Analysis of surface microcracks in low-carbon steel produced via twin-roll strip casting

In this study,morphological and microstructural analyses were conducted on net-shaped microcracks appearing on the surface of low-carbon steel manufactured via twin-roll strip casting. The fractograph and microscale distribution of elements in the cracked region were also analyzed. Results revealed that the cracked surfaces were characterized by slight pits,along with inclusions composed of manganese and silicon oxide distributed along both the sides of the cracks. Fractograph analysis revealed that the crack and smooth dendrite surfaces were oxidized. These phenomena indicate that microcracks on the cast strip surface form at the hightemperature stage of the solidification process during twin-roll casting and rolling. Microcracks were present in each region with pits in the cast strip and extended along the dendrite interface because of the combined effects of phasechange stress,thermal stress,mechanical stress,and fractional crystallization during the solidification process.

Solidification Structure of Low Carbon Steel Strips with Different Phosphorus Contents Produced by Strip Casting

In the present paper, low carbon steel strips with different phosphorus contents were produced using a twin roll strip casting process. The solidification structure was studied and its features were analyzed in detail. It was found that the strips possessed a fine microstructure compared with the mould cast steels. With increasing phosphorus content more ferrite has been formed with finer grains.

Microstructure analysis of AISI 304 stainless steel produced by twin-roll thin strip casting process

The microstructure of AISI 304 austenlte stainless steel fabricated by the thin strip casting process were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The microstructures of the casting strips show a duplex structure consisting of delta ferrite and austenite. The volume fraction of the delta ferrite is about 9.74vo1% at the center and 6.77vo1% at the surface of the casting thin strip, in vermicular and hand shapes. On account of rapid cooling and solidification in the continuous casting process, many kinds of inclusions and precipitates have been found. Most of the inclusions and precipitates are spherical complex compounds consisting of oxides, such as, SiO2, MnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3, and FeO or their multiplicity oxides of MnO.Al2O3, 2FeO.SiO2, and 2MnO.SiO2. Many defects including dislocations and stacking faults have also formed during the rapid cooling and solidification process, which is helpful to improve the mechanical properties of the casting strips.

Industrial trial of strip-casting weathering steel

Baostrip has chosen a steel-grade weathering steel for industrial trial. By carefully designing the composition and manufacturing process,qualified weathering-steel products have been successfully produced on the Ningbosteel-Baosteel strip casting industrialization demo project( NBS) production line. The industrialized practice of Baostrip shows the following: The surface microstructure of weathering-steel products is polygonal ferrite +pearlite,and that of the center is acicular ferrite. After single-stand on-line hot rolling at a 26% low pressure rate,the thickness tolerance ratio controlled within ± 25 μm reaches 99. 6%. The surface convexity and the wedge can be controlled to | C40 |< 50 μm and | W40 |< 30 μm,respectively. The mechanical properties of the strip are superior,exhibiting a yield strength range of( 430 ± 50) MPa,a tensile strength range of( 550 ± 50) MPa,and an elongation range of( 27 ± 5)%. The corrosion resistance is equivalent to that of current commercial atmospheric corrosion-resistant steels,with a relative corrosion rate of 43%. When used,the weathering steel produced by the strip-casting process meets the strict quality and usage requirements of container steel sheets.

Microstructure of AISI 304 stainless steel strips produced by a twin-roll caster

By optical inspection of macro-etched metallography and electron back-scattered diffraction （EBSD） mapping, this paper analyzed the microstructure of austenitic stainless steel strips produced with an equal-diameter twin-roll strip caster. The results indicate that the microstructure of the strips includes two columnar zones with highly compact dendrites and one equiaxed zone. The characteristics, such as grain size and growing direction of columnar grains and equiaxed grains, were investigated. An additional transitional area with many finer grains between the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone was found. As shown in EBSD analysis, small angle boundaries exist both in the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone, although they are especially more in the transitional area. Additionally, some 〈111〉 twin boundaries were found in the microstructure of the strips.

