Research on Frequency Regulation Technologies in Electrical Grids

Frequency regulation is a vital function for ensuring the stability and reliability of electrical grids.As the global energy mix evolves,characterized by a growing share of renewable energy sources and increasing electrification,maintaining grid frequency within the prescribed operating range has become more complex.Traditional power systems,which depend on synchronous generators,are increasingly supplemented by variable and decentralized generation resources,such as wind and solar power.These renewable sources are intermittent,creating challenges for frequency regulation mechanisms.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms for frequency regulation in electrical grids,including primary,secondary,and tertiary control,and explores the role of ancillary services in maintaining grid stability.Additionally,emerging technologies such as energy storage systems,demand response programs,and the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning are discussed as potential solutions for addressing the challenges of modern frequency regulation.The future of frequency regulation is shaped by technological advancements that enhance flexibility,efficiency,and system resilience,ensuring the continued stability of grids in the face of an evolving energy landscape.

Distributed Model Predictive Load Frequency Control of Multi-area Power System with DFIGs

Reliable load frequency control LFC is crucial to the operation and design of modern electric power systems. Considering the LFC problem of a four-Area interconnected power system with wind turbines, this paper presents a distributed model predictive control DMPC based on coordination scheme. The proposed algorithm solves a series of local optimization problems to minimize a performance objective for each control area. The generation rate constraints GRCs, load disturbance changes, and the wind speed constraints are considered. Furthermore, the DMPC algorithm may reduce the impact of the randomness and intermittence of wind turbine effectively. A performance comparison between the proposed controller with and without the participation of the wind turbines is carried out. Analysis and simulation results show possible improvements on closed-loop performance, and computational burden with the physical constraints. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

A graphic monitoring method for electric power of VVVF hydraulic system

In order to online monitor the running state of variable voltage and variable frequency(VVVF)hydraulic system,this paper presents a graphic monitoring method that fuses the information of variable frequency electric parameters.This paper first analyzes how the voltage and current of the motor stator change with the operation conditions of VVVF hydraulic system.As a result,we draw the relationship between the electric parameters(voltage and current)and power frequency.Then,the signals of the voltage and current are fused as dynamic figures based on the idea of Lissajous figures,and the values of the electric parameters are related to the features of the dynamic figures.Rigorous theoretical analysis establishes the function between the electric power of the variable frequency motor(VFM)and the features of the plotted dynamic figures including area of diagram,area of bounding rectangle,tilt angle,etc.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by two cases,in which the speed of VFM and the load of VVVF hydraulic system are changed.The results show that the increase of the speed of VFM enhances its three-phase electric power,but reduces the tilt angle of the plotted dynamic figures.In addition,as the load of VVVF hydraulic system is increased,the three-phase electric power of VFM and the tilt angle of the plotted dynamic figures are both increased.This paper provides a new way to online monitor the running state of VVVF hydraulic system.

An Improved Immune Clone Selection Algorithm for Parameters Optimization of Marine Electric Power System Stabilizer

In themarine electric power system,the marine generators will be disturbed by the large change of loads or the fault of the power system.The marine generators usually installed power system stabilizers to damp power system oscillations through the excitation control.This paper proposes a novel method to obtain optimal parameter values for Power System Stabilizer(PSS)to suppress low-frequency oscillations in the marine electric power system.In this paper,a newly developed immune clone selection algorithm was improved from the three aspects of the adaptive incentive degree,vaccination,and adaptive mutation strategies.Firstly,the typical PSS implementation type of leader-lag structure was adopted and the objective function was set in the optimization process.The performance of PSS tuned by improved immune clone selection algorithm was compared with PSS tuned by basic immune clone selection algorithm(ICSA)under various operating conditions and disturbances.Then,an improved immune clone selection algorithm(IICSA)optimization technique was implemented on two test systems for test purposes.Based on the simulations,it is found that an improved immune clone selection algorithm demonstrates superiority over the basic immune clone selection algorithm in getting a smaller number of iterations and fast convergence rates to achieve the optimal parameters of the power system stabilizers.Moreover,the proposed approach improves the stability and dynamic performance under various loads conditions and disturbances of the marine electric power system.

