Pore structure differences of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs and the causes of low resistivity oil layers: A case study of Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin, NW China

The influence of pore structure difference on rock electrical characteristics of reservoir and oil reservoir was analyzed taking Triassic Chang 6 reservoir in Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin as an example. The relationship between the pore structure difference and the low resistivity oil layer was revealed and demonstrated through core observation, lab experiments, geological research, well log interpretation and trial production etc. The results show that there were two kinds of oil layers in Chang 6 oil layer set, normal oil layer and low resistivity oil layer in the region, corresponding to two types of pore structures, pore type mono-medium and micro-fracture-pore type double-medium; the development of micro-fracture changed greatly the micro-pore structure of the reservoir, and the pore structure difference had an important influence on the rock electrical characteristics of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoir and oil reservoir; the normal oil layers had obvious characteristics of pore-type mono-medium, and were concentrated in Chang 61, Chang 6232 and Chang 62; the low resistivity oil layers had obvious characteristics of micro-fracture-pore type double-medium, which were mainly distributed in Chang 612 and Chang 63. The mud filtrate penetrated deep into the oil layers along the micro-cracks, leading to sharp reduction of resistivity, and thus low resistivity of the oil layer; the low resistivity oil layers had better storage capacity and higher productivity than the normal oil layers.

A novel profile modification HPF-Co gel satisfied with fractured low permeability reservoirs in high temperature and high salinity

Conformance control and water plugging are a widely used EOR method in mature oilfields.However,majority of conformance control and water plugging agents are unavoidable dehydrated situation in high-temperature and high-salinity low permeability reservoirs.Consequently,a novel conformance control system HPF-Co gel,based on high-temperature stabilizer(CoCl_(2)·H_(2)O,CCH)is developed.The HPF-Co bulk gel has better performances with high temperature(120℃)and high salinity(1×10^(5)mg/L).According to Sydansk coding system,the gel strength of HPF-Co with CCH is increased to code G.The dehydration rate of HPF-Co gel is 32.0%after aging for 150 d at 120℃,showing excellent thermal stability.The rheological properties of HPF gel and HPF-Co gel are also studied.The results show that the storage modulus(G′)of HPF-Co gel is always greater than that of HPF gel.The effect of CCH on the microstructure of the gel is studied.The results show that the HPF-Co gel with CCH has a denser gel network,and the diameter of the three-dimensional network skeleton is 1.5-3.5μm.After 90 d of aging,HPF-Co gel still has a good three-dimensional structure.Infrared spectroscopy results show that CCH forms coordination bonds with N and O atoms in the gel amide group,which can suppress the vibration of cross-linked sites and improve the stability at high temperature.Fractured core plugging test determines the optimized polymer gel injection strategy and injection velocity with HPF-Co bulk gel system,plugging rate exceeding 98%.Moreover,the results of subsequent waterflooding recovery can be improved by 17%.

Application of deviation rate in oil and gas reservoir exploration

Three dimensional geophysical models were abstracted and established according to characteristics of oil and gas reservoir.Then direct current fields for different models were simulated with finite element software(finite element program generator) by hole-to-surface resistivity method.Numerical solution was compared with analytical one for the homogeneity earth model.And a new parameter of deviation rate was proposed by analyzing different plot curves.The results show that the relative error of solution for homogeneity earth model may attain to 0.043%.And deviation rate decreases from 18% to 1% and its anomaly range becomes wide gradually when the depth of oil and gas reservoir increases from 200 to 1 500 m.If resistivity ratio of oil and gas reservoir to sur-rounding rock decreases from 100 to 10 for the resistive oil and gas reservoir,the amplitude attenuation of deviation rate nearly reaches 8%.When there exists stratum above oil and gas reservoir,and influence of resistive stratum may be eliminated or weakened and anomaly of oil and gas reservoir can be strengthened.

Advances in enhanced oil recovery technologies for low permeability reservoirs

Low permeability oil and gas resources are rich and have great potential all over the world, which has gradually become the main goal of oil and gas development. However, after traditional primary and secondary exploitation, there is still a large amount of remaining oil that has not been recovered.Therefore, in recent years, enhanced oil recovery(EOR) technologies for low permeability reservoirs have been greatly developed to further improve crude oil production. This study presents a comprehensive review of EOR technologies in low permeability reservoirs with an emphasis on gas flooding, surfactant flooding, nanofluid flooding and imbibition EOR technologies. In addition, two kinds of gel systems are introduced for conformance control in low permeability reservoirs with channeling problems. Finally,the technical challenges, directions and outlooks of EOR in low permeability reservoirs are addressed.

