The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and the development strategy of a low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan

Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.

A low-carbon economic dispatch model for electricity market with wind power based on improved ant-lion optimisation algorithm

Introducing carbon trading into electricity market can convert carbon dioxide into schedulable resources with economic value.However,the randomness of wind power generation puts forward higher requirements for electricity market transactions.Therefore,the carbon trading market is introduced into the wind power market,and a new form of low-carbon economic dispatch model is developed.First,the economic dispatch goal of wind power is be considered.It is projected to save money and reduce the cost of power generation for the system.The model includes risk operating costs to account for the impact of wind power output variability on the system,as well as wind farm negative efficiency operating costs to account for the loss caused by wind abandonment.The model also employs carbon trading market metrics to achieve the goal of lowering system carbon emissions,and analyze the impact of different carbon trading prices on the system.A low-carbon economic dispatch model for the wind power market is implemented based on the following two goals.Finally,the solution is optimised using the Ant-lion optimisation method,which combines Levi's flight mechanism and golden sine.The proposed model and algorithm's rationality is proven through the use of cases.

Two-Stage Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch of Integrated Demand Response-Enabled Integrated Energy System with Ladder-Type Carbon Trading

Driven by the goal of“carbon neutrality”and“emission peak”,effectively controlling system carbon emissions has become significantly important to governments around the world.To this end,a novel two-stage low-carbon economic scheduling framework that considers the coordinated optimization of ladder-type carbon trading and integrated demand response(IDR)is proposed in this paper for the integrated energy system(IES),where the first stage determines the energy consumption plan of users by leveraging the price-based electrical-heat IDR.In contrast,the second stage minimizes the system total cost to optimize the outputs of generations with consideration of the uncertainty of renewables.In addition,to fully exploit the system’s emission reduction potential,a carbon trading cost model with segmented CO_(2) emission intervals is built by introducing a reward-penalty ladder-type carbon trading mechanism,and the flexible thermal comfort elasticity of customers is taken into account by putting forward a predicted mean vote index on the load side.The CPLEX optimizer resolves the two-stage model,and the study results on a modified IES situated in North China show the proposed model can effectively reduce carbon emissions and guarantee economical efficiency operation of the system.

The Influence of Low-carbon Economy on Economic Major Teaching and Its Measures

In recent years the market economy is developing at a rapid pace,large amount of energy has been produced and consumed by us,which results in global warming and environmental degradation problems and various chain of events of adverse effects have been caused one such thing is smog.As a new economic development model,low-carbon economy model has received much attention at home and abroad.China is keen and gives great importance to the development of low-carbon economy.With the continuous development and progress towards the low-carbon economy,a new economic profession has been promoted,which has also brought about a certain degree of influence on the current economic professional teaching.In the low-carbon economy,existing economic professional teaching must be considered and explored,effective measures should be taken to respond.The author explores and analyzes the impact of low-carbon economy on economic professional teaching,and proposes the development measures of economic professional teaching in lowcarbon economy.

Analysis of economic law on the establishment of redistribution in a fair society

The relationship between social justice and economic law is existed. Economic law is a general term of legal nomas to adjust social relations occurred in the course of state regulation of the economy, so that to protect state regulation, and promote social and economic coordination, stability and development. From the view of the generation of the law, economic law is generated after the emergence of the socialization of production and monopoly to protect the public interest. Economic law is bound to reflect social justice in the redistribution process of interests. Legislative intent of economic law to maintain a fair society is reflected through the redistribution process of the interests. Redistribution of the economic law is an important means to achieve social justice.

Discussion on the Mode of China's Low-carbon Society and Construction Routes

In responding to global climate change,the idea of low-carbon economy emerges as the times require.Developing low-carbon economy is based on the construction of low-carbon society.The so called "two-orientation society"(resources conservation orientated society and environmental friendly orientated society) is the concrete representation of low-carbon society with Chinese characteristics,and an actual action for China in developing low-carbon economy.Based on urban agglomeration,the paper discusses the meaning of and the route to low-carbon society which would better reflect the intrinsic requirements of such a society.

