Differences in free fatty acid (FFA) compositions between low-fat (LF) and full-fat (FF: whole milk) goat cheeses were evaluated during 3 months at 4oC refrigeration. The two types of cheeses were manufactured using a...Differences in free fatty acid (FFA) compositions between low-fat (LF) and full-fat (FF: whole milk) goat cheeses were evaluated during 3 months at 4oC refrigeration. The two types of cheeses were manufactured using a bulk milk from the mixed herd of Saanen, Alpine, and Nubian goat breeds. LF cheeses were made using LF milk after cream separation. FFAs of all cheeses were extracted in diisoprophyl ether using polypropylene chromatography column, and FFA concentrations were quantified using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column. Moisture, fat, protein contents (%) and pH of fresh LF and FF cheeses were: 55.1, 52.3;1.30, 25.6;35.7, 22.5;5.40, 5.42, respectively. The FFA contents (mg/g cheese) of fresh FF and LF cheeses prior to storage treatments for C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 were: 0.020, 0.072;0.070, 0.035;0.061, 0.055;0.181, 0.167;0.073, 0.047;0.174, 0.112;0.579, 0.152;0.308, 0.202;0.521, 0.174;and 0.057, 0.026, respectively. The respective FFA to total fatty acid ratios for 0, 1 and 3 months aged FF and LF cheeses were 8.44, 12.4;6.31, 16.91;12.03, 14.19. The LF cheeses generated more FFA than FF cheeses, while actual FFA content in FF cheese was significantly higher than in LF cheese. The FFA contents of LF cheese at 0, 1 and 3 months storage were 48.0, 96.8 and 36.4% of those of FF cheese, respectively. It was concluded LF cheese generated higher amount of FFA than FF cheese, although total FFA content was significantly (P<0.05) lower in LF cheese than in FF cheese.展开更多
Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to...Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.展开更多
Effects of frozen-storage on fatty acids profiles and basic nutrient contents of two types of low-fat caprine milk ice creams were investigated during 0, 2, 4, 8 weeks of storage at -18°C. Two types of the experi...Effects of frozen-storage on fatty acids profiles and basic nutrient contents of two types of low-fat caprine milk ice creams were investigated during 0, 2, 4, 8 weeks of storage at -18°C. Two types of the experimental low-fat soft-serve goat ice creams were manufactured using whole (full-fat) milk and 2% fat goat milk with addition of commercial powdered vanilla flavor pre-mix containing 0.25% fat (Alpha Freeze, D466-A9047, Tampa, FL, USA). Fatty acid concentrations were quantified using a Thermo Electronic gas chromatography (GC)-MS (Model TRACE GC Ultra, Austin, TX, USA) equiped with an automatic sampler (Model AS-3000, Thermo Electronic Co.). The results showed that fat content was the only basic nutrient component exhibited the difference between the two types of ice creams, while no other components have shown differences between the two low-fat ice creams during the storage periods. The level of lauric acid (C12:0) was the highest among all 16 fatty acids, followed by palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:1), and myristic acid (C14:0). The high levels of the medium chain fatty acids (C12:0 and C14:0) might have been derived from the goat milk as well as the palm oil asa part of the ingredients in the commercial ice cream premix. Among long chain fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the highest, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0). All of the long chain fatty acids contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or 0.01) in whole milk ice cream than those in 2% fat ice cream, except for the C22:0 and C24:00 acids. It was concluded that mean levels of the individual fatty acids in the caprine ice creams were significantly influenced by the types of milk fat used in the ice creams, but not by storage periods and storage × fat type interaction effects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in newborns,with very-low-birthweight infants usually experiencing several complications.Breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition,especially f...BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in newborns,with very-low-birthweight infants usually experiencing several complications.Breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition,especially for preterm infants with delayed gut colonization,because it contains beneficial microorganisms,such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.AIM To analyze the gut microbiota of breastfed preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less.METHODS An observational study was performed on preterm infants with up to 36.6 wk of gestation and a birth weight of 1500 g or less,born at the University Hospital Dr.JoséEleuterio González at Monterrey,Mexico.A total of 40 preterm neonates were classified into breast milk feeding(BM)and mixed feeding(MF)groups(21 in the BM group and 19 in the MF group),from October 2017 to June 2019.Fecal samples were collected before they were introduced to any feeding type.After full enteral feeding was achieved,the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Numerical variables were compared using Student’s t-test or using the Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric variables.Dominance,evenness,equitability,Margalef’s index,Fisher’s alpha,Chao-1 index,and Shannon’s diversity index were also calculated.RESULTS No significant differences were observed at the genus level between the groups.Class comparison indicated higher counts of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the initial compared to the final sample of the BM group(P<0.011).In addition,higher counts of Gammaproteobacteria were detected in the final than in the initial sample(P=0.040).According to the Margalef index,Fisher’s alpha,and Chao-1 index,a decrease in species richness from the initial to the final sample,regardless of the feeding type,was observed(P<0.050).The four predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,and Proteobacteria,with Proteobacteria being the most abundant.However,no significant differences were observed between the initial and final samples at the phylum level.CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is associated with a decrease in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria and an increase of Gammaproteobacteria,contributing to the literature of the gut microbiota structure of very low-birth-weight,preterm.展开更多