Progress and prospects of oil and gas production engineering technology in China

This paper summarizes the important progress in the field of oil and gas production engineering during the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period of China,analyzes the challenges faced by the current oil and gas production engineering in terms of technological adaptability,digital construction,energy-saving and emission reduction,and points out the future development direction.During the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period,series of important progresses have been made in five major technologies,including separated-layer injection,artificial lift,reservoir stimulation,gas well de-watering,and workover,which provide key technical support for continuous potential tapping of mature oilfields and profitable production of new oilfields.Under the current complex international political and economic situation,oil and gas production engineering is facing severe challenges in three aspects:technical difficulty increases in oil and gas production,insignificant improvements in digital transformation,and lack of core technical support for energy-saving and emission reduction.This paper establishes three major strategic directions and implementation paths,including oil stabilization and gas enhancement,digital transformation,and green and low-carbon development.Five key research areas are listed including fine separated-layer injection technology,high efficiency artificial lift technology,fine reservoir stimulation technology,long term gas well de-watering technology and intelligent workover technology,so as to provide engineering technical support for the transformation,upgrading and high-quality development of China’s oil and gas industry.

Development of the theory and technology for low permeability reservoirs in China

The development theories of low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs are refined, the key development technologies are summarized, and the prospect and technical direction of sustainable development are discussed based on the understanding and research on developed low-permeability oil and gas resources in China. The main achievements include:(1) the theories of low-permeability reservoir seepage, dual-medium seepage, relative homogeneity, etc.(2) the well location optimization technology combining favorable area of reservoir with gas-bearing prediction and combining pre-stack with post-stack;(3) oriented perforating multi-fracture, multistage sand adding, multistage temporary plugging, vertical well multilayer, horizontal and other fracturing techniques to improve productivity of single well;(4) the technology of increasing injection and keeping pressure, such as overall decreasing pressure, local pressurization, shaped charge stamping and plugging removal, fine separate injection, mild advanced water injection and so on;(5) enhanced recovery technology of optimization of injection-production well network in horizontal wells. To continue to develop low-permeability reserves economically and effectively, there are three aspects of work to be done well:(1) depending on technical improvement, continue to innovate new technologies and methods, establish a new mode of low quality reservoir development economically, determine the main technical boundaries and form replacement technology reserves of advanced development;(2) adhering to the management system of low cost technology & low cost, set up a complete set of low-cost dual integration innovation system through continuous innovation in technology and management;(3) striving for national preferential policies.

Exploration Technology for Complex Sandstone Reservoirs in the Developed Area of Shengli Oilfield

Jiyang depression, which is the main oil productive area of Shengli oil field, is located at the southeast part of the Bohai Bay Basin and is a terrestrial lacustrine rift subsidence basin formed in the late Mesozoic with fully developed fault system. The main hydrocarbon productive formations of this depression are the terrestrial clastic rocks of the Tertiary, which are of strong lateral variation. The complex fault reservoirs and subtle lithological reservoirs distributed extensively and are becoming the main exploration targets in recent years. The exploration and development practice in these years has formed the exploration technologies, mainly including detailed study and description of low grade faults, delineation of microstructures, facies constrained formation description and prediction and low resistivity oil bearing formation’s identification. These exploration technologies have resulted in remarkable effectiveness on the reserve and oil production increments.

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model——Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model-dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and freewater), in consid-eration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.

奥连特盆地隐蔽油藏高效滚动勘探开发方法技术及应用——以厄瓜多尔14和17区块为例

厄瓜多尔14和17区块位于奥连特盆地前渊带,主要含油层系为Napo组的M1,U和T段。现已开发油田进入高含水阶段,资源接替面临挑战。通过基于趋势面驱动的叠后地震数据连片一致性处理、时-频衰减高精度合成记录标定和解释及各向异性变速成图,精细刻画了低幅度构造,发现了一批低幅度构造油藏。采用分频迭代去噪拾取薄层弱反射系数,以其重构的叠后宽频有效信号为约束,采用相控波形非线性反演,定量预测了埋深3 000 m的2~5 m厚潮汐水道砂岩,发现了多个M1超薄层岩性油藏。依据区域水动力条件、低幅度构造油藏油-水界面趋势及油藏能量特征,发现了LU水动力油藏并滚动扩边。通过观察大量岩心薄片,发现海绿石在石英砂岩储层中呈胶结物和颗粒两种赋存状态,建立了海绿石双组构测井解释体积模型,评价并识别了UT低电阻率油藏。基于热带雨林地表和隐蔽油藏特点,按照“整体部署、分批实施、跟踪评价、及时调整”的策略,实现滚动勘探、评价和快速建产,探井和评价井成功率大于90%。