Microstructure and Eutectic Carbide Morphology of the High Speed Steel Strips Produced by Twin Roll Strip Casting Process

The M2 high-speed steel strip was produced by using the laboratory scale twin roll strip caster. The microstructure and eutectic carbide morphology of thus produced products were observed and analyzed, and the comparison of those with conventional products was carried out. The effects of the processing parameters such as the melting temperature, the pouring temperature, rolling speed and separating force on the microstructure and eutectic carbide morphology and their distribution were analyzed. The spheroidizing process of the strips in the annealing process was investigated. The relations between the growth and spheroidizing of the eutectic carbide and the annealing technology were obtained, and the mechanism of the twin roll strip casting process improving the eutectic carbide spheroidizing was discussed. The theoretical instruction for determining the subsequent treatment process was provided.

Research on directly cold-rolled AISI 304 stainless steel strip with the twin-roll strip casting process

In order to improve the surface quality and properties of AISI 304 stainless steel strip produced with the twinroll strip casting process,the strip was directly cold-rolled. The results show that cold rolling clearly improves the surface roughness,microstructure and properties. Residual δ ferrite is greatly decreased, anisotropy becomes less obvious and corrosion resistance is greatly improved. These results demonstrate the feasibility of directly cold-rolled AISI 304 stainless steel strip.

Research on Welding Test of Grey Cast Iron and Low-Carbon Steel

Grey cast iron’s welding itself is a complex proble m.So proper welding materials must be selected,complex welding techniques such as preheating before weldingslow cooling after welding etc,should be taken. However the carbon component in low-carbon steel is comparatively low,the carbo n of welded joint will diffuse to the low-carbon steel when it is welded with gr ey cast iron,which will cause the component of carbon greatly increased at the low-carbon steel side in HAZ,high carbon martensite and cracks will occur.If p reheating before weldingslow cooling after welding and other welding procedure are taken,the grey cast iron side can probably be qualified.But the carbon wi ll diffuse to HAZ of the low-carbon steel side more easily.Therefore after stud ying the weldabilities of grey cast iron and low-carbon steel,the author develo ped a new type of cast iron electrode considering the demands of factories’prac tices,and the welding technology test of grey cast iron and low-carbon steel ar e carried out. In this paper,a new type of grey cast iron electrode is developed based on the practices in factories,its ingredients and properties are introduced.The w elding tests of grey cast iron and low-carbon steel are practiced.The joint str ucture of the dissimilar metal and the appearance of weld are observed.The hard ness distribution of the welded joint is tested.The results show that the elect rode can meet the welding requirements of the grey cast iron and low-carbon stee l.There are no cracksgas pores and other defects of metallurgy in welded join t,the appearance of welded joint are good.

Measurement and AFPS control of molten steel level in strip casting

The measurement and control of the molten steel level are studied, which affect the quality of strip surface in strip casting. A system of molten steel measurement with a CCD (Charge Coupled Devices) sensor is designed, real-time measured data are given and its precision is analyzed. The level fluctuation model is derived, and an adaptive fuzzy-PID controller with supervisory control (AFPS) is proposed. The stability of the system is proved using Lyapunov theorem, and the simulation results are given when the model, the casting speed and the roll gap change. It is suggested that this kind of coupled nonlinear and time varying system is stable and robust using the designed AFPS controller.

3D stress simulation and parameter design during twin-roll casting of 304 stainless steel based on the Anand model

This study first investigated cracks on the surface of an actual steel strip. Formulating the Anand model in ANSYS software, we then simulated the stress field in the molten pool of type 304 stainless steel during the twin-roll casting process. Parameters affecting the stress distribution in the molten pool were analyzed in detail and optimized. After twin-roll casting, a large number of transgranular and intergranular cracks resided on the surface of the thin steel strip, and followed a tortuous path. In the molten pool, stress was enhanced at the exit and at the roller contact positions. The stress at the exit decreased with increasing casting speed and pouring temperature. To ensure high quality of the fabricated strips, the casting speed and pouring temperature should be controlled above 0.7 m/s and 1520℃, respectively.