Decision-making Method for Pumped Storage Power Stations in the Electricity Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets

With the establishment of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals in China, along with the development of new power systems and ongoing electricity market reforms, pumped-storage power stations (PSPSs) will increasingly play a significant role in power systems. Therefore, this study focuses on trading and bidding strategies for PSPSs in the electricity market. Firstly, a comprehensive framework for PSPSs participating in the electricity energy and frequency regulation (FR) ancillary service market is proposed. Subsequently, a two-layer trading model is developed to achieve joint clearing in the energy and frequency regulation markets. The upper-layer model aims to maximize the revenue of the power station by optimizing the bidding strategies using a Q-learning algorithm. The lower-layer model minimized the total electricity purchasing cost of the system. Finally, the proposed bi-level trading model is validated by studying an actual case in which data are obtained from a provincial power system in China. The results indicate that through this decision-making method, PSPSs can achieve higher economic revenue in the market, which will provide a reference for the planning and operation of PSPSs.

The electrical parameters measurement system for electrotome output based on Labview

An accurate detection of the effective values of electric voltage and current from high frequency power generators is a precondition for the development of smart electrotomes. In this light, an energy detection system based on personal computer (PC) is developed hereby. It senses voltage and current in isolation from generators with transformers, and then the measured values are amplified, filtered, transformed into single-ended signals and converted to RMS. The detected signals are transformed into digital signals through Data Acquisition Card (DAQ) and the data are processed with quadratic fit in Labview. Finally, the controller completes constant power output. The experiment results indicate that the energy detection system can measure the output parameters precisely and the controller can achieve constant power control.

Applications of Serial-Parallel Compensated Resonant Topology in Wireless Charger System Used in Electric Vehicles

There are lots of factors that can influence the wireless charging efficiency in practice, such as misalignment and air-gap difference, which can also change all the charging parameters. To figure out the relationship between those facts and system, this paper presents a serial-parallel compensated(SPC) topology for electric vehicle/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(EV/PHEV) wireless charger and provides all the parameters changing with corresponding curves. An ANSYS model is built to extract the coupling coefficient of coils. When the system is works at constant output power, the scan frequency process can be applied to wireless power transfer(WPT) and get the resonant frequency. In this way, it could determine the best frequency for system to achieve zero voltage switching status and force the system to hit the maximum transmission efficiency. Then frequency tracking control(FTC) is used to obtain the highest system efficiency. In the paper, the designed system is rated at 500 W with 15 cm air-gap, the overall efficiency is 92%. At the end, the paper also gives the consideration on how to improve the system efficiency.

考虑风电与光热电站参与能量-调频辅助服务市场的联合投标策略

针对高比例新能源接入电网导致电网调频需求增大的困局,提出风电和光热电站联合参与能量-调频市场的系统架构。为保证日前投标计划的精准执行,引入偏差惩罚机制,并考虑风电、光照幅度及市场价格的不确定性因素,以联合系统总收益最大为目标,提出基于鲁棒优化的日前-实时两阶段最优投标策略,通过仿真验证,证明了相比于风电、光热电站单独投标,联合投标可通过光热电站灵活的调节特性平抑风电波动造成的投标偏差惩罚,提升联合系统的整体收益。最后,分析不同能量和调频市场价格对联合系统投标收益的影响。

基于回归分析的人体工频电场畸变影响分析预测研究

为探究输电线路下人体周围工频电场分布规律,量化分析人体位于工频电场时对场强的畸变作用,文中以500 kV架空线路边导线工频电场为研究对象,通过便携式工频电场测量装置,检测在人体垂直和水平方向上不同部位和不同距离处的电场强度,得出输电线路下人体周围工频电场分布规律。结果表明,人体头部、肩部、上臂、腰部、臀部、膝部、脚部均对电场场强产生不同的畸变效果,且当距离人体大于100 cm时,人体对周围空气域内电场的畸变作用可以忽略不计。在此基础上,通过对人体水平方向和垂直方向上不同点位的电场场强检测结果进行回归分析,得出人体不同部位和距离电场中心不同位置对工频电场场强影响的修正方程,为提出工作人员防护措施奠定重要基础。

基于频率切换实现恒流/恒压输出的电场耦合无线电能传输系统

电场耦合无线电能传输(electric-field coupled wireless power transfer,EC-WPT)技术的实际应用中,有些用电设备需要系统具有不同的恒定输出特性(恒流/恒压),即系统输出电压或输出电流与负载解耦,此外,系统还需具备在恒流、恒压模式间按需切换的功能。针对该需求,基于LC-CLC谐振网络提出1种具有恒流/恒压输出特性的EC-WPT系统,分析LC-CLC谐振网络特性,推导恒流/恒压输出特性的实现条件以及恒流频率和恒压频率的计算方法,并给出系统参数设计方法,分析系统对工作频率的敏感性。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提出的EC-WPT系统恒流/恒压输出特性及其参数设计方法的正确性和有效性。实验结果表明所提出的系统在输入电压恒定的不同负载工况下分别实现2 A的恒流输出以及96 V的恒压输出,其最大传输效率分别为87.83%及88.17%。

