风味物质

采用低场-核磁共振技术、顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对秦川牛牛脂烤制过程中水分分布及关键挥发性风味物质进行研究。结果表明:在烤制过程中牛脂L^(*)值明显下降(P<0.05),a^(*)值、b^(*)值先上升后下降。结合水的相对含量在整个烤制过程中变化不显著(P>0.05),而不易流动水先上升后下降,自由水整体下降(P>0.05)。弛豫时间T_(23)和T_(24)逐渐减小(P<0.05),水分子的自由度逐渐降低,说明此过程中水分子与脂质、蛋白质分子之间的结合更加紧密。电子鼻能对烤牛脂样品进行有效区分,并且电子鼻数据主成分分析结果显示醇类、芳香类、萜类以及有机硫类化合物受烤制时间影响显著。在牛脂样品中共检测出95种挥发性物质,1-甲氧基-2-丙醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、乙酸、壬醛、壬酸和乙酰胺含量较高且普遍存在于每个样品中,酮类、杂环类、胺类化合物主要存在于烤制后期。气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)法鉴定出19种关键挥发性物质,其中大部分物质OAV在烤制12 min时最大。

Design of Braunbeck Coil for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyro Magnetic Field Excitation

For generating a uniform and steady magnetic field, Helmholtz coil is extensively used in nuclear magnetic resonance gyro(NMRG). Unfortunately, the volume of Helmholtz coil makes it inconvenient to miniaturize NMRG. This study introduces Braunbeck coil that can be used in magnetic field excitation system. Braunbeck coil can produce homogeneous magnetic field within a limit space, and occupy a small volume. In addition, this study presents mathematical expressions that can be used to calculate the area of uniform magnetic field. Experimental test verifies the effectiveness of the proposed design, and the results accord closely with the actual simulation.

基于LF-NMR和HS-SPME-GC-MS研究煮制羊皮中水分分布及关键挥发性风味物质

运用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)以及顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对羊皮煮制过程中(0、20、30、40、50、60 min)水分分布及挥发性风味物质进行研究,并结合气味活度值(odor activity values,OAV)筛选出关键挥发性风味物质。结果表明煮制羊皮中水分的主要存在形式为自由水。在6个样本中共检测到43种挥发性物质,以OAV≥1为标准筛选出关键挥发性风味物质11种,分别为辛醛、壬醛、己醛、庚醛、呋喃甲醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-戊基呋喃。研究结果表明关键挥发性风味物质辛醛、壬醛、己醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛的含量与水分总含量显著负相关(P<0.01);辛醛和(E)-2-辛烯醛的含量与不易流动水的相对含量呈正相关(P<0.05)。

基于干燥动力学结合LF-NMR分析的不同干燥过程中天麻切片水分变化

为探究天麻(Gastrodia elata Blume)切片干燥过程中水分迁移变化规律,并建立其量化表征方法,本研究采用低场核磁共振(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, LF-NMR)技术分析热风干燥(Hot Air Drying, HAD)和微波干燥(Microwave Drying, MWD)过程中不同热风温度(60、70、80℃)和不同微波功率密度(2、3、4 W/g)条件下的天麻切片,结合干燥特性曲线建立基于LF-NMR参数的天麻切片含水量预测模型。结果表明,MWD速率远大于HAD,在热风温度(60-80℃)和微波功率密度(2-4 W/g)范围内,高温、高功率密度有利于提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。Logarithmic模型可以准确描述天麻切片HAD和MWD过程中含水量的变化。经LF-NMR技术分析,在HAD和MWD过程中,天麻切片的横向弛豫时间曲线整体上呈现左移的趋势,各状态水的弛豫峰信号强度不断降低;干燥结束时天麻切片中的自由水完全被脱去,仅存少量的不易流动水和结合水。无论是HAD还是MWD,弛豫峰总面积A_(2)和天麻片的干基含水量相关性均在0.99以上。研究结果可为阐明天麻切片干燥机制和干燥工艺参数的优选提供参考。

复合助剂对低温喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响

为保证低温喷雾干燥后蓝靛果粉品质,采用黄金分割法研究复合助剂(麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白)对喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响,分析低温进风温度(50~90℃)对蓝靛果粉花青素保留率、集粉率和含水率的影响规律。结果表明,在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精的质量比例为85.4%、14.6%时,集粉率高达37.96%;随进料溶液中麦芽糊精质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、堆积密度、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值和色差值ΔE呈增加趋势,含水率、花青素含量和黄度b^(*)值呈下降趋势;在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白质量比例为72.9%、12.5%、14.6%时,集粉率达到最高(40.11%);随料液中乳清蛋白质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉含水率、花青素含量呈上升趋势,其玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和色差值ΔE等指标呈下降趋势;复合助剂显著提高蓝靛果粉集粉率(P<0.05),对其中的花青素起到较强保护作用,其含水率、水溶性指数、堆积密度等理化指标均接近于最优水平。低温喷雾干燥研究发现,随进风温度上升,集粉率和含水率呈负相关,在进风温度90℃时,集粉率最高的配方中可实现较高花青素保留率(89.94%)。低频核磁共振波谱以及质子密度图像信息分析表明,加入的助剂与蓝靛果果汁中水分通过氢键、静电结合力和疏水作用等分子间作用力,形成稳定性高水合物、增强液滴聚结抵抗力,提高料液玻璃态转换温度,从而实现高集粉率和高花青素保留率的蓝靛果果粉低温喷雾干燥;红外光谱分析表明,复合助剂可在蓝靛果果粉中形成分子间氢键,并对花青素等活性物质进行固定包埋保护。研究结果可为蓝靛果粉喷雾干燥加工生产提供理论支撑和参考依据。

