Experimental Performance of Moderate and High Temperature Heat Pump Charged with Refrigerant Mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.

Effects of polyphosphoric acid modified asphalt on the low-temperature cracking of asphalt mixtures

In order to determine whether polyphosphoric acid （PPA） can partially or completely substitute styrene-butadiene- styrene （SBS） modifier while it does not adversely affect the resistance to thermal cracking of the asphalt mixture, the low- temperature fracture properties of the PPA modified mixtures are evaluated and compared to the SBS modified mixtures. First, laboratory compacted test samples were tested by the indirect tensile test （IDT） and the newly developed fracture testing protocol, named as disk-shaped compact tension （DCT）. Then, the effects of the test temperature and air-void ratio on the low-temperature fracture properties of asphalt mixtures were analyzed. The results show that the fracture resistance of the PPA modified mixtures is worse than that of the SBS modified mixtures. However, for those modified mixtures that use the PPA substituting part of the SBS modifier, a relatively low-temperature fracture resistance can be obtained compared with the mixture only using the SBS modifier.

Effect of aggregate gradation on low temperature performance of asphalt paving mixtures

Low temperature cracking has become one of the important factors that diminish asphalt pavement's ride quality and service life.Especially in cold region,cracking caused by low temperature is the main distress form.This paper discussed the effect of aggregate gradation on the low temperature performance in asphalt paving mixtures.A total of 11 asphalt mixtures with 11 different aggregate gradations and one asphalt binder content were studied.Volumetric properties of the coarse aggregate and asphalt mixtures showed aggregate grading has a significant impact on the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures.A trend is existed in the low temperature performance with the change of gradation.With the aid of mathematic statistics,it indicates gradation affects the low temperature performance significantly.The findings also indicate the relationship between the degree of aggregate interlock in asphalt mixtures and the low temperature performance:With the stone-to-stone contact developed,the mixture has a high energy to resist contract and deformation at low temperature.The properties of fine aggregate and asphalt play an important part in resisting low temperature cracking in floating structure.But it provides lower energy to resist low temperature cracking compared to the skeleton structure.

Low Temperature Performance Prediction Model of Cold-Filled SMA-13 Asphalt Mixture

Sets of cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture were designed by means of orthogonal design method. The bending and low temperature creep tests of the cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture were carried out. The related models of the fractal dimension and the road performance evaluation index including low temperature bending failure strain εB and bending strength RB are established by using fractal theory. The model can be used to predict the low temperature performance of cold-filled SMA-13 asphalt mixture according to the design gradation, which can reduce the test workload and improve the working efficiency, so as to provide the reference for engineering design.

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

Several media report highlight on that the pharmaceutical companies require ultra-low temperatures -80°C to transport and store its COVID-19 vaccines. This research presents the thermodynamic analysis on cascade refrigeration system (CRS) with several refrigerant pairs which are R32/R170, R123/R170, R134a/R170, R404A/R170, R407c/R170, R410/R170, and the hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant pair Propane/Ethane, namely R290/R170. Besides, the results of R22/R170 pair, which is not recommended to be used due to phase out of R22 as per Montréal Protocol, are included as base case to compare the novel hydrocarbon pairs in CRS and the old trend of refrigerant pairs. Thermodynamic properties of all these pairs were investigated and compared under different intermediate temperature used in CRS heat exchanger, which thermally connected both the Low and High temperature cycles (LTC) and (HTC). By applying the first law of thermodynamics, the coefficients of performance (COPs) and the specific power consumptions (SPC) in kW/TR are presented and compared. In addition, by applying the second law of thermodynamics the exergetic efficiencies were estimated. The results reveal the promising opportunity of using the HC pair (R290/R170). The minimum SPC in kW/TR is recorded for the pair R123/R170. One the other hand, the highest exegetic efficiency values are observed to be 40%, 38%, and 35% for the pairs R123/R170, R290/R170, and R134/R170, respectively. This research concludes that the HC pair (R290/R170) is highly recommended for CRS applications either to transport the COVID-19 or store it in cold storage rooms in hospitals and clinics. All precautionary measures should be carefully applied in design and operation of HC pair (R290/R170) due to its flammability hazard.

