Factors Influence Hanoians’ Choice of Non-Motorized Transport Mode to Access Bus Stations

Hanoi’s rapid urbanization has led to a surge in private vehicle ownership, particularly motorcycles, amidst inadequate public transportation infrastructure. Despite government efforts, many still prefer motorized transport, citing mobility and safety concerns, exacerbated by insufficient pedestrian infrastructure. This study examines the motivations behind this reliance on motorized vehicles, particularly motorcycles, in Hanoi. Findings reveal safety and convenience as primary factors driving motorized transport use, especially for accessing bus stations. Economic incentives could promote non-motorized travel and public transport adoption. Policy implications highlight the importance of addressing economic factors and improving access infrastructure to manage motorized vehicle reliance and foster sustainable urban mobility in Hanoi.

Development characteristics and failure modes of reactivated ancient landslides in the Sichuan–Tibet transportation corridor,China

The risk of reactivated ancient landslides in the Sichuan–Tibet transportation corridor in China is significantly increasing,primarily driven by the intensification of engineering activities and the increased frequency of extreme weather events.This escalation has resulted in a considerable number of fatalities and extensive damage to critical engineering infrastructure.However,the factors contributing to the reactivation and modes of destruction of ancient landslides remain unknown.Therefore,it is imperative to systematically analyze the developmental characteristics and failure modes of reactivated ancient landslides to effectively mitigate disaster risks.Based on a combination of data collection,remote sensing interpretation,and field investigations,we delineated the developmental attributes of typical ancient landslides within the study area.These attributes encompass morphological and topographic aspects,material composition,and spatial structure of ancient landslides.Subsequently,we identified the key triggers for the reactivation of ancient landslides,including water infiltration,reservoir hydrodynamics,slope erosion,and excavation,by analyzing representative cases in the study area.Reactivation of ancient landslides is sometimes the result of the cumulative effects of multiple predisposing factors.Furthermore,our investigations revealed that the reactivation of these ancient landslides primarily led to local failures.However,over extended periods of dynamic action,the entire zone may experience gradual creep.We categorized the reactivation modes of ancient landslides into three distinct types based on the reactivation sequences:progressive retreat,backward thrusting,and forward pulling–backward thrusting.This study is of great significance for us to identify ancient landslides,deepen our understanding of the failure modes and risks of reactivated ancient landslides on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,and formulate effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.

Public Transportation Management Strategies in a Low-Carbon Economy

The importance of public transportation in social and economic development is undeniable.With the rising concerns of environmental pollution and resource depletion in recent times,China has made significant efforts to transition towards a low-carbon economy.To advance this transition,it is imperative to confront the obstacles faced by public transportation and enact effective management strategies that promote both economic and environmental sustainability.In this regard,the author has evaluated the existing status of public transit within the context of a low-carbon economy and put forth targeted management approaches.This research is expected to make a valuable contribution towards enhancing the quality of public transportation management.

Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing,China:Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

This study attempts to evaluate the rationality of the spatial layout of shopping malls and identify the urban area with poor shopping mall accessibility,as well as to provide a reference and assist decision-making for planning.Using the case of Nanjing,China,this study developed a method to evaluate the accessibility of shopping malls by three transport modes(car traffic,public transit,and bicycle).Specially,we divide the urban space into a regular hexagonal grid and harvest the total travel time from each of 7204 hexagon centroids to each of 129 shopping malls using the Baidu Internet map.The door-to-door travel time approach is used to evaluate all travel stages(walking,waiting,transfer,and transportation)based on travel time calculations.We further divide the shopping malls into two levels(super-regional and regional)based on the Dianping App’s information and develop the indicator of accessibility to shopping malls:the number of shopping malls within tolerance time thresholds and apply the closest facility and cumulative opportunities methods to measure accessibility scores.The results show that the accessibility estimations vary greatly with transport modes.The accessibility of shopping malls presents a concentric ring trend centered on the city center under the car traffic and bicycle modes.And public transit accessibility tends to axially extend due to the topology of bus routes and metro lines.In particular,we observe that the accessibility of shopping malls in Nanjing has an uneven spatial distribution pattern,with high accessibility values in the central urban areas and lots of underserved areas in urban fringe regions.Based on the accessibility measurements,we finally map the poor accessibility area and propose corresponding implications for urban planning.