Application of Fuzzy Logic Controller to Level Control of Twin-Roll Strip Casting

An intelligent fuzzy-PID controller consisting of fuzzy logic controller and PID controller was developed to control the molten steel level of twin-roll strip caster.Additionally,a feedforward differential PID controller was used for stopper position control in order to avoid differential kick.It is proved by simulation that the proposed intelligent controller is able to obtain zero steady state error asymptotically and the control system is robust due to its fuggy behavior of the controller.

Kinetics of austenite growth and bainite transformation during reheating and cooling treatments of high strength microalloyed steel produced by sub-rapid solidification

First,strip cast samples of high strength microalloyed steel with sub-rapid solidification characteristics were prepared by simulated strip casting technique.Next,the isothermal growth of austenite grain during the reheating treatment of strip casts was observed in situ through confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM).The results indicated that the time exponent of grains growth suddenly rise when the isothermal temperature higher than 1000℃.And the activation energy for austenite grain growth were calculated to be 538.0 kJ/mol in the high temperature region(above 1000℃)and 693.2 kJ/mol in the low temperature region(below 1000℃),respectively.Then,the kinetics model of austenite isothermal growth was established,which can predict the austenite grain size during isothermal hold very well.Besides,high density of second phase particles with small size was found during the isothermal hold at the low temperature region,leading to the refinement of austenite grain.After isothermal hold at different temperature for 1800 s,the bainite transformation in microalloyed steel strip was also observed in situ during the continuous cooling process.And growth rates of bainite plates with different nucleation positions and different prior austenite grain size(PAGS)were calculated.It was indicated that the growth rate of the bainite plate is not only related to the nucleation position but also to the PAGS.

Static Recrystallization Behavior of Twin Roll Cast Low-Carbon Steel Strip

The static recrystallization kinetics of low carbon steel cast strip was investigated by means of interrupted hot tensile tests. As-cast strip was reheated and soaked and its austenite grain size was similar to the width level of the as-cast columnar structure. The tests were carried out on Gleeble-3500 thermomechanical simulator. The deformation temperature is in the range of 800 to 1 200 ℃ with strain rate of 0.01 to 1 s ^-1. The prestrain is fixed at 0. 04 to 0.12, and the inter-hit delay time varies from 1 to 3 000 s. Effect of deformation conditions and initial microstructure on static recrystallization behavior was investigated. The activation energy （Qsrx） and Avrami exponent （n） of static recrystallization were determined to have 241 kJ/mol and 0.54 respectively by linear regression of the experimental results. A kinetics model was proposed to describe the static recrystallization kinetics in low-carbon steel cast strip. The predicted softening fractions are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the proposed equations can give an accurate estimate of the softening behaviors for the low-carbon steel cast strip.

基于procast的不锈钢双辊铸轧过程中温度场数值模拟

借助商业软件procast研究了不锈钢双辊铸轧过程中各相关主要工艺因素对辊-板系统温度场的影响,建立了辊-板系统传热规律的基本方程,揭示了不锈钢双辊铸轧过程中辊-板系统温度场的变化规律和传热的基本规律,为制定不锈钢双辊铸轧工艺打下了基础。

典型特殊制备技术对无取向电工钢织构的影响规律

电工钢又称硅钢,是一种重要的特殊钢,常被称作特殊钢中的“艺术品”,这主要是因为其加工制备流程复杂、性能影响因素繁多。其中无取向硅钢主要应用于旋转电磁场环境,为了获得优良的软磁性能,需要形成较多的{100}等有利织构,为此研究人员进行了大量探索,近年来发现一些特殊制备技术在形成大量{100}等有利织构方面有显著效果。本文综述二次轧制、斜轧、异步轧制及双辊薄带连铸四种典型特殊制备技术对无取向硅钢再结晶织构的影响规律,发现二次轧制与双辊薄带连铸均能增强λ与高斯织构,并削弱γ织构,斜轧也会增强λ织构,但对γ织构影响不大,异速异步轧制能增强η织构,而异径异步轧制对再结晶织构却基本没有影响。最后,总结目前各项特殊制备技术存在的缺陷,并提出一些发展方向,如借助斜轧原理在常规冷轧中产生更多剪切带、利用异步轧制进行二次加工以均匀化磁感等,为后续无取向硅钢的工业生产提供更多参考。