文摘Differences in free fatty acid (FFA) compositions between low-fat (LF) and full-fat (FF: whole milk) goat cheeses were evaluated during 3 months at 4oC refrigeration. The two types of cheeses were manufactured using a bulk milk from the mixed herd of Saanen, Alpine, and Nubian goat breeds. LF cheeses were made using LF milk after cream separation. FFAs of all cheeses were extracted in diisoprophyl ether using polypropylene chromatography column, and FFA concentrations were quantified using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column. Moisture, fat, protein contents (%) and pH of fresh LF and FF cheeses were: 55.1, 52.3;1.30, 25.6;35.7, 22.5;5.40, 5.42, respectively. The FFA contents (mg/g cheese) of fresh FF and LF cheeses prior to storage treatments for C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 were: 0.020, 0.072;0.070, 0.035;0.061, 0.055;0.181, 0.167;0.073, 0.047;0.174, 0.112;0.579, 0.152;0.308, 0.202;0.521, 0.174;and 0.057, 0.026, respectively. The respective FFA to total fatty acid ratios for 0, 1 and 3 months aged FF and LF cheeses were 8.44, 12.4;6.31, 16.91;12.03, 14.19. The LF cheeses generated more FFA than FF cheeses, while actual FFA content in FF cheese was significantly higher than in LF cheese. The FFA contents of LF cheese at 0, 1 and 3 months storage were 48.0, 96.8 and 36.4% of those of FF cheese, respectively. It was concluded LF cheese generated higher amount of FFA than FF cheese, although total FFA content was significantly (P<0.05) lower in LF cheese than in FF cheese.
文摘Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.
文摘Effects of frozen-storage on fatty acids profiles and basic nutrient contents of two types of low-fat caprine milk ice creams were investigated during 0, 2, 4, 8 weeks of storage at -18°C. Two types of the experimental low-fat soft-serve goat ice creams were manufactured using whole (full-fat) milk and 2% fat goat milk with addition of commercial powdered vanilla flavor pre-mix containing 0.25% fat (Alpha Freeze, D466-A9047, Tampa, FL, USA). Fatty acid concentrations were quantified using a Thermo Electronic gas chromatography (GC)-MS (Model TRACE GC Ultra, Austin, TX, USA) equiped with an automatic sampler (Model AS-3000, Thermo Electronic Co.). The results showed that fat content was the only basic nutrient component exhibited the difference between the two types of ice creams, while no other components have shown differences between the two low-fat ice creams during the storage periods. The level of lauric acid (C12:0) was the highest among all 16 fatty acids, followed by palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:1), and myristic acid (C14:0). The high levels of the medium chain fatty acids (C12:0 and C14:0) might have been derived from the goat milk as well as the palm oil asa part of the ingredients in the commercial ice cream premix. Among long chain fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the highest, followed by oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0). All of the long chain fatty acids contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or 0.01) in whole milk ice cream than those in 2% fat ice cream, except for the C22:0 and C24:00 acids. It was concluded that mean levels of the individual fatty acids in the caprine ice creams were significantly influenced by the types of milk fat used in the ice creams, but not by storage periods and storage × fat type interaction effects.
文摘BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in newborns,with very-low-birthweight infants usually experiencing several complications.Breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition,especially for preterm infants with delayed gut colonization,because it contains beneficial microorganisms,such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.AIM To analyze the gut microbiota of breastfed preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less.METHODS An observational study was performed on preterm infants with up to 36.6 wk of gestation and a birth weight of 1500 g or less,born at the University Hospital Dr.JoséEleuterio González at Monterrey,Mexico.A total of 40 preterm neonates were classified into breast milk feeding(BM)and mixed feeding(MF)groups(21 in the BM group and 19 in the MF group),from October 2017 to June 2019.Fecal samples were collected before they were introduced to any feeding type.After full enteral feeding was achieved,the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Numerical variables were compared using Student’s t-test or using the Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric variables.Dominance,evenness,equitability,Margalef’s index,Fisher’s alpha,Chao-1 index,and Shannon’s diversity index were also calculated.RESULTS No significant differences were observed at the genus level between the groups.Class comparison indicated higher counts of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the initial compared to the final sample of the BM group(P<0.011).In addition,higher counts of Gammaproteobacteria were detected in the final than in the initial sample(P=0.040).According to the Margalef index,Fisher’s alpha,and Chao-1 index,a decrease in species richness from the initial to the final sample,regardless of the feeding type,was observed(P<0.050).The four predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,and Proteobacteria,with Proteobacteria being the most abundant.However,no significant differences were observed between the initial and final samples at the phylum level.CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is associated with a decrease in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria and an increase of Gammaproteobacteria,contributing to the literature of the gut microbiota structure of very low-birth-weight,preterm.