风力发电参与调频市场的机制优化及收益研究

随着风力发电并网容量日益增加,传统能源提供的调频容量已无法满足系统调频需求,目前政策允许风电参与系统调频,但现有调频辅助服务机制无法有效衡量风电参与调频的真实容量,对系统安全稳定运行带来了严峻挑战。在现有调频辅助服务机制基础上,引入风电调频可信度指标及综合调频性能指标对调频市场主体报价进行调整以衡量风电参与调频的真实容量,同时优化现有调频辅助服务机制的补偿细则。针对上述优化部分,建立风电参与调频市场的出清模型。算例结果表明,优化后的机制能够有效衡量风电提供的真实调频容量,促使优质的调频资源优先出清,同时风电可提高调频可信度指标及综合调频性能指标以获得较高的调频收益。

750kV单回并行输电线路电磁辐射环境研究

采用《环境影响评价技术导则输变电》(HJ 24—2020)附录C、D推荐的计算模式对750 kV单回并行输电线路电磁辐射环境进行计算与预测。结果表明,经过耕地、园地、牧草地、畜禽饲养地、道路等场所,当导线对地最小高度为15.5 m时,单回并行线路下的工频电场强度最大值超过10 kV/m;需将导线对地最小高度提至16.5 m,才能满足4 kV/m控制限值要求。750 kV单回并行输电线路产生的工频磁场强度小于公众曝露控制限值(100μT),一般情况下不会成为线路建设的环境制约因素;但其产生的工频电场是电磁环境影响的主要因素,电场强度控制限值(4 kV/m)是线路建设的环境制约因素,同时也是输变电电磁环境重点控制因素。现场实测结果与理论预测结果符合性较好,表明采用的预测模式具有较好的应用性,研究结果可为750 kV单回并行输电线路的建设和环境监管提供支持。

基于灰色关联机理组合模型的压缩机电功率预测

为了精确获得压缩机电功率,通过变频滚动转子制冷系统实验台,根据灰色关联(GRM(1,m))预测模型样本需求量少、预测精度高与机理(Mechanism)模型能够反映系统本质特性的特点,利用Matlab语言编程建立GRM(1,m)-Mechanism组合预测模型。通过3种模型对压缩机电功率进行预测,结果表明:GRM(1,m)-Mechanism组合模型的预测精确性和适用性更好,其最大相对误差、平均相对误差分别为4.05%,1.71%;比机理模型分别降低了1.29%,1.09%;比灰色关联(GRM(1,m))预测模型降低了1.02%,2.19%。最后,通过压缩机变转速试验验证组合模型预测平均相对误差在1.9%以内,进一步证明GRM(1,m)-Mechanism组合模型的精确性和适用性。

基于充电站调频能力的虚拟同步发电机控制策略

随着大量分布式电源的接入,微电网惯性水平显著降低,易导致频率失稳。而充电站(charging station,CS)内入网的电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)可为电网提供辅助调频服务,基于此该文提出了一种基于CS调频能力的虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制策略。首先,提出了基于CS调频功率的VSG控制架构,并基于用户充电需求,提出了反映EV调频能力的调频参与度因子计算方法;其次,提出了CS调频功率可控边界评估方法和基于EVs分类方法的功率响应模型;进一步,设计了自适应转动惯量、阻尼系数以及基于CS调频功率边界的频率-调频功率控制器;最后,在MATLAB/Simulink上搭建的CS VSG模型上进行仿真,验证了所提出的控制策略能减小频率的偏移量,提高系统的频率稳定性和动态调节能力,并基于CS调频能力和频率偏移量决定响应调频功率,实现其在CS内EVs间的合理分配。

基于多尺度分解的风火储协同调频控制策略

为提升风火两大主力电源对电网频率的主动支撑能力,提出一种基于多尺度分解的风火储协同调频控制策略。首先,考虑风火及储能参与电网调频时的不同响应时间尺度,提出基于小波包分解的频差指令多尺度分解方法及风火储分别响应中低高频差分量的互补匹配方案;提出适应火电调频响应特性的频差指令低频分量获取方法,发展考虑风电有功裕度和储能容量约束的风储出力自趋优调配方法,实现风火储与中低高频分量的精准对应;针对不同运行工况,提出基于调频裕度的风电场聚类分区方法及风力机有功功率智能调控方法,提升风电场对电网频率的主动支撑能力。仿真结果表明,所提策略能有效实现风火储联合参与一次调频,在满足约束的前提下,充分利用风储调频容量,有效改善系统频率特性。