Towards a new climate economics:research areas and prospects

International cooperation to address climate change now stands at a crossroads.With a new international regime for emissions reduction established by the Durban Platform, "New Climate Economics(NCE)" has become a research hotspot.The need for urgent action to combat climate change has prompted discussion on reforms of economic growth patterns and the energy system.The industrial civilization,therefore,now faces a transition towards a new pathway for ecological sustainability.NCE explores new economic concepts,theories,and analytical methods to design a balanced pathway for sustainable growth and emission reduction.Instead of getting trapped in discussions on allocation of emission reduction responsibilities and obligations among countries,NCE pays more attention to developing win-win multilateral cooperation mechanisms that facilitate collaborative R&D and knowledge sharing.In addition,NCE studies incentives for low-carbon transition,turning carbon emission reduction into a domestic need for countries to increase their international competitiveness.To achieve the 2°C target,most countries around the world face challenges of insufficient emission allowances to cover expected emissions associated with their projected economic growth.As carbon emissions rights becomes an increasingly scarce resource,increasing the carbon productivity of the economy turns to be the critical path to address the dilemma of green or growth.NCE studies the historical evolution of carbon productivity for countries at different development stages as well as ways to enhance such carbon productivity.This type of study provides invaluable lessons for emerging economies to reach their own emission peaks without losing the momentum of growth.Replacing fossil fuels with new and renewable energy has proven to be an inevitable choice for reshaping the energy system and addressing climate change- it has already become a global trend.NCE studies incentives for new energy technology innovation and deployment provided by carbon pricing,and sheds light on the co-benefits of climate change mitigation,such as resource conservation,environmental protection,and energy security.The role of carbon pricing in promoting intemational R&D cooperation and technical transfer will also be studied.The shift in consumption patterns is another key factor enabling a low-carbon transformation.Therefore,NCE also explores the theoretical work on new values of wealth,welfare and consumption,new lifestyles in the context of ecological civilization,concepts and implementation of low-carbon urban planning in developing countries,and the impacts of consumption pattern changes on social development,material production,and urban infrastructure construction.

Economic Analysis and Countermeasures of Migrant Workers' Problems

Generation and development of migrant workers' problems are analyzed from the perspective of economics. There are economic factors causing migrant workers' problems: imbalance in the industrial structure brings farmers living pressure; urban modern civilization is attractive to farmers; urban economic development needs a large number of agricultural laborers engaged in manual labor. Moreover, relevant countermeasures are proposed. The dual economic structure is to be broken to gradually eliminate the barrier between urban and rural areas; an unified and standard labor market is to be established to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas; overall considerations should be taken and the reform of matching system should be quickened; the construction of urbanization is to be duly promoted to improve the level of modernization in the countryside.

Global Trend of Low-carbon Economy and China's Responses

Based on the analysis on the global economic crisis,climate change crisis and their mutual underlying reasons,the authors believe that low-carbon economy has become an inevitable choice to break through the dual crises,coordinate the economic development,and protect the global climate.The global trend of low-carbon economy finds expression in Green Recovery currently,while,in a long run,it will give rise to a new pattern of world competition in politics,economy,technology,trade and finance.The impact of the global trend of low-carbon economy on China can not be overlooked,and it is both a challenge and an opportunity for China＇s future development.Based on comparative studies on the low-carbon economy of China,the U.S.,EU and Japan,the authors conclude that China should blaze a new path of lowcarbon economy development with Chinese characteristics,and the authors have put forward relevant countermeasures for China to address the global trend of low-carbon economy from angles of countries,enterprises and the public

Social Transition Lags behind Economic Transition in China

Government,market and society are called the three key factors of social science in the Western academic community. An in-depth study of the theoretical and empirical relationship between government,market and society is of great importance to examining China's economic reform and gauging China's future development dynamics. Based on an analysis of China's economic reform progress from the perspective of government,market and society,the author finds that the absence of civil society is a salient feature of economic reform. China's economic reform in the absence of civil society has given rise to ve major paradoxes,which,in reality,are manifested in the excess concentration of wealth. The focus of study is therefore to address two overriding issues:what role does the development of civil society play in China's ongoing economic reform,and how can we further re ne the basic thought of building a harmonious socialist society in China?

