FLOW FIELD ANALYSES OF PLANE JET AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS USING LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

A two-dimensional（2-D） incompressible plane jet is investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method（LBM） for low Reynolds numbers of 42 and 65 based on the jet-exit-width and the maximum jet-exit-velocity. The results show that the mean centerline velocity decays as x-1/3 and the jet spreads as x2/3 in the self-similar region, which are consistent with the theoretical predictions and the experimental data. The time histories and PSD analyses of the instantaneous centerline velocities indicate the periodic behavior and the interaction between periodic components of velocities should not be neglected in the far field region, although it is invisible in the near field region.

Computational aerodynamics of low Reynolds number plunging,pitching and flexible wings for MAV applications

Micro air vehicles （MAV＇s） have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in environmental monitoring and homeland security areas. Due to the MAV＇s＇ small size, flight regime, and modes of operation, significant scientific advancement will be needed to create this revolutionary capability. Aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and flight dynamics of natural flyers intersects with some of the richest problems in MAV＇s, inclu- ding massively unsteady three-dimensional separation, transition in boundary layers and shear layers, vortical flows and bluff body flows, unsteady flight environment, aeroelasticity, and nonlinear and adaptive control are just a few examples. A challenge is that the scaling of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics between smaller natural flyer and practical flying hardware/lab experiment （larger dimension） is fundamentally difficult. In this paper, we offer an overview of the challenges and issues, along with sample results illustrating some of the efforts made from a computational modeling angle.

A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF HIGH-LIFT GENERATION BY AN AIRFOIL IN UNSTEADY MOTION AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

The aerodynamic force and flow structure of NACA 0012 airfoil performing an unsteady motion at low Reynolds number (Re = 100) are calculated by solving Navier-Stokes equations. The motion consists of three parts: the first translation, rotation and the second translation in the direction opposite to the first. The rotation and the second translation in this motion are expected to represent the rotation and translation of the wing-section of a hovering insect. The flow structure is used in combination with the theory of vorticity dynamics to explain the generation of unsteady aerodynamic force in the motion. During the rotation, due to the creation of strong vortices in short time, large aerodynamic force is produced and the force is almost normal to the airfoil chord. During the second translation, large lift coefficient can be maintained for certain time period and (C) over bar (L), the lift coefficient averaged over four chord lengths of travel, is larger than 2 (the corresponding steady-state lift coefficient is only 0.9). The large lift coefficient is due to two effects. The first is the delayed shedding of the stall vortex. The second is that the vortices created during the airfoil rotation and in the near wake left by previous translation form a short 'vortex street' in front of the airfoil and the 'vortex street' induces a 'wind'; against this 'wind' the airfoil translates, increasing its relative speed. The above results provide insights to the understanding of the mechanism of high-lift generation by a hovering insect.

Effect of Spanwise Flexibility on Propulsion Performance of a Flapping Hydrofoil at Low Reynolds Number

Spanwise flexibility is a key factor influencing propulsion performance of pectoral foils. Performances of bionic fish with oscillating pectoral foils can be enhanced by properly selecting the spanwise flexibility. The influence law of spanwise flexibility on thrust generation and propulsion efficiency of a rectangular hydro-foil is discussed. Series foils constructed by the two-component silicon rubber are developed. NACA0015 shape of chordwise cross-section is employed. The foils are strengthened by fin rays of different rigidity to realize variant spanwise rigidity and almost the same chordwise flexibility. Experiments on a towing platform developed are carried out at low Reynolds numbers of 10 000, 15 000, and 20 000 and Strouhal numbers from 0.1 to 1. The following experimental results are achieved: (1) The average forward thrust increases with the St number increased; (2) Certain degree of spanwise flexibility is beneficial to the forward thrust generation, but the thrust gap is not large for the fins of different spanwise rigidity; (3) The fin of the maximal spanwise flexibility owns the highest propulsion efficiency; (4) Effect of the Reynolds number on the propulsion efficiency is significant. The experimental results can be utilized as a reference in deciding the spanwise flexibility of bionic pectoral fins in designing of robotic fish prototype propelled by flapping-wing.

Numerical Simulation on Flow Past Two Side-by-Side Inclined Circular Cylinders at Low Reynolds Number

A series of three-dimensional numerical simulations is carried out to investigate the effect of inclined angle on flow behavior behind two side-by-side inclined cylinders at low Reynolds number Re=100 and small spacing ratio T/D=1.5 (T is the center-to-center distance between two side-by-side cylinders, D is the diameter of cylinder). The instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields, force coefficients and Strouhal numbers are analyzed. Special attention is focused on the axial flow characteristics with variation of the inclined angle. The results show that the inclined angle has a significant effect on the gap flow behaviors behind two inclined cylinders. The vortex shedding behind two cylinders is suppressed with the increase of the inclined angle as well as the flip-flop gap flow. Moreover, the mean drag coefficient, root-mean-square lift coefficient and Strouhal numbers decrease monotonously with the increase of the inclined angle, which follows the independent principle at small inclined angles.