高气压下氮氧混合气体的工频击穿特性

文中通过工频击穿实验研究了不同电场均匀度、配比、气压下氮氧混合气体的工频绝缘特性。实验发现:板—板电极下,配比对氮氧混合气体的击穿电压影响较小,氮氧混合气体的击穿电压随充气压力的提高均呈增长趋势;棒—板电极下氮氧混合气体的击穿电压明显降低;针—板电极下氮氧混合气体的击穿电压在0.6~0.9 MPa出现“驼峰”效应,随着针—板电极间距增大“,驼峰”效应越发显著,较高气压下绝缘强度出现饱和。综合分析表明,在不同电场均匀度下,0.8 MPa时80%N_(2)/20%O_(2)与SF_(6)在0.4 MPa时80%的绝缘强度相当。研究结果可为氮氧混合气体作为绝缘介质的设备设计提供参考,对推动电气设备的低碳绿色发展具有重要意义。

混合动力汽车功率分流传动系统扭转振动及其影响因素研究

针对某款混合动力汽车,综合考虑发动机、电机、复合行星齿轮机构、离合器、减速器、差速器和半轴等部件,采用集中质量法建立功率分流传动系统动力学模型。在此基础上,分析不同运行工况下传动系统固有频率和振型,分别研究电机和发动机激振频率与传动系统固有频率之间的关系,仿真分析扭转减振器刚度对传动系统固有频率的影响规律,通过改变扭转减振器刚度从而使得传动系统共振转速远离发动机常用工作区。

空间高温区自由活塞斯特林发电机工作特性试验研究

测试了不同冷端温度下,外负载、运行压力和加热功率对高温区自由活塞斯特林发电机的热端温度、电电效率、输出功率、频率的影响。研究结果表明,在同一冷端温度时,加热功率的增加使发电机的电电效率、输出功率、热端温度上升,而外负载、运行压力的增加则起相反作用;发电机的频率与外负载呈负相关变化,与运行压力、加热功率呈正相关变化。提升冷端温度使发电机的输出功率、电电效率和频率下降,热端温度上升。在三种不同冷端温度下,外负载、加热功率和运行压力对发电机输出特性的影响规律不变。经过测试,发电机在运行温区为495~1058 K时,最大输出功率103.681 W,电电效率20.5%。

基于改进DDPG的变速抽蓄机组参与系统调频研究

在挖掘双馈型抽水蓄能(DFIM-PSH)机组调频能力的基础上,提出一种基于改进深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法的系统频率控制方法。首先,基于所确定的DFIM-PSH机组在发电与抽水工况下的频率控制环节,构建考虑风电接入的含DFIMPSH单区域系统频率控制模型。其次,在考虑机组运行约束的基础上以最小化系统频率偏差及调频出力为目标,引入DDPG算法对各机组的AGC控制指令进行优化。通过在预学习中同时引入随机外部扰动与模型参数变化,提高AGC控制器在具有强不确定性环境中的适应性。最后,在仿真验证DFIM-PSH调频优势的基础上,在不同风电接入及扰动等多场景进行仿真分析,结果表明,所提频率控制方法能有效改善新型电力系统的频率特性且具有强鲁棒性。

低频交流电压下低密度聚乙烯的空间电荷特性

分频输电技术已逐步成为实现碳中和及海上风电远距离传输的主流方案之一。然而,对高压分频输电背景下的电气设备研究较为欠缺,在频率改变对电缆绝缘材料特性影响方面尚需深入研究。为此,采用具备快速检测能力的脉冲电声测试系统,研究了低密度聚乙烯材料在分频电压下不同电场强度、温度时的空间电荷特性以及频率改变对电荷积聚行为的影响。结果表明:当场强及温度条件较为苛刻时,电荷积聚明显;而随着频率的降低电荷积聚量增加,频率下降至20 Hz后,电荷增长速度显著提高。在此基础上,建立了应用于交变电场下的双极型载流子模型,通过仿真计算对实验观察进行了合理化解释,揭示了电场、温度及频率对空间电荷行为的影响机理。研究方法和结果可为海上风电分频输电系统中的频率选择及线缆绝缘优化设计提供理论支撑。