Unrevealing the effects of low temperature on cycling life of 21700-type cylindrical Li-ion batteries

The low-temperature performance of Li-ion batteries(LIBs) has important impacts on their commercial applications. Besides the metallic lithium deposition, which is regarded as one of the main failure mechanisms of the LIBs at low temperatures, the synergistic effects originating from the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separators to the batteries are still not clear. Here, the 21700-type cylindrical batteries were evaluated at a wide range of temperatures to investigate the failure mechanism of batteries. Voltage relaxation, and the post-mortem analysis combined with the electrochemical tests, unravel that the capacity degradation of batteries at low temperature is related to the lithium plating at graphite anodes,the formation of unsatisfied solid deposited/decomposed electrolyte mixture phase on the anode, the precipitation of solvent in the electrolytes and the block of separator pores, and the uneven dissolved transition metal-ions from the cathode. We hope this finding may open up a new avenue to alleviate the capacity degradation of advanced LIBs at low temperatures and shed light on the development of outstanding low-temperature LIBs via simultaneous optimization of all the components including electrodes, electrolytes and separators.

A review of low-temperature heat recovery technologies for industry processes

The amount of low-temperature heat generated in industrial processes is high,but recycling is limited due to low grade and low recycling efficiency,which is one of the reasons for low energy efficiency.It implies that there is a great potential for low-temperature heat recovery and utilization.This article provided a detailed review of recent advances in the development of low-temperature thermal upgrades,power generation,refrigeration,and thermal energy storage.The detailed description will be given from the aspects of system structure improvement,work medium improvement,and thermodynamic and economic performance evaluation.It also pointed out the development bottlenecks and future development trends of various technologies.The low-temperature heat combined utilization technology can recover waste heat in an all-round and effective manner,and has great development prospects.

Simulation of meso factors influencing fracture performance of dense-graded asphalt concrete at low temperature

In order to characterize the impacts of key factors on the low-temperature fracture performance of dense-graded asphalt concrete, the virtual bending fracture test is simulated by using the discrete element method( DEM) and emulation software PFC3D( particle flowcode in three-dimension). A virtual specimen generation procedure consisting of aggregate gradation, irregular clumps, asphalt mortar and air void content is performed based on the random generation algorithm and irregular coarse aggregates library. Then, the virtual fracture test is conducted after adding the micro mechanical contact models to the specimen, and the validity of virtual modeling is verified by the comparison of simulation test data and lab test data. Additionally, an orthogonal test is designed to investigate the impacts of the volume fraction of coarse aggregates and air voids, stiffness of coarse aggregates and asphalt mortar, internal bond strength of asphalt mortar and distribution of coarse aggregates and air voids on low-temperature fracture performance based on virtual simulation.The results showthat all the factors have effects on fracture performance to various degrees, while the value of the bond strength of asphalt mortar is found to be the most important determinant of tensile strength and strain-energy density. The volume fraction of coarse aggregates is considered to be the most important determinant of tensile strain. Therefore, to obtain a high low-temperature fracture performance of densegraded asphalt concrete, it is important to consider the microstructure and properties of asphalt mortar and aggregates.

Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation

This review summarizes the requirement of low temperature conditions in existing experimental approaches to quantum computation and quantum simulation.

APPLICATION POSSIBILITY OF BINARY NONAZEOTROPIC REFRIGERANT IN JET REFRIGERATION *

This paper analyzes the possibility of applying binary nonazeotropic refrigerants in the jet refrigeration cycle. The thermodynamic cycle performance of two kinds of working pairs (R30/R142b, R30/R124) are calculated using the EOS of PR equation of state, and the results are discussed. The theoretical calculations indicate that refrigerating quality can be improved if the binary mixtures evaporate just in the low temperature region. The character of the rejecter to compress two phase medium supports the possibility of this kind of cycle.