高温中低渗油藏智能纳米黑卡驱提高采收率技术

当前化学驱储量接替严重不足,亟需攻关突破高温中低渗油藏提高采收率技术。智能纳米黑卡驱油技术是当下极具前瞻性的纳米驱油技术,可大幅度提高采收率。针对河南油田高温中低渗油藏,开展高温条件下纳米黑卡静态性能评价,并通过高温岩心驱替实验评价不同渗透率条件下智能纳米黑卡驱油效果。结果表明,智能纳米黑卡具有优异的耐高温性能,分散稳定性好,能够降低油水界面张力至10^(-1)mN/m,并具有改变润湿性和快速乳化与破乳性能。同时,纳米黑卡具有高效的洗油能力,在95℃下注入0.3 PV的质量分数为0.005%的智能纳米黑卡溶液,在目标油田不同渗透率(50×10^(-3)~450×10^(-3)μm^(2))条件下可提高采收率15.8百分点~20.0百分点。因此,智能纳米黑卡驱油技术适用于河南油田高温中低渗油藏提高采收率。

Geologic characteristics, controlling factors and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of China’s Large Gas Provinces of low porosity and permeability

Based on the analysis of the geological characteristics and controlling factors, we analyzed the formation mechanism of different types of gas reservoirs. The main characteristics of gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are mainly as follows: large area, low abundance, small gas pools and large gas provinces; widely distributed excellent hydrocarbon source rocks with closely contacted source-reservoir-cap association; development mainly in large continental depressions or in paralic shallow-river delta systems; many kinds of traps coexisting in large areas, dominantly para-layered lithologic, digenetic and capillary pressure traps; double fluid flow mechanisms of Darcy flow and non-Darcy flow; complicated gas and water relations; and having the resource distribution of highly productive "sweet spots", banding concentration, and macroscopically large areas integrated. The main controlling factors of large sandstone gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are stable dynamic backgrounds and gentle structural frameworks which control the extensive distribution of alternate (interbedded) sandstones and mudstones; weak hydropower of large gentle lake basins controlling the formation of discontinuous, low porosity and permeability reservoirs in shallow-water deltas; regionally differential diagenesis and no homogeneous digenetic facies controlling the development of favorable reservoirs and digenetic traps; and weak and dispersive reservoir-forming dynamic forces leading to the widely distributed small traps with low abundance. Low porosity and permeability gas provinces with different trap types have different formation mechanisms which include fluid diversion pressure difference interactive mechanism of lithologic-trap gas accumulations, separated differential collection mechanism of digenetic-trap gas accumulations, and the Non-Darcy flow mechanism of capillary-pressure gas accumulations.

低成本低油水比低土相油基钻井液技术研制与应用

油基钻井液的应用范围较广,为降低油基钻井液成本,通过优选低成本油类基础液,开展研发新型单剂高效乳化剂,降低油水比,降低有机土加量等研究,建立了新型低成本低油水比低土相油基钻井液配方,同时对其性能进行了室内评价。实验结果表明:该钻井液油水比在65∶35~85∶15范围可调,有机土加量小于等于2.0%,密度为1.4~2.2 g/cm^(3),抗温达200℃,破乳电压大于800 V,高温高压失水量小于3 mL,油基钻井液单方成本较3号白油配制的油基钻井液降低15%以上,适用于-25℃条件,可满足辽河油区冬季施工需求。在辽河油区页岩油、致密油地层进行了应用,现场应用结果表明,低成本低油水比低土相油基钻井液性能稳定,封堵防塌性能良好,乳化稳定性良好,耐低温效果好,单方成本明显降低。研究成果有利于油基钻井液应用规模的扩大,可满足非常规油气资源低成本、安全、高效开发的技术需求。

海上低阻油藏注水开发影响因素分析

低阻油藏储层的研究一直是国内外油田开发人员亟待解决的难题之一。本文结合岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、物性及黏土矿物分析化验数据,H油田Ⅳ油组储层成岩作用可见压实作用、胶结作用和溶解作用。胶结物泥质、高岭石、菱铁矿和黄铁矿是影响该段储层物性的主要因素,主要的建设性成岩作用为溶解作用,溶解作用对改善储层的储集性能更为有利,产生的次生孔隙及裂缝一定程度上改善了本井的孔隙结构。Ⅳ油组储层分析样品含油饱和度随着地层深度增加呈现递增趋势;而含水饱和度随着地层深度增加呈现递减趋势;含油饱和度平均为7.5%;而含水饱和度平均为84%。Ⅳ油组深度2094.35~2129.39 m划分为中成岩A期,2130.00~2136.42 m划分为中成岩B期。研究成果为低阻H油田储层的高效开发提供了依据。

