Evaluating the potential of(epi)genotype‑by‑low pass nanopore sequencing in dairy cattle:a study on direct genomic value and methylation analysis

Background Genotype-by-sequencing has been proposed as an alternative to SNP genotyping arrays in genomic selection to obtain a high density of markers along the genome.It requires a low sequencing depth to be cost effective,which may increase the error at the genotype assigment.Third generation nanopore sequencing technology offers low cost sequencing and the possibility to detect genome methylation,which provides added value to genotype-by-sequencing.The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of genotype-by-low pass nanopore sequencing for estimating the direct genomic value in dairy cattle,and the possibility to obtain methylation marks simultaneously.Results Latest nanopore chemistry(LSK14 and Q20)achieved a modal base calling accuracy of 99.55%,whereas previous kit(LSK109)achieved slightly lower accuracy(99.1%).The direct genomic value accuracy from genotype-by-low pass sequencing ranged between 0.79 and 0.99,depending on the trait(milk,fat or protein yield),with a sequencing depth as low as 2×and using the latest chemistry(LSK114).Lower sequencing depth led to biased estimates,yet with high rank correlations.The LSK109 and Q20 achieved lower accuracies(0.57-0.93).More than one million high reliable methylated sites were obtained,even at low sequencing depth,located mainly in distal intergenic(87%)and promoter(5%)regions.Conclusions This study showed that the latest nanopore technology in useful in a LowPass sequencing framework to estimate direct genomic values with high reliability.It may provide advantages in populations with no available SNP chip,or when a large density of markers with a wide range of allele frequencies is needed.In addition,low pass sequencing provided nucleotide methylation status of>1 million nucleotides at≥10×,which is an added value for epigenetic studies.

Multilayer Low Pass Filter Using LTCC Technology

The implementation and characteristics of a compact lumped-element three-order low pass filter are presented in this paper. The filter with 120 MHz cut off frequency, as well as more than 20 dB of the attenuation above 360 MHz frequency band is successfully manufactured in an LTCC substrate with 40 pm layer thickness. The overall size of the filter is 2.0 mm×1.2 mm×0.9 mm. A good coincidence between the measured results and the full-wave electromagnetic designed responses is observed.

Memristor bridge-based low pass filter for image processing

This paper highlights the memristor bridge-based lowpass filter (LPF) and improved image processing algorithms along with a novel adaptive Gaussian filter for denoising image and a new Gaussian pyramid for scale invariant feature transform (SIFT). First, a novel kind of LPF based on the memristor bridge is designed, whose cut-off frequency and other traits are demonstrated to change with different time and memristance. In light of the changeable parameter of the memristor bridge-based LPF, a new adaptive Gaussian filter and an improved SIFT algorithm are presented. Finally, experiment results show that the peak signalto- noise ratio (PSNR) of our denoising is bettered more than 2.77 dB compared to the corresponding of the traditional Gaussian filter, and our improved SIFT performances including the number of matched feature points and the percent of correct matches are higher than the traditional SIFT, which verifies feasibility and effectiveness of our algorithm.

CFOA Based Low Pass and High Pass Ladder Filter—A New Configuration

A new technique using signal flow graph for conversion of ladder based filter into CFOA based filter has been proposed. The proposed technique converts the existing LC ladder based filter into CFOA in low pass and high pass configuration. The design of low pass filter and high pass filter has been realized using the proposed technique. The proposed configuration is implemented using CFOA as an active device and all the capacitors are grounded. Simulation has been carried out using simulation software I-cap. The simulation results have been demonstrated and discussed.

Compact Low Pass Filter Design for L-Band Application

An effective technique to design compact low pass filter has been proposed in this paper. The proposed method is highly effective for L-band applications. Low impedance microstrip lines are arranged such that they work as open stubs to increase the selectivity of the filter. Using the proposed technique about 57% size reduction has been realized with sharper roll off characteristics. An empirical expression is derived to determine the dimension of resonators. For cut-off frequency of 1.7 GHz the investigated method has been fabricated and tested. There is a close agreement be-tween simulated and measured

The Regularized Low Pass Filter

In this paper the low pass filter is discussed in the noisy case. And a regularized low pass filter is presented. The convergence property of the regularized low pass filtering algorithm is proved in theory and tested by numerical results.