A comparison of the energy consumption and carbon emissions for different modes of transportation in open-cut coal mines

Transportation accounts for 80% of open-cut coal mine carbon emissions.With regard to the energy consumption and carbon emissions of transportation within an open-cut mine,this paper systematically compared the work and energy consumption of a truck and belt conveyor on a theoretical basis,and constructed a model to calculate the energy consumption of open-cut mine transportation.Life cycle carbon emission factors and power consumption calculation model were established through a Process Analysis–Life Cycle Analysis(PA–LCA).The following results were obtained:(1) the energy consumption of truck transportation was four to twelve times higher than that of the belt conveyor;(2) the CO2 emissions from truck transportation were three to ten times higher than those of the belt conveyor;(3) with the increase in the slope angle for transportation,the ratio of truck to belt conveyor for both energy consumption and carbon emissions gradually decreased;(4) based on 2013 prices in China,the energy cost of transportation using a belt conveyor in open-cut coal mines could save 0.6–2.4 Yuan/(t km) compared to truck transportation.

Fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters utilizing zero-line modes in a three-terminal device

Topological zero-line modes(ZLMs) with spin and valley degrees of freedom give rise to spin, valley and spinvalley transport, which support a platform for exploring quantum transport physics and potential applications in spintronic/valleytronic devices. In this work, we investigate the beam-splitting behaviors of the charge current due to the ZLMs in a three-terminal system. We show that with certain combinations of ZLMs, the incident charge current along the interface between different topological phases can be divided into different polarized currents with unit transmittance in two outgoing terminals. As a result, fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters are generated. The mechanism of these splitters is attributed to the cooperative effects of the distribution of the ZLMs and the intervalley and intravalley scatterings that are modulated by the wave-vector mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Interestingly, half-quantized transmittance of these scatterings is found in a fully spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitter.Furthermore, the results indicate that these splitters can be applicable to graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene due to their robustness against the spin–orbit coupling. Our findings offer a new way to understand the transport mechanism and investigate the promising applications of ZLMs.

Gyro-Landau-fluid simulations of impurity effects on ion temperature gradient driven turbulence transport

The effects of impurities on ion temperature gradient(ITG)driven turbulence transport in tokamak core plasmas are investigated numerically via global simulations of microturbulence with carbon impurities and adiabatic electrons.The simulations use an extended fluid code(ExFC)based on a four-field gyro-Landau-fluid(GLF)model.The multispecies form of the normalized GLF equations is presented,which guarantees the self-consistent evolution of both bulk ions and impurities.With parametric profiles of the cyclone base case,well-benchmarked ExFC is employed to perform simulations focusing on different impurity density profiles.For a fixed temperature profile,it is found that the turbulent heat diffusivity of bulk ions in a quasi-steady state is usually lower than that without impurities,which is contrary to the linear and quasilinear predictions.The evolutions of the temperature gradient and heat diffusivity exhibit a fast relaxation process,indicating that the destabilization of the outwardly peaked impurity profile is a transient state response.Furthermore,the impurity effects from different profiles can obviously influence the nonlinear critical temperature gradient,which is likely to be dominated by linear effects.These results suggest that the improvement in plasma confinement could be attributed to the impurities,most likely through adjusting both heat diffusivity and the critical temperature gradient.

A novel multi-channel porous structure facilitating mass transport towards highly efficient alkaline water electrolysis

An advantageous porous architecture of electrodes is pivotal in significantly enhancing alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)efficiency by optimizing the mass transport mechanisms.This effect becomes even more pronounced when aiming to achieve elevated current densities.Herein,we employed a rapid and scalable laser texturing process to craft novel multi-channel porous electrodes.Particularly,the obtained electrodes exhibit the lowest Tafel slope of 79 mV dec^(-1)(HER)and 49 mV dec^(-1)(OER).As anticipated,the alkaline electrolyzer(AEL)cell incorporating multi-channel porous electrodes(NP-LT30)exhibited a remarkable improvement in cell efficiency,with voltage drops(from 2.28 to 1.97 V)exceeding 300 mV under 1 A cm^(-1),compared to conventional perforated Ni plate electrodes.This enhancement mainly stemmed from the employed multi-channel porous structure,facilitating mass transport and bubble dynamics through an innovative convection mode,surpassing the traditional convection mode.Furthermore,the NP-LT30-based AEL cell demonstrated exceptional durability for 300 h under 1.0 A cm^(-2).This study underscores the capability of the novel multi-channel porous electrodes to expedite mass transport in practical AWE applications.

FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION MODES ALONG THE CHANGJIANG RIVER MAIN LINE AND ITS DELTA AREA

The Changjiang River (Yangtze) is one of the fastest growth areas of container transportation in China. Rail, road and water transportation have competed against each other for container transportation in the Chang-jiang River main line and its delta area. It is of significance to assess these different transportation modes scientifically in order to organize container transportation efficiently in this area and make decision for integral plan and construction of transportation system in this area. This paper outlines application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to appraise different modes of typical direction of containers. Twelve assessment indexes were decided. Membership functions were formulated. Evaluation results indicated that road transportation was optimal mode in the Changjiang River delta area, however water transportation was the primary way in the Changjiang River main line.

