Influence of yield-to-tensile strength ratio(Y/T) on failure assessment of defect-free and corroded X70 steel pipeline

The effect of yield-to-tensile strength ratio(Y/T) on failure pressure of X70 pipeline without and with corrosion defects was investigated.The stress-strain response of materials was characterized by a power-law hardening curve.Two formulas to estimate the strain hardening exponent n for a special Y/T were obtained by least squared regression method and the influence of Y/T on n was analyzed.As an application of n-Y/T expression,the analytical solutions of burst pressure for X70 pipeline without and with corrosion defects were also obtained.The results indicate that the burst pressure of defect-free X70 pipe without corrosion defects is a function of the Y/T,pipe geometry t0/D0 and engineering tensile strength,and increases as Y/T or t0/D0 increases; whilst the burst pressure of corroded X70 pipe decreases with the increase of defect depths,d/t.Comparisons indicate that the present analytical solutions closely match available experimental and numerical data.

Effect of low temperature treatment on tensile yield strength of SiC_w/6061 Al alloy composites

The effect of the low temperature treatment at -78 ℃ and -196 ℃ on the microstructure and properties of 18%SiC w/6061(volume fraction) Al alloy composites of as squeeze casting were studied. The results show that, after the low temperature treatment, the dislocation density in matrix increases, and the residual stress of the matrix decreases, as well as the tensile yield strength of the composites improves. The high residual stress exists in the matrix of the composites of as original squeeze casting. The mismatch degree between the matrix and SiC w phases increases during the low temperature treatment. The matrix undergoes the tensile plastic deformation during the cooling procedure. On the contrary, the matrix encountered an elastic unloading procedure during the heating up process from low temperature to room temperature. The increase of dislocation density and the decrease of residual stress in the matrix are the main reason of the improvement for tensile yield strength of the composites.

Effect of natural and synthetic fibers reinforcement on California bearing ratio and tensile strength of clay

Use of environmentally friendly approaches with the purpose of strengthening soil layers along with finding correlations between the mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced soils such as indirect tensile strength(ITS)and California bearing ratio(CBR)and as well as the evaluation of shear strength parameters obtained from the triaxial test would be very effective at geotechnical construction sites.This research was aimed at investigating the influence of natural fibers as sustainable ones including basalt(BS)and bagasse(BG)as well as synthetic polyester(PET)fibers on the strength behavior of clayey soil.To this end,the effects of various fiber contents(0.5%,1%and 2%)and lengths(2.5 mm,5 mm and 7.5 mm)were experimentally evaluated.By conducting ITS and CBR tests,it was found that increasing fiber content and length had a significant influence on CBR and ITS values.Moreover,2%of 7.5 mm-long fibers led to the largest values of CBR and ITS.The CBR values of soil reinforced with PET,BS,and BG fibers were determined as 19.17%,15.43%and 13.16%,respectively.The ITS values of specimens reinforced with PET,BS,and BG fibers were reported as 48.57 kPa,60.7 kPa and 47.48 kPa,respectively.The results of the triaxial compression test revealed that with the addition of BS fibers,the internal friction angle increased by about 100%,and with the addition of PET fibers,the cohesion increased by about 70%.Moreover,scanning electron microscope(SEM)analysis was employed to confirm the findings.The relationship between CBR and ITS values,obtained via statistical analysis and used for the optimum design of road pavement layers,demonstrated that these parameters had high correlation coefficients.The outcomes of multiple linear regression and sensitivity analysis also confirmed that the fiber content had a greater effect on CBR and ITS values than fiber length.

Distribution and tensile strength of Hornbeam （Carpinus betulus） roots growing on slopes of Caspian Forests, Iran

Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam （Carpinus betulus） were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio （RAR） values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran. RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m. In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength. Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function. The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences. In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m. The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively. The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different. In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function. The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively. Results of Spearman＇s bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots. The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, following a power law equation. Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.

