Diagnosing ratio of electron density to collision frequency of plasma surrounding scaled model in a shock tube using low-frequency alternating magnetic field phase shift

A non-contact low-frequency(LF)method of diagnosing the plasma surrounding a scaled model in a shock tube is proposed.This method utilizes the phase shift occurring after the transmission of an LF alternating magnetic field through the plasma to directly measure the ratio of the plasma loop average electron density to collision frequency.An equivalent circuit model is used to analyze the relationship of the phase shift of the magnetic field component of LF electromagnetic waves with the plasma electron density and collision frequency.The applicable range of the LF method on a given plasma scale is analyzed.The upper diagnostic limit for the ratio of the electron density(unit:m^(-3))to collision frequency(unit:Hz)exceeds 1×10^(11),enabling an electron density to exceed 1×10^(20)m^(-3)and a collision frequency to be less than 1 GHz.In this work,the feasibility of using the LF phase shift to implement the plasma diagnosis is also assessed.Diagnosis experiments on shock tube equipment are conducted by using both the electrostatic probe method and LF method.By comparing the diagnostic results of the two methods,the inversion results are relatively consistent with each other,thereby preliminarily verifying the feasibility of the LF method.The ratio of the electron density to the collision frequency has a relatively uniform distribution during the plasma stabilization.The LF diagnostic path is a loop around the model,which is suitable for diagnosing the plasma that surrounds the model.Finally,the causes of diagnostic discrepancy between the two methods are analyzed.The proposed method provides a new avenue for diagnosing high-density enveloping plasma.

Fault Diagnosis of Power Electronic Circuits Based on Adaptive Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization

In the field of energy conversion,the increasing attention on power electronic equipment is fault detection and diagnosis.A power electronic circuit is an essential part of a power electronic system.The state of its internal components affects the performance of the system.The stability and reliability of an energy system can be improved by studying the fault diagnosis of power electronic circuits.Therefore,an algorithm based on adaptive simulated annealing particle swarm optimization(ASAPSO)was used in the present study to optimize a backpropagation(BP)neural network employed for the online fault diagnosis of a power electronic circuit.We built a circuit simulation model in MATLAB to obtain its DC output voltage.Using Fourier analysis,we extracted fault features.These were normalized as training samples and input to an unoptimized BP neural network and BP neural networks optimized by particle swarm optimization(PSO)and the ASAPSO algorithm.The accuracy of fault diagnosis was compared for the three networks.The simulation results demonstrate that a BP neural network optimized with the ASAPSO algorithm has higher fault diagnosis accuracy,better reliability,and adaptability and can more effectively diagnose and locate faults in power electronic circuits.

Application of EDA Technology in Intelligent Communication Electronic Circuit

Electronic design automation(EDA)technology is the product of the computer age and finds its foundation in CAD,CAM,CAT,and CAE.EDA is a kind of auxiliary tool in the design process,which requires the designer to carry out the file design work using hardware language as the foundation.Subsequently,the computer system automatically compiles and integrates the file to achieve simulation goals,and can complete the programming download of the target chip.At present,this technology is widely used in the communication of electronic circuits.This paper summarizes EDA technology and analyzes its specific application in communication electronic circuits,aiming at promoting the application of CDA technology and promoting the further development of the communication field.

Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits

Recent progress of research for graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and recent developments in circuits based on graphene devices are summarized. The bandgap-mobility tradeoff inevitably constrains the application of graphene for the conventional field-effect transistor （FET） devices in digital applications. However, this shortcoming has not dampened the enthusiasm of the research community toward graphene electronics. Aside from high mobility, graphene offers numerous other amazing electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that continually motivate innovations.

Low-Frequency Stability Analysis of Power Electronic Traction Transformer Based Train-Network System

Power electronic traction transformers(PETTs)will be increasingly applied to locomotives in the future for their small volume and light weight.However,similar to conventional trains,PETTs behave as constant power loads and may cause low-frequency oscillation(LFO)to the train-network system.To solve this issue,a mathematical model of the PETT is firstly proposed and verified based on the extended describing function(EDF)method in this paper.In the proposed model,the LLC converter is simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor in parallel.It is further demonstrated that the model can apply to various LLC converters with different topologies and controls.Particularly,when the parameter differences between cells are not obvious,the PETT can be simplified to a single-phase rectifier(i.e.,conventional train)by equivalent transformation.Based on the model of PETT,the system low-frequency stability and influential factors are analyzed by using the generalized Nyquist criterion.Lastly,the correctness and accuracy of theoretical analyses are validated by off-line and hardware-in-the-loop simulation results.