DAPSO and PSO-VAF in Linear Phase Digital Low Pass FIR Filter Design

Digital filters play a key role in the field of digital signal processing. This paper presents a linear phase digital low pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter design using particle swarm optimization and its two new variants, dynamic and adjustable particle swarm optimization (DAPSO) and particle swarm optimization with variable acceleration factor (PSO-VAF) and illustrates the superiority of the PSO-VAF method over PSO based methods. Two fitness functions are considered. The fitness1 is used to find the possible minimum ripples in pass band and stop band in case of PSO, DAPSO and PSO-VAF. Fitness2 is able to control the ripples in both bands separately. A comparison of simulation results demonstrates the performance of PSO and its methods in designing digital low pass FIR filters.

Design of low-pass filter based on a novel defected ground structure

A novel defected ground structure （DGS） for the microstrip line is proposed in this paper. The DGS lattice has more defect parameters so that it can provide better performance than the conventional dumbbell-shaped DGS. Selectivity is improved by 97.2% with a sharpness factor of 24.6%. The method is applied to the design of a low-pass filter to confirm validity of the proposed DGS.

Design of Sixth-Order Lowpass Elliptic Switched-Capacitor Filter

In this paper the design and implementation of sixth-order lowpass elliptic switched-capacitor filter( SCF) for interface circuit of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System( MEMS) sensor are presented. This work aims to lower total harmonic distortion( THD) without deteriorating other performances. After system design in Simulink,the filter is realized in transistor level and finally fabricated in Central Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation( CSMC) 0.5 μm metal-oxide-semiconductor( CMOS) technology. Typical measured results are: it operates with 25: 1 clock-to-corner frequency ratio and a 10 k Hz maximum corner frequency. The maximum passband ripple is about 0.49 d B and the minimum stopband rejection is 40 d B for the temperature from-20 ℃to 80 ℃. For the 250 k Hz clock frequency setting,given the 1 k Hz,- 8 d BVrms input signal,the measured worst case THD is-64 d B. The active area of the chip is 2.8 mm2 with 8 pads. The analog power dissipation is10 m W from a 5 V power supply.

Microstrip Low-Pass Elliptic Filter Design Based on Implicit Space Mapping Optimization

It is a time-consuming and often iterative procedure to determine design parameters based on fine, accurate but expensive, models. To decrease the number of fine model evaluations, space mapping techniques may be employed. In this approach, it is assumed both fine model and coarse, fast but inaccurate, one are available. First, the coarse model is optimized to obtain design parameters satisfying design objectives. Next, auxiliary parameters are calibrated to match coarse and fine models’ responses. Then, the improved coarse model is re-optimized to obtain new design parameters. The design procedure is stopped when a satisfactory solution is reached. In this paper, an implicit space mapping method is used to design a microstrip low-pass elliptic filter. Simulation results show that only two fine model evaluations are sufficient to get satisfactory results.

Compact Metamaterial Microstrip Low-Pass Filter

Complimentary hexagonal-omega structures are used to design compact, low insertion loss (IL), low pass filter with sharp cut-off. It has been designed for improvement of roll-off performance based on both μ and ε negative property of the complimentary hex-omega structure while maintaining the filter pass-band performance. By properly designing and loading the hexagonal-omega structure in the ground of microstrip line not only improve the roll-off of the low pass filter, but also reduced the filter size. The simulated results indicate that the proposed filter achieves a flat pass band with no ripples as well as selectivity of 19.68 dB/GHz, corresponding to 5-unit cells hex-omega structures. This significantly exceeds the 5.6 dB/GHz selectivity of the conventional low pass filter design, due to sub-lambda dimensions of the hex-omega structure. A prototype filter implementing area is: 0.712λg x 0.263λg, λg being the guided wavelength at 3-dB cut-off frequency (fc). The proposed filter has a size smaller by 36.2%.

A low-power Rijndael S-Box based on pass transmission gate and composite field arithmetic

Using composite field arithmetic in Galois field can result in the compact Rijndael S-Box. However, the power con- sumption of this solution is too large to be used in resource-limited embedded systems. A full-custom hardware implementation of composite field S-Box is proposed for these targeted domains in this paper. The minimization of power consumption is implemented by optimizing the architecture of the composite field S-Box and using the pass transmission gate (PTG) to realize the logic functions of S-Box. Power simulations were performed using the netlist extracted from the layout. HSPICE simulation results indicated that the proposed S-Box achieves low power consumption of about 130 μW at 10 MHz using 0.25 μm/2.5 V technology, while the consumptions of the positive polarity reed-muller (PPRM) based S-Box and composite field S-Box based on the conventional CMOS logic style are about 240 μW and 420 μW, respectively. The simulations also showed that the presented S-Box obtains better low-voltage operating property, which is clearly relevant for applications like sensor nodes, smart cards and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.