喂钢带碳浓度对连铸大圆坯宏观偏析的影响

结晶器喂钢带工艺是提高大截面连铸坯中心质量的有效方法之一.本文发展了液相-柱状晶-等轴晶三相体积平均凝固模型,探究了喂入钢带的碳浓度对连铸大圆坯凝固组织结构及宏观偏析分布的影响规律.结果表明:喂入钢带的碳浓度会极大地影响等轴晶与柱状晶的生长,碳浓度过低或过高均会降低喂钢带对等轴晶体积分数提高的效果.通过调控钢带溶质浓度可以直接影响铸坯内溶质浓度及分布,喂入1.0倍钢液碳浓度(r_(C)=1.0)的钢带对连铸坯宏观偏析的改善效果最佳,其中铸坯径向碳极差和宏观偏析指数极值差分别为0.165 7%和38.36%.

EUROSTRIP~不锈钢和带钢连铸技术

EU ROSTRIP○R技术在带钢连铸生产领域稳居领先地位。介绍了 EU ROSTRIP○R联合开发计划及相关欧洲网络。以所达到的产品质量结果为重点 ,描述了碳钢和不锈钢中间试验厂和预工业试验厂以及研究开发工作的经验。

Formation of Phosphorous Surface Inverse Segregation in Twin-Roll Cast Strips of Low-Carbon Steels

The formation of phosphorous surface inverse segregation （SIS） in twin-roll cast strips of low-carbon steels was studied. High phosphorous strips were fabricated by using a pilot twin-roll strip caster and a melt/substrate contacting apparatus, respectively. Solidification structures of strips were observed and analyzed, and phosphorus distributions along longitudinal sections of strips were investigated and discussed. The results showed that solidification structures of all strips were columnar grains, either integrated or coarse in the strip made by the melt/substrate contacting apparatus or damaged in some degree in cast strips; and that during cast strip solidification, enrichment of phosphorus occurred between columnar grains, and the average phosphorus concentration near the surface in the strip with 0.15% of phosphorus was measured to be about 0.27% which was obviously higher than that in the bulk.

平面流铸熔潭行为的数值模拟

平面流铸技术在制备无取向硅钢薄带应用方面尚处于起步阶段,为解决这一过程中工艺参数难以确定的问题,本文针对无取向硅钢Fe-3.0%Si平面流铸过程中的气-液两相流动、传热和凝固行为建立了三维数学模型,分析该过程中熔潭的形成过程以及速度场、温度场随时间变化,并探讨了工艺参数对带材厚度和熔潭达到准稳态时间的影响。结果表明,熔潭在达到稳定状态后,上弯月面呈C形,下弯月面呈斜坡状。在熔潭形成过程中,熔潭周围和内部会产生回流现象,这有利于熔潭的散热;在平面流铸过程中,薄带厚度随着喷注速度、喷嘴宽度和喷嘴-冷却辊间距增大而增大,随着冷却辊转速增大而减小,熔潭达到准稳态时间则均随着这些参数的增大而延长。

高层住宅小区地下室刚性防水的施工技术要点

文中以某住宅小区地下室工程为例,阐述了刚性防水的施工流程及其关键技术。地下室刚性防水施工要加强自防水混凝土原材料的质量验收与科学设计配合比,在满足抗压强度要求的基础上,提高混凝土的防渗性能。同时,加强施工缝的处理和后浇带施工管理,做好穿墙螺栓、穿墙管道的孔洞填补,提高地下室墙体的整体性,避免局部发生渗漏。工程通过加强刚性防水施工细节的管理,达到了理想的防水效果。