Low-melting mixture solvents:extension of deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids for broadening green solvents and green chemistry

Green solvents such as water and ionic liquids(ILs)are pillars of the great mansion of green chemistry and green processing.Initially proposed as a new family of ILs,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)have received fast development in the past two decades.In this contribution,DESs are reviewed critically and the concept is extended to lowmelting mixture solvents(Lo MMSs),which cover all kinds of materials including ionic compounds,molecular compounds,and metals.Six classes of Lo MMSs are proposed as the new classification system and examples are given.Finally,several thermodynamic issues concerning Lo MMSs are discussed.Two new concepts,robustness of Lo MMSs and high-entropy Lo MMSs,are proposed.

Evaluation of non-azeotropic mixtures containing HFOs as potential refrigerants in refrigeration and high-temperature heat pump systems

With the increasing environmental concern on global warming, hydrofluoro-olefin (HFOs), possessing low GWP, has attracted great attention of many researchers recently. In this study, non-azeotropic mixtures composed of HFOs (HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(z), HFO-1234ze(e) and HFO-1234zf) are developed to substitute for HFC-134a and CFC-114 in air-conditioning and high-temperature heat pump systems, respectively. The cycle performances were evaluated by an improved theoretical cy-cle evaluation methodology. The results showed that all the mixtures proposed herein were favorable refrigerants with excel-lent thermodynamic cycle performances. M1A presented lower discharge temperature and pressure ratio and higher COPc than that of HFC-134a. The volumetric cooling capacity was similar to HFC-134a. It can be served as a good environmentally friendly alternative to replace HFC-134a. M3H delivered similar discharge temperature as CFC-114 did. And the COPh was 3% higher. It exhibits excellent cycle performance in high-temperature heat pump and is a promising refrigerant to substitute for CFC-114. And the gliding temperature differences enable them to exhibit better coefficient of performance by matching the sink/source temperature in practice. Because the toxicity, flammability and other properties are not investigated in detail, ex-tensive toxicity and flammability testing needs to be conducted before they are used in a particular application.

Fatigue Property of Basalt Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixture under Complicated Environment

The fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicated environment （low-temperature bending performance, chloride penetration, freezing-thawing cycle and their coupling effect） and the improvement effect for relevant property of basalt fiber-reinforcing asphalt mixture under complicated environment are studied. Two grading types of asphalt mixtures, AC-16I and AC-13I, are chosen, whose optimum asphalt-aggregate ratio and optimum dosage of basalt fiber are determined by the Marshall test. The standard specimens are made firstly, and then the low temperature bending tests of asphalt mixture and basalt fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture under the coupling effect of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle have been carried out. Finally, the fatigue property tests of asphalt mixture and basalt fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture under complex environment are performed on MTS material testing system. The results indicate that the tensile strength, the maximum curving tensile stress, the curving stiffness modulus, and fatigue properties of asphalt mixture are influenced by the coupling effect of the chloride erosion and freezing-thawing cycle. The low-temperature bending performance and fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicated environment can be greatly improved by adding moderate basalt fiber. The dense gradation asphalt mixture possesses stronger ability to resist adverse environmental effects under the same condition.

上面层改性沥青混合料低温性能综合对比评价

【目的】分析足尺路面试验环道所用7种上面层细粒式改性沥青混合料的低温性能。【方法】通过小梁低温弯曲、中梁线收缩系数和法国M2F梯形梁动态模量3种室内试验开展研究及相关性分析,并应用多指标试验结果的无量纲归一化赋权求和法进行综合对比评价。【结果】最大弯拉应变、应变能密度、线收缩系数、复模量和相位角均可作为改性沥青混合料低温性能的合理评价指标;对比改性沥青类型,采用低温延性强的SBS改性沥青制备的混合料低温性能最优,橡胶沥青混合料的次之,掺抗车辙剂能增强SBS改性AC类混合料的低温性能;对比矿料合成级配,SMA类的低温性能最优,SBS改性AC类中粗集料含量越低,其低温性能越好;多孔排水式高黏SBS改性PAC类具有优良的黏弹性和低温收缩性能。【结论】评价结果可为环道沥青路面低温性能长期监测对比提供参考。