基于低场核磁共振技术进行黄酒发酵进程监测及品牌的分析

该文对不同发酵阶段的黄酒样品进行低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)检测,比较了陈酿时间、酒精度和品牌对黄酒低场核磁弛豫特性的影响,最后对9个品牌黄酒的LF-NMR弛豫信息进行了主成分分析。结果表明,发酵后样品的单组分弛豫时间(T_(2W))显著缩短,而陈酿后黄酒的T_(2W)又相对延长。多组分弛豫图谱(T_(2))表明,对照组和浸米样品均只有1个峰。发酵后样品的T_(2)图谱均出现2个峰。从第一次发酵到煎酒期间,T_(21)和T_(22)不断缩短,而陈酿期间T_(21)和T_(22)相对延长。同一品牌及陈酿时间的黄酒,酒精度越大,体系的T_(2W),T_(21)和T_(22)越短;同一品牌及酒精度下,陈酿时间仅对T_(21)有一定影响。不同品牌黄酒因酿造工艺的区别而使弛豫分布有一定特点。主成分分析表明,不同酒精度、陈酿时间、品牌及种类的黄酒的弛豫特性的PCA分布及间距不同。说明应用LF-NMR技术可实现对不同工艺生产的黄酒的快速辨别。

基于不同维度低场核磁共振技术的大豆含油率检测与判别

大豆含油率的高低直接影响榨油与育种结果。为探究大豆含油率的最佳检测方法与构建含油率高低判别模型,该研究基于不同维度低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术,以国标法为对照,利用LF-NMR波谱和LF-NMR含油含水率软件检测大豆含油率;核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)结合深度学习,建立大豆含油率高低判别模型。引入低场二维核磁共振(low field two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-2D-NMR)技术,定性分析一维波谱中信号重叠无法区分组分的问题。试验结果表明,LF-NMR含油含水率软件能快速准确检测大豆含油率,T1-T2二维核磁图谱成功解决了自由水和油信号重叠问题。利用U-net++深度学习模型对MRI成像的矢状面、冠状面、横截面以及三面混合数据集进行训练,其中横截面评价指标与其他数据集相比更优,语义分割部分中平均交并比(mean intersection over union,mIoU)约0.9058,全局准确率0.9980,训练后的模型能够将MRI图像识别并分割,快速判别大豆含油率高低。试验证明,LF-NMR及MRI能够快速无损掌握大豆含油率信息,为大豆的高油育种提供了新思路和技术支持。

基于低场核磁共振的预包装即食牛肉保质期预测模型研究

目的:开展预包装即食牛肉保质期快速、准确和无损的预测方法研究,对于保障产品货架期安全具有重要意义。方法:以预包装即食牛肉为分析对象,采集样品低场核磁H质子的T2弛豫时间,建立即食牛肉水分含量定量分析模型,结合样品感官接受性等建立预包装即食牛肉保质期预测模型。结果:预包装即食牛肉低场核磁谱图横向弛豫时间可较好地反映出随着贮存时间的延长航天即食牛肉的品质变化。建立了即食牛肉含水量预测模型,模型的预测误差小于4%;建模集相关系数(r)为0.9405,校正标准差(RMSECV)为34.5,相对分析误差(RPD)为3.1,对10个分别贮存一定时间但未参与建模的样本分别进行距离货架期终点的预测,预测结果与实测值的的相关性达0.99,预测结果的误差范围为0.7%~9.9%,RMSEP为13.6,预测模型的精确度满足货架期预测的精度要求。结论:低场核磁共振技术在预包装即食牛肉产品保质期预测方面具有应用潜力。

吉林特低渗油藏长岩心CO_(2)驱替微观动用规律研究

针对松辽盆地莫里青油田特低渗储层动用困难的问题,利用物理模拟实验和核磁共振技术相结合的实验方法,开展长岩心CO_(2)驱替研究。结果表明:岩样CO_(2)驱替驱油效率介于72.30%~80.40%。大孔喉(>33 ms)平均赋存占比为33.65%,小孔喉(<33 ms)平均赋存占比为18.01%;1 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为80.67%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为17.45%;5 PV的CO_(2)驱替后,岩样大孔喉平均相对采出程度为95.68%,小孔喉平均相对采出程度为39.82%,大PV驱替可有效动用小孔喉的油。研究成果可为莫里青油田储层CO_(2)驱替提供理论支撑,同时也为同类油藏开展注气先导试验提供科学指导。