Distribution and tensile strength of Hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) roots growing on slopes of Caspian Forests,Iran

Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio(RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran.RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m.In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength.Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function.The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences.In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m.The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively.The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different.In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function.The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively.Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots.The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, follow-ing a power law equation.Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.

Effect of Surface Texture on Tensile Shear Strength of 1060Al-PET Welding Joints

Joining metal to plastic can lighten weight of products to reduce energy consumption.However,it is difficult to achieve high-strength welding between metal and plastic.To address this problem,the methods of surface texture pretreatment and laser irradiation welding was proposed to achieve the high-strength connection of metal and plastic.In this study,with different parameters of laser power and texture morphology,1060 Al with surface texture treatment was joined to polyethylene terephthalate(PET)by laser irradiation welding from metal side.Study showed that as the laser power increased,the tensile shear strength of joints increased first,and decreased thereafter.Tensile shear tests demonstrated that the mechanical force of joint was strengthened contributed to mechanical anchorage formed by surface texture.The depth-width ratio of the texture grooves affected the tensile shear process of the joint.According to the result of temperature simulation,the existence of texture grooves reduced the heat transfer efficiency,and the heat dissipation at interface was also impeded in course of laser welding.Finally,the maximum tensile strength of 1060Al-PET joint reached 48.4 MPa,which was close to the strength of PET matrix.The bonding mechanism of the 1060Al-PET joints was composed of mechanical bonding and chemical bonding.This study proposes an effective method to join metal to plastic which achieved high-strength connection between metal and plastic.

Effect of welding processes on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of high strength low alloy naval grade steel joints

Naval grade high strength low alloy(HSLA) steels can be easily welded by all types of fusion welding processes. However, fusion welding of these steels leads to the problems such as cold cracking, residual stress, distortion and fatigue damage. These problems can be eliminated by solid state welding process such as friction stir welding(FSW). In this investigation, a comparative evaluation of mechanical(tensile, impact,hardness) properties and microstructural features of shielded metal arc(SMA), gas metal arc(GMA) and friction stir welded(FSW) naval grade HSLA steel joints was carried out. It was found that the use of FSW process eliminated the problems related to fusion welding processes and also resulted in the superior mechanical properties compared to GMA and SMA welded joints.

Effect of Notch Location on Fatigue Life Prediction of Strength Mismatched HSLA Steel Weldments

Welding of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) involves usage of low, even and high strength filler materials (electrodes) than the parent material depending on the application of the welded structures and the availability of the filler material. In the present investigation, the fatigue crack growth behaviour of weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) regions of under matched (UM), equal matched (EM) and over matched (OM) joints has been studied. The base material used in this investigation is HSLA-80 steel of weldable grade. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process has been used to fabricate the butt joints. Centre cracked tension (CCT) specimen has been used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the welded joints. Fatigue crack growth experiments have been conducted using servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine at constant amplitude loading (R=0).A method has been proposed to predict the fatigue life of HSLA steel welds using fracture mechanics approach by incorporating influences of mismatch ratio (MMR) and notch location.

Influence of recrystallized microstructure on the mechanical properties of cold rolled microalloy high strength steel

Because of the influence of Nb-educts in cold rolled Nb-microalloy high strength steel manufactured by a continuous annealing unit, different quantities of non-recrystallized ferrite exist in the material, which leads to great fluctuation of mechanical behavior of the material. In this study, the relationship between non-recrystallized ferrite and mechanical properties is analyzed, and some factors influencing the formation of non-recrystallized ferrite are also studied.

Machine Learning Design of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys with High Strength

Due to the large unexplored compositional space,long development cycle,and high cost of traditional trial-anderror experiments,designing high strength aluminum-lithium alloys is a great challenge.This work establishes a performance-oriented machine learning design strategy for aluminum-lithium alloys to simplify and shorten the development cycle.The calculation results indicate that radial basis function(RBF)neural networks exhibit better predictive ability than back propagation(BP)neural networks.The RBF neural network predicted tensile and yield strengths with determination coefficients of 0.90 and 0.96,root mean square errors of 30.68 and 25.30,and mean absolute errors of 28.15 and 19.08,respectively.In the validation experiment,the comparison between experimental data and predicted data demonstrated the robustness of the two neural network models.The tensile and yield strengths of Al-2Li-1Cu-3Mg-0.2Zr(wt.%)alloy are 17.8 and 3.5 MPa higher than those of the Al-1Li4.5Cu-0.2Zr(wt.%)alloy,which has the best overall performance,respectively.It demonstrates the reliability of the neural network model in designing high strength aluminum-lithium alloys,which provides a way to improve research and development efficiency.