寒区低温环境下泡沫沥青冷再生混合料性能研究

我国西藏、青海等省区全年气候寒冷,平均气温低,昼夜温差和年温差大,冻融循环频繁,公路建设普遍面临着生态环境脆弱、建筑材料数量匮乏且质量较差等问题。针对上述寒区气候特点,采用5℃、10℃、22℃、40℃、60℃和110℃分别模拟低温、室温、中温和高温养生条件下泡沫沥青冷再生混合料现场养生条件,基于室内试验分析了寒区低温环境温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料力学性能、路用性能、耐久性能的劣化影响;进而基于数字图像处理技术和工业CT无损检测技术,探讨了养生温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料内部泡沫沥青分散性状及微细观空隙结构的影响规律。结果表明:随着养生温度升高,泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的单轴贯入强度、无侧限抗压强度、动态回弹模量等力学指标均呈指数函数关系增大;相较于标准养生条件,在低温条件下拌和、养生的泡沫沥青冷再生混合料,其高温稳定性、抗反射裂缝性能及抗疲劳性能下降明显,并且环境温度越低,泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的综合路用性能降低幅值越大。升高养生温度后,泡沫沥青在破坏试件界面的分散面积增大,微细观空隙直径减小,并且微细观空隙结构中体积小于0.05 mm3的空隙占比增大。养生温度对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的作用机理主要在于提高养生温度对泡沫沥青分散性状的促增作用和微细观空隙结构的细化作用。建议在泡沫沥青冷再生路面施工期间加强施工和养生期间的温度控制,并且结合寒区施工季节温度调整室内配合比设计养生温度。本研究成果可为泡沫沥青冷再生技术在寒区的推广应用提供借鉴。

准二级压缩多联机严寒地区供暖性能研究

为了推动多联机在严寒地区的应用,在哈尔滨搭建了一个准二级压缩多联机实验台,采用根据室外温度分段控制压缩机吸气状态的控制策略,进行了91天的测试。结果表明:采用提出的控制策略,实验机组在整个测试期间均可以稳定运行,最高排气温度为90.6℃,季节性能系数为2.40,且室内温度能够满足供暖需要;导致机组在严寒地区制热量不足的主要因素是误除霜,而不是室外低温,误除霜引起的最大逐时制热量不足率为24.31%,而室外低温环境只有7.74%;在室外温度为-22.5~7.5℃时实验机组的供暖效果较好,室外温度低于-22.5℃时存在制热量不足;因严寒地区的机组选型较大且受压缩机最低频率限制,故在室外温度高于7.5℃时,机组存在频繁启停现象。

复杂环境下蠕变效应对沥青混合料性能的影响

为了探究沥青混合料在高、低温条件下的性能变化,以及各种环境因素对其的影响程度,基于Burgers模型和沥青混合料的蠕变效应,通过自主开发的环境模拟仪对沥青混合料进行了基本性能试验,并采用灰色关联度分析方法评估单一因素对沥青混合料高、低温性能的影响程度。同时,采用主成分分析方法进一步揭示了耦合因素对沥青混合料高、低温性能的影响规律。研究发现:单因素对添加了苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯聚合物(styrenebutadiene-styrene,SBS)的改性沥青混合料高、低温性能的影响程度从大到小的排序为高温、紫外线、降雨;相较于单一因素,耦合因素对SBS改性沥青混合料高、低温性能影响更为显著,其中,耦合因素作用中起首要作用的是紫外线。Burgers模型的拟合结果表明:黏弹性参数会随着环境作用循环天数和环境因素的增多而逐渐降低,进而导致沥青混合料高、低温性能逐渐衰减,究其原因是沥青混合料中的黏性和弹性组分发生了转换。