New energy policy and low-carbon society in Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake

The Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011 devastated the eastern region of Japan.Due to the resulting nuclear accident,Japanese Cabinet decided to revise its energy policies.The Energy and Environment Council in National Policy Unit published options on the nation's scenarios for energy and economy in 2030.We estimated the economic impacts of the options to national economy and households in 2030.Finally,we clarified significant factors to establish a secure,affluent and low-carbon society based on the energy scenarios.

Research on Realization Mechanism and Path of Beautiful Countryside under Perspective of Ecological Economic Compound System

The practice based on"beautiful countryside"studies the evolution of Chinese rural society from supply-demand resource allocation to welfare type,forms the symbiotic model for the mechanism of"One Belt,One Road", establishes regional macroeconomic fundamentals, conforms to the situation of the marketization of China’s rural society and the"integration"of urban &rural areas. And it reestablishes the welfare form of rural"phenomenological"philosophy and it develops economic, ecological &social macroeconomic model. The research and use on the openness of"rural system"can promote the formation of ecological structure of rural system, can construct the symbiotic model of rural society, can form the social welfare system including "ecological synthesis","industrial complex"and"institutional community", can realize rural social stratification,o rganization optimization & demand support,and can lay the foundation of stability with Chinese characteristics.

The Current Status and Prospects of China’s Low- Carbon Economic Development

This paper aims to explore the importance of developing a low-carbon economy in China and presents a series of key recommendations.Firstly,it emphasizes the adverse impact of economic development on the natural environment and highlights the unsustainable nature of China’s previous pursuit of economic growth at the expense of its ecological surroundings.Subsequently,the paper provides specific recommendations in response to the pressing resource and environmental challenges in current economic and social development,along with the urgent need to accelerate the transition towards a greener,low-carbon economy to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.The key recommendations include continually enhancing the legal framework for a low-carbon economy,optimizing the energy structure,improving energy efficiency,and optimizing the industrial structure.These proposals aim to offer concrete actions to support the development of a low-carbon economy in China,encompassing legal support,energy transformation,and industrial upgrading.Ultimately,this paper underscores China’s potential in developing a low-carbon economy and calls for resolute actions to strengthen legal frameworks,foster technological innovation,and promote industrial restructuring.These actions will guide China towards a more sustainable and environmentally conscious economic future,aligning its growth trajectory with the global imperative to reduce carbon footprints.

Low-Carbon Economic Operation Optimization of Mine Integrated Energy System Considering Energy Supply Uncertainty

Mine integrated energy system(MIES)can promote the uilliation of derived energy and achieve multi-energy complementation and ecological protection.Now it gradually becomes an important focus for scientific carbon reduction and carbon neutrality.To reduce the impact of uncertain prediction differences on the system during the process of using mine derived energy,a low-carbon economic operation strategy of MIES considering energy supply uncertainty is developed in this paper.Firstly,based on the basic structure of energy flow in MIES,the energy-carbon flow framework of MIES is established for the low-carbon operation requirements.Secondly,considering carbon emission constraints,the low-carbon economic operation optimization model(LEOOM)is bullt for MIES to minimize operation cost and carbon emission.Finally,multiple uncertainties of the system are modeled and analyzed by using the robust model under the risk aversion strategy of information gap decision theory(IGDT),and a model conversion method is designed to optimize the low-carbon economic operation model.The simulation results under three scenarios demonstrate that compared to the existed economic dispatching models,the proposed model achieves a 30%reduction in carbon emission while the operational cost of MIES only is increased by 2.1%.The model ffiently mitigates the carbon emission of the system,and the proposed uncertain treatment strategy can significantly improve the robustness of obtained operation plans.

Low-Carbon Telecom Solution for China's Emission Reduction and Future Forecasts

Based on the revised reduction models of the 14 low-carbon ICT solutions from Chongqing Mobile of the China Mobile Group,the CO2e emission reduction brought about by low-carbon ICTs of the wireless telecom sector of Chongqing Mobile,the entire China Mobile Group and the whole China in 2009 is calculated.And then the CO2e emission reduction potentials in 2010,2020 and 2030 are calculated in four main important fields of China,i.e.,intelligent transportation,dematerialization,smart work and smart appliances.The ICTs in the telecom sector are mostly dedicated to these fields.It provides a valuable insight into future reduction targets that should be set up for China.