Empirical Analysis of Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (Mcdm) Process for Freight Transportation Mode Selection

In Ghana, freight transport is growing continuously every year due to its location and business processes. However, road transport carries 86% of freight despite its numerous negative impacts. Hence, the government has invested in rail transport, with 70% of its capacity is for freight transport in her busy freight transport corridor (eastern transport regions of Ghana). Thus, awareness of criteria considered when deciding on freight transport becomes vital. Hence, this study aims to improve the understanding of the factors of freight transport mode selection in Ghana from the decision-making process by identifying criteria that affect their decisions on mode transportation. The combination of Fuzzy AHP and Topsis is used to find the weights and suggest suitable alternatives for the decision-makers in the Eastern transport regions of Ghana. The result of this study shows that the criteria to consider when selecting freight transport mode in the regions are prioritized in other of Transport cost (0.6544), transport Time factors (0.2562), reliability, and flexibility (0.0605), and security, Risk of damage and lose factors (0.0287). Additionally, the suitable mode(s) of transportation in the stated corridor is owned truck carrier transport compared to the railroad, road-barge, and Contracted Carrier, thus, in descending order. The results provide organizations to prioritize these factors when deciding to select freight transport mode. At the same time, the government must remove some inputs that result in high transport costs, enforce policies, and invest in the appropriate mode.

Identifying Transportation Modes from Raw GPS Data

Raw Global Positioning System (GPS) data can provide rich context information for behaviour understanding and transport planning. However, they are not yet fully understood, and fine-grained identification of transportation mode is required. In this paper, we present a robust framework without geographic information, which can effectively and automatically identify transportation modes including car, bus, bike and walk. Firstly, a trajectory segmentation algorithm is designed to divide raw GPS trajectory into single mode segments. Secondly, several modern features are proposed which are more discriminating than traditional features. At last, an additional postprocessing procedure is adopted with considering the wholeness of trajectory. Based on Random Forest classifier, our framework can achieve a promising accuracy by distance of 82.85% for identifying transportation modes and especially 91.44% for car mode.

An Enhanced Transportation Mode Detection Method Based on GPS Data

Understanding meaningful information such as transportation mode(e.g.,walking,bus)from Global Positioning System(GPS)data has great advantages in urban management and environmental protection.However,the urban traffic environment has evolved from“data poor”to“data rich”,resulting in the decline in the accuracy of transportation mode detection results.In this paper,an enhanced approach for effectively detecting transportation mode with a detection model and correction method from GPS data is proposed.Specifically,we make the following contributions.First,a trajectory segmentation method is proposed to detect single-mode segments.Secondly,a Random Forest(RF)-based detection model containing several new features is introduced to enhance discrimination.Finally,a correction method is designed to improve the detection performance,which is based on the mode probability of the current segment and its adjacent segments.The results of our detection model and correction method outperform state-of-the-art research in transportation mode detection.

Study on Carbon Emission Driving Factors and Low-carbon Policy of Transportation Industry in Henan Province

The transportation industry is the basic industry of national economic development. At the same time, it is the only industry in China that has continuously increased CO2 emissions, and the high energy consumption problems have not been solved. Henan province, as a major energy consumption province, it is urgent to improve the supply quality of transportation industry. The paper uses the IPCC calculation method for carbon emission to calculate the CO2 emissions of transportation industry in Henan province from 2004 to 2014. Then, this paper uses the LMDI method to decompose the CO2 emission in the transportation industry and give the proposal to reduce the CO2 emission according to the CO2 emission drivers.

CO2 emission of urban passenger transportation in China from 2000 to 2014

This study reviewed the urban passenger transportation(UPT)development of seven typical cities in China from 2000 to 2014,estimated the UPT CO2emission,analyzed the structure,and discussed the main factors of UPT CO,emission.Results showed that increases of GDP,population,and UPT scale of the cities have speeded up.The most significant development of UPT is that the growth of private vehicles is greatly faster than that of public transportation.The total and per-capita UPT CO2 emissions both increased.The share of private vehicles emission to total UPT CO2emission has increased,with the share in range of 65%-88%in 2014,exponentially leading to the increases of total and per-capita UPT CO2 emission.Although UPT CO2 emission structure with more share of public transportation would slow down the UPT CO2emission increase,private vehicle CO2 emission is recognized as the dominated driving factor.Contributions of driving factors,such as GDP,population,private vehicle CO2 emissions,to UPT CO2 emission are different among the cities.Private vehicle CO2 emission.is the dominated factor for UPT CO2emission in Beijing and Taiyuan.Besides private vehicle CO2emission,GDP also plays an important role in UPT CO2emissions of Chengdu,Shanghai,Guangzhou,and Urumqi.Contributions of private vehicle CO2 emission and GDP to UPT CO2 emission are almost same in Xi'an.