A new bionic MAV's flapping motion based on fruit fly hovering at low Reynolds number

On the basis of the studies on the high unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms of the fruit fly hovering the aerodynamic advantages and disadvantages of the fruit fly flapping motion were analyzed. A new bionic flapping motion was proposed to weaken the disadvantages and maintain the advantages, it may be used in the designing and manufacturing of the micro air vehicles （MAV＇s）. The translation of the new bionic flapping motion is the same as that of fruit fly flapping motion. However, the rotation of the new bionic flapping motion is different. It is not a pitching-up rotation as the fruit fly flapping motion, but a pitching-down rota- tion at the beginning and the end of a stroke. The numerical method of 3rd-order Roe scheme developed by Rogers was used to study these questions. The correctness of the numerical method and the computational program was justified by comparing the present CFD results of the fruit fly flapping motion in three modes, i.e., the advanced mode, the symmetrical mode and the delayed mode, with Dickinson＇s experimental results. They agreed with each other very well. Subsequently, the aerodynamic characteristics of the new bionic flapping motion in three modes were also numerically simulated, and were compared with those of the fruit fly flap- ping. The conclusions could be drawn that the high unsteady lift mechanism of the fruit fly hovering is also effectively utilized by this new bionic flapping. Compared with the fruit fly flapping, the unsteady drag of the new flapping decreases very much and the ratio of lift to drag increases greatly. And the great discrepancies among the mean lifts of three flapping modes of the fruit fly hovering are effectively smoothed in the new flapping. On the other hand, this new bionic flapping motion should be realized more easily. Finally, it must be pointed out that the above conclusions were just drawn for the hovering flapping motion. And the aerodynamic characteristics of the new bionic flapping motion in forward flight are going to be studied in the next step.

Numerical Study on Low-Reynolds Compressible Flows around Mars Helicopter Rotor Blade Airfoil

High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the Cp distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.

Experimental Study of Owl-Like Airfoil Aerodynamics at Low Reynolds Numbers

This study experimentally investigates aerodynamic characteristics and flow fields of a smooth owl-like airfoil without serrations and velvet structures. This biologically inspired airfoil design is intended to serve as the main-wing for low-Reynolds-number aircrafts such as micro air vehicles. Reynolds number dependency on aerodynamics is also evaluated at low Reynolds numbers. The results of the study show that the owl-like airfoil has high lift performance with a nonlinear lift increase due to the presence of a separation bubble on the suction side. A distinctive flow feature of the owl airfoil is a separation bubble on the pressure side at low angles of attack. The separation bubble switches location from the pressure side to the suction side as the angle of attack increases and is continuously present on the surface within a wide range of angles of attack. The Reynolds number dependency on the lift curves is insignificant, although differences in the drag curves are especially pronounced at high angles of attack. Eventually, we obtain the geometric feature of the owl-like airfoil to increase aerodynamic performance at low Reynolds numbers.

OSCILLATION PHENOMENA IN FAR FIELD REGION OF PLANE JETS AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS

Oscillation phenomena in far field region of plane jets are studied by lattice Boltzmann method over a range of Reynolds numbers （Re） from 16 to 65. Numerical results show that the instantaneous centerline velocities show periodic oscillation behavior in far field region when Re〉38. In contrast, the periodic behavior is invisible in corresponding flow field when Re≤38. For the cases of Re≤38, the exchange of momentum due to straining mo- tion gradually dominates the downstream flow filed, which qualitatively suggests the possibility of iet instability.

Numerical Investigation on a Dual-jet Consisting of a Plane Wall Jet and a Parallel Offset Jet at Low-Reynolds Number

A dual-jet consisting of a wall jet and an offset jet has been numerically simulated using lattice Boltzmann method to examine the effects of jet spacing between two jet centerlines,defined as s.The Reynolds number based on jet-exit-width dis set to be Re = 56 and the jet spacing is set to be less than or equal 10 times the jet-exitwidth.Computational results reveal that the flow field displays periodic vortex shedding when the jet spacing is in the range of 9≤s/d ≤ 10,while it remains steady with two counter-rotating vortices in the converging region when s/d ≤ 8.When s/d = 9,the power spectral analyses indicate that the vortex shedding phenomenon has specific frequency.The significant oscillation stresses induced by the periodic components of velocities are found to mainly exist in the inner shear layer regions,implying stronger momentum transfer occuring in these regions.