基于不同温度SCB试验的沥青混合料低温抗裂性能评价

为更方便、准确地评价沥青混合料低温抗裂性能,通过对半圆弯曲(SCB)试验对断裂能成分进行分析,探究了断裂能随温度升高而增加的原因,提出了基于SCB试验计算沥青混合料黏性耗散能方法,并用于评价沥青混合料低温抗裂性能。通过设计SCB试验,测试并评价了6种沥青混合料低温抗裂性能。结果表明:沥青混合料断裂能随测试温度升高而增加主要归因于黏性耗散能的增加,通过SCB试验预估沥青混合料黏性耗散能,用以评价沥青混合料低温抗裂性能;以黏性耗散能作为低温抗裂性能评价指标,对比不同再生沥青混合料的黏性耗散能的变化幅度,可以发现最大变化幅度(AC20R40与AC20R40RA试验组的差异)达到72.2%,远大于断裂能的变化幅度,可有效区分不同再生沥青混合料的低温抗裂性能,同时也有利于降低试验误差对评价结果的影响;随着试验温度升高,沥青混合料从脆性破坏逐渐转为延性破坏,断裂面中集料断裂面积逐渐减少,且材料原子或分子振动更剧烈,造成沥青混合料表面能逐渐减小,所以出现断裂能随温度先增大后减小的变化规律,其由黏性耗散能引起,断裂能峰值点温度即为黏性耗散能峰值点温度;建议黏性耗散能以―12℃与0℃温度下SCB试验的断裂能之差进行计算,用以评价沥青混合料低温抗裂性能。

斯特林制冷机在冰箱系统中的应用及可行性研究

斯特林制冷机具有运动部件少,无需润滑油,制冷过程无相变,制冷温度范围大,制冷量方便可调和制冷效率高等优点,在商用/民用制冷系统中具有广阔的应用前景。为满足用户低温冰箱高端化需求,本文研制了一台蒸气压缩和斯特林机联合制冷的多温区冰箱,开展了斯特林制冷机性能测试、散热和导冷结构设计优化及斯特林冰箱的整机性能研究,分析了输入功率和环境温度对斯特林制冷机性能的影响。结果表明:随着斯特林制冷机冷端温度的增加,其输出制冷量和COP均不断增加;增大输入功率可以有效增加输出制冷量,但COP略有降低。在环境温度43℃下,斯特林制冷机在冷端温度为-60℃时可输出制冷量为28.97 W,COP为0.37。本文还提出了基于热管技术的斯特林制冷冰箱的冷热端传热结构,仿真结果表明本文提出的散热导冷结构均可满足系统设计要求。最后,开展了斯特林制冷冰箱实验性能测试,32℃环境温度下的空载测试实验表明,低温室降温耗时相比冷冻室缩短28%;在环境温度43℃下,冰箱稳定运行后低温室平均温度可达-64.5℃,斯特林制冷机和整机耗电量分别为2.33 kW·h/d和4.13 kW·h/d。

钢渣骨料多孔结构对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能的影响机制

钢渣骨料的多孔结构对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能影响的宏细观机制尚不掌握,不利于钢渣骨料沥青路面长期性能的有效保持。针对此不足,基于室内低温弯曲试验,构建了可表征钢渣骨料多孔结构的沥青混合料小梁试样精细化离散元模型,进而开展了不同的钢渣孔隙率和开口孔隙沥青填充度下的虚拟低温弯曲试验,量化分析了钢渣多孔结构对试样整体强度和细观断裂性能的影响规律及机制。试验研究结果表明:多孔钢渣骨料仅可替代粒径大于2.36 mm的粗骨料,控制钢渣加热温度并延长湿拌时间可确保沥青胶浆充分填充钢渣骨料表面孔隙;离散元数值模拟结果表明钢渣骨料表面开口孔隙附近出现应力集中,裂缝贯通钢渣开口孔隙;钢渣骨料表面孔隙率越高,则峰值应力越低,裂缝越易从开口孔隙处发育;峰值应力随钢渣骨料表面开口孔隙沥青胶浆填充度的降低而显著降低;钢渣骨料表面孔隙对沥青胶浆的吸收作用会显著影响裂缝萌生路径及混合料的低温抗裂性能,裂缝易在钢渣孔洞附近萌生,且开口孔隙无沥青填充时此裂缝扩展特征更明显;钢渣骨料表面孔隙可增强沥青-钢渣界面的黏结性能,但开口孔隙过大会导致应力集中且易萌生裂缝。在实际工程中建议控制大孔隙钢渣骨料含量,并确保沥青砂浆充分填充钢渣骨料表面孔隙,以提高其低温抗裂性能。