Analysis of Transportation Users’ Preferences and Attitudes for Identifying Micro-Level Determinants of Transportation Network Companies’ (TNCs) Growth

Over the last decade, the popularity of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) as a mode of travel has been increasing at a steady pace. This trend highlights the importance of identifying the determinants that influence transportation users to adopt TNCs as a preferred mode choice and the impacts of such preferences on their travel patterns and transportation network operation. This paper reports on a recent study undertaken in Birmingham, AL aiming at understanding and documenting the factors that influence transportation users to select TNCs (such as Uber/Lyft) for completing typical day trips. In doing so, a travel diary questionnaire survey was developed in accordance with the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Manual on Transportation Engineering Studies using the Qualtrics Research Core platform. The questionnaire was used to survey over 450 transportation users in the Birmingham Metro area. The survey participants provided detailed trip information for a typical 24-hr day along with demographic data and travel preference information. The survey responses provide high-resolution micro-level indicators of travel preferences and behaviors in a TNC-served area, which is a much-needed type of information for researchers and transportation planning agencies.

Stability of tokamak plasmas with internal transport barriers against high n ideal magnetohydrodynamic ballooning mode

A ballooning mode equation for tokamak plasma, with the toroidicity and the Shafranov shift effects included, is derived for a shift circular flux tokamak configuration. Using this equation, the stability of the plasma configuration with an internal transport barrier （ITB） against the high n （the toroidal mode number） ideal magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） ballooning mode is analysed. It is shown that both the toroidicity and the Shaftanov shift effects are stabilizing. In the ITB region, these effects give rise to a low shear stable channel between the first and the second stability regions. Out of the ITB region towards the plasma edge, the stabilizing effect of the Shaftanov shift causes the unstable zone to be significantly narrowed.

Contribution of Mesoscale Eddies to the Subduction and Transport of North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water

This study investigates the contribution of mesoscale eddies to the subduction and transport of North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water(ESTMW)using the high-frequency output of an eddy-resolved ocean model spanning the period 1994–2010.Results show that the subduction induced by mesoscale eddies accounts for about 31%of the total subduction of ESTMW formation.The volume of ESTMW trapped by anticyclonic eddies is slightly larger than that trapped by cyclonic eddies.The ESTMW trapped by all eddies in May reaches up to about 2.8×1013m3,which is approximately 16%of the total ESTMW volume.The eddy-trapped ESTMW moves primarily westward,with its meridional integration at 18°–30°N reaching about 0.17Sv,which is approximately 18%of the total zonal ESTMW transport in this direction,at 140°W.This study highlights the important role of eddies in carrying ESTMW westward over the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Transportation Users’ Attitudes and Choices of Ride-Hailing Services in Two Cities with Different Attributes

The rapid technological developments in the 21st century created new opportunities for shared-use economy applications around the globe. Among other services, Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) like Uber and Lyft emerged in the US as a transportation alternative that offered a higher level of availability, reliability, and convenience than traditional modes. However, TNCs deployment was also blamed for increases in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in large cities that embraced TNC services early on. Concerns about TNC adoption are also magnified by the current controversy in policy and legislation as to the regulation of TNCs. These new realizations create a need to examine the transportation users’ attitudes and perceptions regarding ride-hailing service, after nearly a decade of service in the Unites States market. In doing so, this paper compares and contrasts results from two recently completed studies aiming at creating links between socio-demographic factors and TNC use. The paper describes the methods employed to collect the data and presents findings from the analysis of 790 users’ responses in the Birmingham, AL and Miami Beach, FL markets. The study documents preferences and attitudes toward TNCs and highlights similarities and differences in travel behaviors related to local considerations. Moreover, the study uses the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) method to identify predictors for TNC use based on the users’ responses in Birmingham and Miami Beach case studies. Vehicle availability and waiting time emerged as the only significant predictors for the Birmingham region whereas vehicle ownership, vehicle use, residency, and prior use of transit and TNC where some of the predictors identified for the Miami Beach area. Understanding the characteristics of TNC users and the leading reasons that drive people towards the use of TNCs services is expected to help transportation agencies and TNC providers in their efforts to plan for transportation services that meet customer needs in the future.