Effects of Bionic Leading Edge on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Compressor Cascade at a Low Reynolds Number

To achieve high-performance compressor cascades at low Reynolds number(Re),it is important to organize the boundary layer transition and separation processes efficiently and reasonably.In this study,the airfoil is focused on at a 5%blade height at the root of the orthogonal blade in the downflow passage of the high-load booster stage.The bionics modeling design is carried out for the leading edge of the original blade cascade;the response characteristics of laminar transition and separation to blades with different leading edge shapes at low Reynolds numbers are studied by using large eddy simulations combined with Omega vortex identification.The findings of this study demonstrate that bionic leading edge modeling can significantly improve the aerodynamic performance of blades at low Reynolds numbers.The blades effectively suppress the formation of separation bubbles at low Reynolds numbers and weaken or even eliminate large-scale flow separation at the trailing edge.In addition,the blades can weaken the vortex intensity on the blade surface,reduce the areas of high-velocity fluctuations,and minimize aerodynamic losses caused by turbulence dissipation.These results should serve as a valuable reference for the aerodynamic design and flow control of the high-load booster stage blade at low Re.

Spatio-temporal instability of two-layer liquid film at small Reynolds numbers

The onset of instability with respect to the spatio-temporally growing disturbance in a viscosity-stratified two-layer liquid film flow is analyzed. The known results obtained from the temporal theory of instability show that the flow is unstable in the limit of zero Reynolds numbers. The present theory predicts the neutral stability in the same limit. The discrepancy is explained. Based on the mechanical energy equation, a new mechanism of instability is found. The new mechanism is associated with the convective nature of the disturbance that is not Galilei invariant.

中/低雷诺数翼型后缘纯音噪声物理机制与主/被动控制研究综述

基于国内外研究成果,本文总结了中/低雷诺数下翼型后缘纯音噪声的物理机制与主/被动控制的研究现状,阐述了目前该研究还需回答与解决的部分问题,并对可能的新研究思路与方法进行了展望。在物理机制方面,边界层内声反馈和后缘涡脱落是公认的中/低雷诺数下翼型后缘纯音噪声的2种主要发声机制。前者由T–S不稳定波散射噪声向上游传播、在边界层与翼型后缘之间形成,产生的纯音噪声具有典型“阶梯状”离散频谱特性;后者由翼型尾流整体不稳定性引起,纯音噪声具有单一频率特性。2种发声机制之间如何竞争以及噪声频率如何选择等问题仍未完全解决。在研究方法方面,主要采用线性稳定性分析、风洞实验测量和DNS/LES数值模拟等研究方法。由于现有研究的翼型较为单一,所得结果无法满足翼型低噪声设计的需求。在噪声控制方面,被动控制方法多采用翼型前/后缘锯齿、多孔材料和柔性壁面,主动控制方法多采用表面吹/吸气和等离子体技术;在基于机理分析有效抑制翼型后缘纯音噪声方面,还有较多可改进之处。

棒束结构气冷换热的湍流模型适用性评价

高功率空间核电源采用棒束气冷堆具有质量轻等优势,其紧凑的栅格结构以及流动雷诺数(Re)较低的特点会影响堆芯的流动换热规律,采用CFD开展数值分析时需评价湍流模型的适用性。在气体工质棒束结构流动换热实验的基础上,利用ANSYS Fluent建立了试验段的数值模型,针对入口Re在688~2 986之间的实验工况,选择4种湍流模型开展了数值模拟,对比了加热棒包壳温度实验测量值与计算值。结果表明,4种湍流模型计算的棒温整体上均低于实验值,其中转捩SST模型结果与实验值最接近,整体平均偏差为-2.0%,较好地反映了横流等特征,可用于Re在2 000左右的棒束气冷堆芯热工水力数值计算。

窄缝通道内低雷诺数蒸汽流动换热特性数值模拟研究

为探究窄缝通道在大破口失水事故下再淹没过程中低雷诺数(Re_(in)=1 881~10 348)过热蒸汽的流动换热特性,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)方法,基于优选出的湍流模型,探究加热面热流、压力条件和入口速度对低雷诺数过热蒸汽流动换热特性的影响规律。对比了Gnielinski关联式与Dittus-Boelter关联式,并对Dittus-Boelter经验关联式进行修正。计算结果表明:雷诺时均(Reynolds average Navier-Stokes, RANS)湍流模型中SST k-ω的模拟结果与大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)的模拟结果最为接近,且计算量小;过热蒸汽对流换热能力随压力和入口流速的增加而增强,随加热面热流增加而减弱;相对于数值模拟结果,Dittus-Boelter和Gnielinski经验关联式预测的Nu数偏低,修正后的新关联式误差在15%以内,可为再淹没过程低雷诺数过热蒸汽的流动换热分析程序开发提供参考。