双同步坐标系解耦滤波器复变量建模与分析

针对解耦双同步坐标系锁相环(DDSRF-PLL)传统实变量模型阶数较高、序分量响应不易观察、滤波性能评估困难等问题,提出了一种基于复变量的DDSRF-PLL建模方法。首先,建立了其复变量模型,分析了序分量响应特性,该复变量模型表明正序基波输出模型对负序基波分量实现负无穷大的衰减,同时可得到其他频率序分量的衰减增益;然后,基于提出的复变量模型,设计了二阶低通滤波器以显著增强解耦网络的滤波性能,并进一步分析了高阶低通滤波器的可行性与必要性。研究表明采用二阶低通滤波器即可满足大部分场景下的谐波抑制要求,且具有计算量小、模型阶数低、易于数字实现的优点。实验结果验证了所提复变量模型的正确性与有效性。

基于高速ADC的数字双混频时差测量系统

使用双混频时差法进行时间和频率测量时,模拟部分引入的噪声会干扰信号过零点的判断,降低测量精度,而使用数字信号处理技术后不再需要判断过零点,量化噪声成为系统内的主要噪声来源,可以通过数字滤波器对其进行抑制。同时有利于设计结构紧凑的系统,更易于小型化,测量速度也可以进行灵活配置。通过引入高速模数转换器、数控振荡器、低通抽取滤波器、数字鉴相器等,设计了数字双混频时差测量系统,并研制了4通道的原理样机。测试结果表明,当频率源为10 MHz的信号时,原理样机中属于同片ADC(analog-to-digital converter)的两个通道间的本底噪声约为5×10^(-14)@1 s,属于不同片ADC的两个通道间的本底噪声约为8×10^(-14)@1 s,满足原子振荡器的测量要求。并以主动型氢钟VCH-1003M为参考,使用原理样机分别对Microchip的5071A铯原子钟和SRS的FS725铷原子钟的稳定度进行测量,测量结果与Microchip的相噪分析仪53100A和5120A无显著差异。

基于CEEMD的露天深孔爆破振动信号降噪光滑模型

由于爆破区域地形地质条件的复杂、监测仪器的误差、振动传播介质的反射以及磁场的干扰等原因,采集的原始爆破振动信号常常会掺杂大量的噪声,针对此问题提出了基于互补集合经验模态分解(CEEMD)的信号降噪光滑模型。此模型将爆破振动信号进行CEEMD,基于分解所得到的IMF分量建立低通滤波算法。根据滤波算法的相似度与光滑度,构造目标函数并计算最优解,其对应的滤波算法模型即为爆破振动信号的最优降噪光滑模型。通过构造仿真信号验证了降噪光滑模型算法的可行性,并将模型应用了实际露天深孔爆破振动信号的研究。采用信噪比和均方根误差两种指标对比经验模态分解(EMD)方法、小波阈值法、CEEMD-小波阈值法与滤波算法模型BP3的降噪效果,验证了降噪光滑模型在对露天矿山爆破振动信号降噪方面的有效性,并通过频谱分析进一步验证了降噪光滑模型较CEEMD-小波阈值法的优越性。结果表明:基于CEEMD的露天深孔爆破振动信号降噪光滑模型具有良好的降噪能力,能够在保留原始爆破振动信号真实特征信息的前提下对信号进行降噪,且降噪效果优于EMD方法、小波阈值法和CEEMD-小波阈值法。

基于末端触觉传感器的智能机器人压力补偿

末端触觉是智能机器人实现对外部环境做出直接反应的必需媒介。触觉传感器的弹性层易导致表面接触压力测量结果出现偏差,降低机械手的抓取力度的合理性。提出智能机器人末端触觉传感器压力误差补偿方法。建立触觉传感器三维力学模型,分析表面接触应力与弹性层之间的关系,得到传感器压力特征;计算弹性层的低通效应值,通过传感器测量值推理得到表面压力值,利用线性迭代反卷积算法对压力误差补偿。实验结果表明,研究方法应用下,压力误差补偿的均方误差接近于10-3,精度与理想效果更接近,上述方法获取的传感器对不同大小作用力的电学响应结果与实际数据具有较高一致性。

基于混合二极管的Sallen-Key低通滤波电路振荡行为研究

设计一种基于混合二极管的Sallen-Key低通滤波振荡电路,将PN结型二极管与电感、电容串并联组合所构成的混合二极管接入低通滤波电路的输入端,构建一种具有复杂动力学行为的混沌振荡电路.引入不对称系数来模拟实际电路中二极管元件之间电学特性的偏差,通过特定参数的相轨迹图、分岔图和Lyapunov指数谱对振荡电路的对称、不对称系数下两种振荡状态进行数值分析.实验产生振荡电路中独特的吸引子共存现象,揭示了受电路参数调节的对称、不对称共存分岔、反单调特性等丰富的动力学行为演化过程.最后,基于FPGA技术完成振荡电路的数字电路实验,验证了数值仿真的正确性和物理可实现性.