Influence of temperature on tensile behavior and deformation mechanism of Re-containing single crystal superalloy

Tensile properties of a Re-containing single crystal superalloy were determined within the temperature range from 20 to 1 100 ℃with a constant strain rate of 1.67 ×10^-4 s^-1.From room temperature to 600 ℃,the yield strength increases slightly with increasing temperature.The yield strength decreases to aminimum at 760 ℃,while a maximum is reached dramatically at 800 ℃.The elongation and area reduction decrease gradually from room temperature to 800 ℃.Above 800 ℃,the yield strength decreases significantly with increasing temperature.The γ＇ phase is sheared by antiphase boundary （APB） below 600 ℃while elongated SSF （superlattice stacking fault） is left in γ＇ as debris.At 760 ℃the γ＇ phase is sheared by a/3 112 superpartial dislocation,which causes decrease of yield strength due to low energy of SSF.Above 800 ℃dislocations overcome γ＇ through by-passing mechanism.

Yield and mechanical properties of veneer from Brachystegia nigerica

In an effort to find suitable wood from natural forest to meet the demand for veneer products, the yield and tensile strength of veneers produced from Brachystegia nigerica were investigated. Two trees of B. nigerica were separately selected from 10 different natural forest zones while two logs were obtained from each tree. The logs were debarked and steamed in a vat prior to rotary peeling and slicing for veneer production. The optimum steam temperature was determined by considering different temperatures： 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃ and 90℃ for 24 h. Thereafter, optimum steam time was determined at the optimum temperature by considering durations of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The average taper of 0.75 mm per 1.0 m length was recorded for B. nigerica, indicating that the logs were reasonably cylindrical; thereby its logs are good for the production of veneer. The yield ranged from 44% to 61% with an average of 52% of the log input. The tensile strength of the veneer was tested perpendicular to grain and both peeled and sliced veneers had the highest tensile strength between 70℃ and 90℃, suggesting that softening of wood polymers, especially lignin, is between 70℃ and 90℃. The optimum temperature and time for veneer production are 70℃ and 48 h, respectively. Commercial production of veneer from B. nigerica is feasible based on the yield and mechanical properties of the obtained veneer, thereby encouraging the expansion of the scope of its utilization.

Mechanical characteristics of tensile strength ratio method compared to other parameters used for moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixtures

In this study,mechanical characteristics of tensile strength ratio(TSR)were evaluated by comparing it to other methods in evaluating moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures.Twenty types of asphalt mixtures with and without anti-stripping additives were prepared and tested in the laboratory.Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and indirect tensile(IDT)testing were conducted to determine the mixture’s tensile strength ratio and cohesion ratio(CR).Determining TSR alone was found to be insufficient when evaluating moisture resistance.There is a need to consider both TSR and wet IDT strength to properly evaluate moisture behavior of asphalt mixtures.Moreover,it was found that the cohesion and the IDT strength have a good relation in which the minimum condition of the slope,must be met.However,it was observed thatβvalues change depending on material type and temperature.Hence,there is a need to evaluate theseβvalues for varying material and testing temperature.In addition,it was found that the TSR and CR results are highly correlated with an average difference of 1.5%.Furthermore,other tests such as Marshall stability and dynamic immersion were also conducted.It was found that Marshall stability ratio(MSR)and Marshall stability to flow ratio(MSFR)values are less sensitive to moisture effect when measuring moisture resistance compared to TSR values.Finally,the 48 h testing result of the dynamic immersion test showed better correlation with TSR values.