低雷诺数翼型多目标优化设计研究

为消除低雷诺数下对称翼型小迎角范围内的气动力非线性现象,基于高斯过程回归模型及NSGA‑Ⅱ多目标遗传算法并耦合RANS的数值方法建立了低雷诺数翼型优化设计程序,以多个状态下小迎角范围内的平均巡航因子为目标函数开展翼型优化设计。结果表明:优化翼型具有明显的几何凸起,有效改变了分离泡的位置和类型,进而显著改善翼型气动特性,Re=4×104时小迎角范围内的升力系数非线性现象基本消失。进一步分析发现优化翼型的凸起增强了壁面的对流影响和来流抵抗逆压梯度的能力,进而改善了翼型的气动特性。

尺度效应对低Reynolds数下微/小柱群通道内对流换热的影响

引言自20世纪90年代,随着超大规模集成电子及微电子机械系统（MEMS）的迅猛发展,其散热问题逐渐成为一个研究热点[1],而柱群结构是解决这一问题的重要方法之一。柱群能大幅增加换热结构的面体比,同时柱之间的相互扰动使流动发生转捩,从而能对高热通量场合进行有效冷却,

基于低Reynolds数k-ε模型的超临界流体对流换热的快速计算模型

基于边界层理论,针对管内变物性湍流流动,建立了一种简单的数值模型,对超临界压力下水在直管内的湍流强制对流换热进行了数值研究。计算结果与实验数据比较表明,该数值模型不仅能正确地反映超临界工况下压力、质量流速和壁面热通量等参数对传热系数的影响,而且整个计算过程简洁而高效;计算中分别应用了两种均由Jones和Launder提出的低Reynolds数k-ε湍流模型(JL模型),发现JL1模型(c_1=1.55)适用于常物性管流,但在模拟超临界工况时计算值比实验值偏低很多;JL2模型(c_1=1.45)明显高估了常物性管流的传热系数,但在模拟超临界工况时在大部分参数范围内有着良好的预测精度。

低Reynolds数净化器除尘效率的计算流体动力学仿真与优化

为研究低浓度下等离子体空气净化器内粒子流动特性以及粒子的捕获过程,建立了静电场、气体流场和粒子运动场耦合的气固两相流Eulerian-Lagrangian混合湍流模型。运用有限差分法计算了多场耦合作用下不同空气流速、施加电压和粒子粒径对粒子运动轨迹的影响。将数值预测与试验结果进行了对比验证,较符合:不同流速(0.5、1.0、2.0 m/s)下的最大偏差为8.9%;不同线电压(6.8、7.2、7.6 kV)下的最大偏差是3.8%;不同粒径(2、5、10μm)下的最大偏差是6.8%,研究论证了该模型能较好地模拟除尘过程,在指导小型家用净化设备的设计和优化过程中有一定的应用前景。

火星超低雷诺数下螺旋桨气动性能研究

火星超低雷诺数环境导致螺旋桨系统气动特性相比于地球环境显著恶化,翼型表面层流分离现象影响了火星螺旋桨的气动特性.为设计出适应火星低雷诺数环境的螺旋桨,深入了解超低雷诺数对翼型气动特性的作用机理,采用Transition SST转捩模型求解非定常可压缩N-S方程的数值模拟技术,对几种适用于低雷诺数环境的翼型进行火星超低雷诺数环境下气动特性模拟计算,从而选取最适应火星大气环境的翼型.结果表明CLF5605翼型具有更好的气动性能.对选定的翼型进行不同超低雷诺数下气动特性模拟计算,揭示了超低雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响,即在火星大气雷诺数范围内,更高的雷诺数对应更好的气动性能;对雷诺数从100~20000翼型表面边界层状态进行数值模拟,发现翼型层流分离结构发生显著变化,从低雷诺数下的层流边界层状态,随着雷诺数的增加开始发生层流分离,在翼型尾缘产生层流分离泡,并最终变成湍流边界层.采用最小能量损失的方法设计火星螺旋桨,对其气动性能进行了数值模拟仿真,并对轻量化制造的螺旋桨进行了地面台架实验验证,通过将地面实验结果与CFD数值模拟仿真结果对比,验证了螺旋桨轻量化设计合理性以及数值计算的准确性.