基于暂态响应时间分析与暂稳态模式识别的锁相环参数自适应方法

锁相环的设计对保障交流网络中设备安全运行有着重要意义,锁相环实现方法与参数设计对锁相环的响应时间、抗扰能力等控制特性起到重要影响。本文通过结合小信号频域模型与大信号状态空间模型,分析同步坐标系锁相环的暂稳态响应特性,得出各参数设计对于锁相环控制特性的影响;在理论分析基础上,提出了基于响应时间与暂稳态模式识别的锁相环参数自适应框架。仿真与实验结果验证了所提出的参数自适应方法可以通过实现参数动态调节,达到对锁相环暂态快速响应与稳态抗扰的设计要求。

考虑双重SOC的混合储能系统功率协调控制

为了降低直流微网系统中负载变化或者多源出力变化引起的功率波动,提出一种同时考虑蓄电池和超级电容荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的混合储能协调控制策略。首先,分析直流微网系统协调控制原理,在此基础上,通过低通滤波器对所需平抑功率进行分频,低频功率由蓄电池承担,高频功率及系统开关的高频纹波由超级电容承担,根据频率响应确定了滤波器的时间常数调整原则;然后,将超级电容和蓄电池各自的SOC实时状态作为反馈观测量,根据两者的SOC状态并结合实际功率需求,将系统划分成11个工作模式,分析了不同工作模式下的功率需求,依据不同工作模式下的功率需求进行功率调整,进而实现功率二次分配;最后,将所提策略在4种典型情况下进行仿真验证,实验结果验证了该策略的有效性。

双耳分听模式下汉语语言信号和韵律信号的处理:一项fMRI研究

目的为了探讨汉语为母语者在处理双耳分听模式下汉语听觉信号的脑区分布特征及偏侧化特点,本研究利用低通过滤的方法获取韵律信号,结合双耳分听技术,通过脑功能磁共振成像得到汉语语言和韵律双耳分听信号的神经处理模型。材料与方法从2022年1月至5月在昆明医科大学第一附属医院共招募30位志愿者,年龄(25.36±0.88)岁,汉语为母语,强右利手者。汉语短句音频信号通过低通滤波器,只保留低频率语言韵律信号(<320 Hz),并得到两组双耳分听语音信号:左耳低通过滤右耳不过滤组(filtered in the left ear and unfiltered in the right ear,FL);右耳低通过滤左耳不过滤组(filtered in the right ear and unfiltered in the left ear,FR)。受试者依次聆听两组语音信号,同时进行两组组块设计的脑功能磁共振成像。使用SPM 12软件对得到的影像数据进行预处理后,进行组内单样本t检验、组间双样本t检验,以此观察两组语音信号激活脑区的分布和强度的共性、差异性。根据单样本t检验的统计结果,确定感兴趣区域,计算相应脑区的偏侧化指数,以获得大脑在处理双耳分听模式下的汉语语言和韵律信号时的脑区偏侧化特点。结果两组信号都激活了双侧颞中回、颞上回、额下回,左侧中央前回和右侧额中回(P<0.05,FDR校正);FL信号诱导左侧额中回血氧水平增高(P<0.05,FDR校正);FR信号还激活了双侧顶下小叶(P<0.05,FDR校正)。对两组语音信号进行双样本t检验后,发现FR与FL相比,右侧颞中回、颞上回具有明显差异(P<0.05,FDR校正);FL与FR相比无明显差异性脑区。对两组语音信号进行偏侧化指数计算后发现,在大脑半球水平上两组语音信号无明显的偏侧化表现。两组信号的额中回具有右侧优势,中央前回都表现出左侧化趋势;顶下小叶在FR刺激下呈现左侧化趋势。结论大脑处理两种语音信号时具有一个由双侧颞中回、颞上回、额下回和右侧额中回组成的基础语音处理模型。双耳分听信号FR除激活了基础语音加工脑区外,相较于FL招募了更多的听觉相关脑区参与言语感知和认知控制;FL则可以降低右侧颞中回、颞上回的音韵处理负荷,可能是一种符合左、右两侧半球处理语言、韵律优势的信号。