Study on the Bonding Performance of the Moso Bamboo Dowel Welded to a Poplar Substrate Joint by High-Speed Rotation

The wood friction welding technique with its high bonding strength,low cost,high efficiency,and without any adhesive has been increasing concern in China.Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)and poplar(Populus sp.)are widely planted and used in the furniture industry,interior decoration,and wood structure construction in China.The aim of this work was to investigate the bonding performance of moso bamboo dowel rotation welded joints with different dowel/receiving hole diameter ratios.The results indicated that the ratio of dowel/receiving hole diameter was an important parameter that influenced the welding performance.The bonding strength of the bamboo-to-poplar welded joints at the optimal ratio of 10/7 was as high as 7.50 MPa,which was higher than that of the beech(Fagus sylvatica,L.),schima(Schima superba)dowels and PVAc glued joints.The temperature measurement results showed a peak temperature of bamboo dowel welding as high as 350–360°C.Some differences in the temperature curves between each dowel/hole diameter ratio group were observed at the three different hole depths,such as the friction time,peak temperatures,and stabilization time at the maximum temperature,which could explain the differences in welding strengths between different ratios.The SEM results showed the temperature-induced softening,melting and flowing of cell-interconnected polymer material in the wood and bamboo structure.In addition,the bamboo fibers(mainly vascular bundles)were wrapped to form a dense continuous bonding layer,similar to the reinforced concrete,thus producing a good bonding effect.The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analyses showed that the high temperature resulted in the increase of the lignin relative content due to the degradation reaction of cellulose in the welding zone,which improved the bonding properties.

A STUDY OF THE SPECIMEN SIZE OF STRIP TENSILE TEST FOR NEEDLE-PUNCHED NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILES

In this paper,the failure features of strip tensile specimen were observed and analysed for need-le-punched non-woven geotextiles.A mechanical model which expresses the relation between thetensile modulus,the strip specimen size,contraction factor and the tensile strength of non-wovenfabric was derived.The theoretical prediction showed that the main factor influencing tensilestrength of non-woven geotextile specimens with different size is the contraction factor of specimenor the specimen aspect ratio(width/length).The larger the aspect ratio,the higher the tensilestrength test value of geotextiles,but the experiments showed that the specimen tensile strength isnot increased with increasing the width of specimen.The reason was discussed and it seemed thatthe deviation could be served as an indication of the degree of imperfectness of the non-wovenstructure.

Effect of Aramid/Carbon Hybrid on the Tensile Properties of Multilayered Biaxial Weft Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composites

The effects of aramid/carbon on tensile properties of multilayered biaxial weft knitted( MBWK) fabric reinforced composites are analyzed by experiments. The tensile tests are inducted by the SHIMADZU AG-250 KNE universal material testing machine and Aramis V6 digital image correlation( DIC) technique.More specifically,the composite samples own four hybrid ratios(Na∶ Nc= 12∶ 0,8 ∶ 4,6 ∶ 6 and 4 ∶ 8). The results showed that the aramid/carbon hybrid MBWK fabric reinforced composites showed nearly linear response until reaching the maximum load and the inserting yarns distribution on the surface of MBWK fabrics reinforced composites had a great influence on the strain pattern distribution. Besides,the tensile strength,the tensile modulus and the elongation at breakage of 0° samples and 90° samples increased with the decreasing of aramid/carbon hybrid ratio. In a word,the changes of tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at breakage have a lot to do with the difference of aramid/carbon hybrid ratio.