Adjustable robust low-carbon dispatch for interconnected power systems in Northeast Asian countries

Interconnected power systems that link several countries and fully utilize their individual resources in a complementary manner are becoming increasingly important.As these systems enhanee accommodation of renewable energy,they also represent a move toward low-carbon and low-emissi on power systems.In this paper,a low-carb on dispatch model is proposed to coo rd i nate the gen erati on output betwee n several coun tries where the carb on emissi on constraint is a priority.An adjustable robust optimization approach is used to find the optimal solution under the worst-case scenario to address the uncertainties associated with renewable energy resources.A specific constraint is that the area control error for each country should be self-balanced.Furthermore,a reformation using participation factors is presented to simplify the proposed robust dispatch model.Simulation results for practical interconnected power systems in northeast Asian countries verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Expanding the Definition and Measurement of Knowledge Economy： Integrating Triple Bottom Line Factors into Knowledge Economy Index Models and Methodologies

The application of knowledge is a primary source of growth in the knowledge economy. The World Bank Group has developed a rigorous assessment methodology for assessing a country＇s ability to access and use knowledge to become more competitive in the knowledge economy of the 21st century. The World Bank＇s annual knowledge economy index is grounded on a four-pillar model： （1） economic incentives and institutional regime; （2） education and skills; （3） information and communication infrastructure; and （4） innovation systems. An argument can be made that the model lacks coverage of some key factors that pertain to intellectual capital and the production and consumption of knowledge. The model＇s heavy focus on economic incentives and open institutional regimes comes at a societal cost. This paper proposes an alternative knowledge economy index which is grounded in a more holistic and balanced view of a knowledge society. Adopting the perspective of triple bottom line shifts the purpose and design of a knowledge economy from one of aggregation and reporting to action and involvement. The World Bank＇s scorecard and indexing methodology are adaptable to this new perspective and a new set of indicators.

全球化变局下的中国统一多民族国家建设

第一、二波全球化是由西方主导的全球化。第三波全球化,则是当代中国通过改革开放以及经济全球化进而参与并推动全球经济体系建构的全球化。全球化变局下,奈格里式集资本、技术与网络三位一体的“帝国”观日渐式微。主权民族国家的复兴,尤其是美国的帝国化趋势,加剧了国际社会的紧张。面对全球化变局,必须坚持中国共产党的领导,把握并赓续现代中国统一多民族国家建设的传统,铸牢中华民族共同体意识,建设中华民族现代文明,巩固统一多民族国家的社会基础,推进统一多民族国家的认同建设。

经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则与方法

从平衡的概念出发,针对经济社会与生态用水竞争问题,提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的概念,并论述了其内涵及特性;构建了经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则框架,包括遵循四大规律、基于六大理论、考虑六大因素、符合三大准则;提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的计算思路,包括资料处理、量化计算、结果检验3个步骤,并给出了其计算方法和计算结果表征方式。以2019年沁河流域为例,量化了流域经济社会与生态用水平衡;在求解一次平衡点以及经济社会用水刚性约束、生态用水刚性约束、综合效益刚性约束条件下平衡结果的基础上,综合考虑六大因素以及总需水量与水资源总量关系,确定了沁河流域经济社会与生态用水平衡点,即经济社会用水与生态用水的比例为0.71∶0.29。

技能型社会外来低学历劳动者的教育价值与优化策略——基于生物人-经济人-知识人的假设

建设技能型社会是浙江共同富裕先行与中国式现代化省域先行的重要基础。浙江作为沿海发达省份,近年来人口流入呈现出一种高学历人才和低学历人口交错互动性强、低学历人口占比大、中青年劳动人口居多、留住转化率高的特征,由此对技能型社会建设带来新的教育需求。研究立足浙江本土实际,基于生物人-经济人-知识人的假设,探索外来低学历劳动者的教育价值与优化策略,构建基于能力导向的核心技能教育模型,营造“多路径协同”育人共同体实践形态,为实现技能型社会外来低学历劳动者的高质量教育服务提供新思路。