绥靖油田延长组长2储层流体识别方法

绥靖油田延长组属于低孔、低渗复杂致密砂岩储层,低孔低渗致密砂岩储层常常会出现低阻油层,低阻油层的成因机理研究随着非常规油气田的勘探开发而备受关注,本论文针对研究区长2段电阻率明显偏低的现象,从孔隙结构、构造圈闭幅度等方面展开研究,对目标地层低阻油层成因进行探讨。本轮研究在深入分析长2段低阻油层成因的基础上,根据绥靖油田延长组长2储层的物性特征,将孔隙度和束缚水饱和度的关系拟合曲线,得出了束缚水饱和度计算公式,采用束缚水饱和度与含水饱和度重叠法,对研究区长2段储层进行流体性质识别。在此基础上,还建立了双孔隙度重叠法,可以有效、快速对延长组长2段储层进行流体性质识别。

基于全直径岩心二维核磁共振测量的低阻油层评价方法

河套盆地临河组砂岩储层中油层类型多样,低阻油层普遍存在,油层识别难度大。本文通过室内柱塞样岩心离心状态、饱和状态测量核磁T谱,结合测井资料及油水分析,明确河套盆地临河组砂岩低阻油层主要成因;根据移动式全直径岩心核磁共振Ti一T,现场测量数据,分析不同流体组分T1-T,图谱特征,明确典型油层、低阻油层、水层孔隙流体组分分布特征规律,确定二维核磁TI-T,图谱中油水信号的分布特征;同时,根据低阻油信号在二维核磁Ti-T,图谱中的分布特征建立含油饱和度计算模型,实现低阻油层含油性定量评价;形成了基于全直径岩心二维核磁共振测量的低阻油层评价方法,该方法在河套盆地规模化应用,效果显著。

低阻油层成因机理及测井评价方法——以港北南翼区块馆陶组为例

大港油田港北南翼区块馆陶组储层岩性多变,储层泥质含量较高,油层与水层电阻率相差较小,给测井解释带来一定困难。笔者从岩性、物性、水性等方面分析了馆陶组低阻油层的成因:馆陶组粘土矿物类型主要以伊蒙混层为主,且地层水矿化度不高,认为造成馆陶组油层低阻的主要成因为高粘土束缚水饱和度和粘土附加导电。在明确馆陶组低阻成因的基础上,运用三孔隙导电模型评价储层的含水饱和度,并利用可动水法分析低阻油层的产液性质。根据三孔隙导电模型及可动水法分析得到的测井解释结论与试油结论相吻合。

孤东油田低阻油层的特征

对孤东油田七区西馆陶组下段低电阻率油层特征进行了研究 ,分析了造成低电阻率油层的因素、测井参数特征及含水率的影响 ,探讨了该区低阻油层分布规律和开发过程中需要注意的问题。应用该研究成果在八区馆陶组下段发现了新的低电阻油层 ,使得该油区新增含油面积 0 .4km2 。低电阻油层是老油田增加新的储量的主要途径之一 。

低电阻率油层测井识别技术

本文在对渤海湾地区第三系低电阻率油层形成机理、类型和特征分析的基础上 ,形成了低电阻率油层的测井解释评价方法。矿场试验表明 :该方法为一套较完善 ,能有效识别。

低电阻率油气储集层特征和评价技术研究

低电阻率油气储集层是指油气层电阻率与邻近水层电阻率反差较小的一类油气储层,这种油气储层给测井精细解释、油气层的识别与评价带来了极大的困难。介绍了低电阻率油气储集层的概念及特征,造成低电阻率油气储集层的主要和次要矿物成分,以及由于蒙脱石等粘土矿物的附加导电性、钻井液侵入储层形成电阻率的基本岩石物理成因,总结出了低电阻率油气层的地质成因和工程成因2大类成因机制;还介绍了目前常用的地质录井参数解释、测井解释、气测参数和地化参数以及核磁共振测井技术评价低电阻率油层的方法,列举了通过分析试油层的岩心、测井、录井资料建立模型和运用测井、完井资料综合评价低电阻率油气储集层的实例。

轮南低幅度披覆构造低电阻率油层成因

近年来轮南油田通过测井和试油相继在古近系、白垩系和侏罗系发现了低电阻率油层。对塔里木盆地22个油气田57个油气层的统计表明,低电阻率油层对储集层的物性条件及原油密度有一定的选择性,物性较差的储集层易表现为低油层电阻率,流体密度中等的凝析气藏或轻质油油藏易于形成低电阻率油层。高不动水饱和度是形成低电阻率油层的主要原因。通过对轮南油田低电阻率油层成因的分析,指出:具有主力油藏(或古油藏)背景的低幅度披覆构造具备形成低电阻率油层的有利条件;储集空间与油气类型的配伍关系可能是导致部分油层呈现低电阻率特征的关键。