Influence of Degree of Cold-Drawing on the Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel

Low carbon steel metal is used for the manufacture of nails. Steel wire with <0.3% C content is cold-drawn through a series of drawing dies to reduce the diameter of the wire to the required diameter of the nails. A 0.12%w C steel wire cold drawn progressively by 20%, 25%, 40% and 50% was investigated. The influence of the degree of cold drawing on the mechanical properties of the carbon steel material were studied using the tensile test, impact test and hardness test experiments in order to replicate the service condition of the nails. The tensile test was done on a Montanso? tensometer to investigate the yield strength and the tensile strength of the material as the degree of deformation increases. An Izod test was used to determine the impact toughness of the steel using the Hounsfield impact machine and the hardness numbers were obtained for the different degrees of drawn deformation of the steel on the Brinnel tester. The study used the stress-strain relationship of the tensile test experiment to study the effect of the degree of cold-drawing deformation on the yield strength and tensile strength properties of the low carbon steel. The yield strength of the material was observed to reduce with increasing degree of cold-drawing, an indication of reduction in the ductility and the tensile strength of the material reduced with increasing degree of cold-drawn deformation. The ability of the material to resist impact loads when nails are hammered reduced with increasing degree of drawn deformation as a result of strain hardening of the material after the drawing operation. However the resilience of the material to further cold drawn deformation increased with increasing degree of deformation as evident in the Brinnel hardness number which increases with the degree of drawing deformation. This is an indication of the material’s approach to brittleness as the degree of drawn deformation increases.

Tensile and fracture behavior of DZ951 Ni-base superalloy

The tensile and fracture behavior of DZ951 directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy was studied in the temperature range of 20-1 100℃. The fracture mode was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show the experimental temperature has no significant effect on the tensile strengths, which are greater than 1 000 MPa from room temperature to 800℃. The yield strength reaches its maximum (970 MPa) at 800℃. When the experimental temperature is higher than 800℃, the tensile and yield strengths decrease evidently and the ductility increases remarkably. The fractograph of fracture surface for the tensile specimen at room temperature shows a dimple-ductile fracture mode. The fractograph from 600 to 800℃shows a slide fracture mode. The fractograph from 900 to 1 100℃exhibits a creep rupture mode with uneven deformation.

Effect of Soaking Time on the Mechanical Properties of Annealed Cold-Drawn Low Carbon Steel

The paper presents the results of investigation on the effect of soaking time on the yield strength, ductility and hardness properties of annealed cold-drawn low carbon steel. The low carbon steel cold-drawn at 40% deformation was annealed at 900 deg Celsius for soaking times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Tensile, charpy and Brinnel hardness tests were conducted to determine the yield strengths, tensile strengths, impact strengths, ductility and hardness of the annealed steel with increasing soaking time. The yield strength, tensile strength, hardness and impact strength of the steel showed a continuous drop in value with increasing soaking time up to 60 minutes with a steep drop between 30 and 40 minutes. Ductility values followed the same decreasing trend up to 40 minutes soaking time after which the values started increasing again till 60 minutes soaking time. There was a linear relationship between the tensile strength and hardness of the material for different soaking times. This linear relationship was also observed for yield strength and hardness of the material.

Effects of Coiling Temperature on Strength,Yield Ratio and Precipitation Behaviors of Hot Rolled High Strength Microalloyed Steel for Cold Forming

Various hot rolling schedules were applied to a Nb,V,Ti contained HSLA steel.Coiling temperature had crucial effects on not only yield strength,but also yield ratio and precipitation behavior.600Mpa yield strength is achieved when coiled at 450℃,which is 100Mpa higher than those coiled at 570℃.However,the low coiling temperature had adverse effect to increase yield ratio,which increased from 0.78 to 0.88 as coiling temperature dropped from 570℃ to 450℃.High resolution SEM analysis shows that sizes of Nb,V,Ti precipitates are affected by coiling temperature.Coarse (Nb,Ti)(C,N) precipitates up to 5μm are observed at higher coiling temperature and to decrease tensile strength,where high coiling temperature corresponds to low cooling rate.With strong cooling and coiling capacity of Shasteel’s 1450mm width hot rolling mill,these results indicate that strength and formability of the steel can be balanced when coiling temperature has been optimized.Alloying and microalloying costs can be reduced by efficiently utilizing the capacity of rolling mill.Alumina inclusions are found to act as nucleus for Nb,V,Ti precipitates,contributing to coarsening of precipitates.