LOW-FREQUENCY LOW-NOISE CIRCUITS DESIGN USING AN E_n-I_n MODEL

In view of the limitations of a Rn-Gn model in the low frequency range and the defects of an En-In model in common use now, this paper builds a complete En-In model according to the theory of random harmonic. The parameters for the low-noise design such as the equivalent input noisy voltage Ens, the optimum source impedance Zsopt and the minimum noise figure Fmin can be calculated accurately by using this En-In model because it considers the coherence between the noise sources fully. Moreover, this paper points out that it will cause the maximum 30% miscalculation when neglecting the effects of the correlation coefficient 7. Using the series-series circuits as an example, this paper discusses the methods for the En-In noise analysis of electronic circuits preliminarily and demonstrates its correctness through the comparison between the simulated and measured results of the minimum noise figure Fmin of a single current series negative feedback circuit.

10 Gb/s Optical Interconnection on Flexible Optical Waveguide in Electronic Printed Circuit Board

In this paper, we proposed 10 Gb/s transmission using 4-channel polymer waveguides on the optical electronic printed circuit board. It was simulated by the ray tracing method for tolerance study of optical interconnection and fabrication. In order for easy fabrication and high position accuracy, the polymer waveguides were forming silver coated 45° reflective mirrors by dicing method and e-beam deposition for 90° light beam turning. The coupling loss was demonstrated in different polishing grit sizes. The optical interconnection in board-embed 4-channel flexible waveguides was demonstrated with a low propagation loss of 0.1 dB/cm and a clear eye diagram at 2.5 Gb/s data rate per channel.

APPLICATION OF CIRCUIT SIMULATION IN HARDWARE DESIGN FOR ELECTRONIC CONTROL HIGH PRESSURE COMMON-RAIL FUEL SYSTEM OF DIESEL ENGINE

By means of circuit simulation, hardware of electronic control unit （ECU） of high pressure common-rail electronic control fuel system for diesel engine is designed. According to the system requirements for hardware of ECU, signal-processing circuit of variable reluctance （VR） sensor, filter circuit for input signal, high voltage power circuit and driver and protection circuit of solenoid are simulated as emphases. Difficulties of wide scope of VR sensor output signal, efficiency of high voltage power and reliable and swift driver of solenoid are solved. The results of simulation show that the hardware meets the requirement of the fuel system. At the same time, circuit simulation can greatly increase quality of the design, alleviate design labor and shorten design time.

Study of “Radiation Effects of Nuclear High Energy Particles” on Electronic Circuits and Methods to Reduce Its Destructive Effects

This research concerns on (TID), (DD) and (SEE) effects also high energy particles’ effects on electronic properties of silicon. It investigates the silicon electronic properties exposed to these particles using a laboratory neutron radiation sources. Some Pieces of a silicon wafer were under neutron radiation at different times and the electrical properties of each one was illustrated by plate resistance measurement and also the strength of the current voltage was simulated by Fluka and MCNP software. Based on these results, authorized limit of silicon tolerance was obtained against high energy neutrons radiation. We put them in the electric furnace under thermal recovery to overcome the unusual behavior of irradiated samples.

Human blood plasma-based electronic integrated circuit amplifier configuration

Dear Editor： There is accumulating evidence that human blood electronic circuit components and their application circuits become more and more important to cyborg implant/engineering, man-machine interface, hu- man disease detection and healing, and artificial brain evolutionusl. Here, we report the first development of human plasma-based amplifier circuit in the dis- crete as well as integrated circuit （IC） configuration mode. Electrolytes in the human blood contain an enormous number of charge carriers such as positive and negative molecule/atom ions, which are electri- cally conducting media and therefore can be utilized for developing electronic circuit components and their application circuits. These electronic circuits obvi- ously have very high application impact potential towards bio-medical engineering and medical science and technology.

Characterization of a New DC-Glow Discharge Plasma Set-Up to Enhance the Electronic Circuits Performance

The (DC-GDPAU) is a DC glow discharge plasma experiment that was designed, established, and operated in the Physics Department at Ain Shams University (Egypt). The aim of this experiment is to study and improve some properties of a printed circuit board (PCB) by exposing it to the plasma. The device consists of cylindrical discharge chamber with movable parallel circular copper electrodes (cathode and anode) fixed inside it. The distance between them is 12 cm. This plasma experiment works in a low-pressure range (0.15 - 0.70 Torr) for Ar gas with a maximum DC power supply of 200 W. The Paschen curves and electrical plasma parameters (current, volt, power, resistance) characterized to the plasma have been measured and calculated at each cm between the two electrodes. Besides, the electron temperature and ion density are obtained at different radial distances using a double Langmuir probe. The electron temperature (KTe) was kept stable in range 6.58 to 10.44 eV;whereas the ion density (ni) was in range from 0.91 × 1010 cm−3 to 1.79 × 1010 cm−3. A digital optical microscope (800×) was employed to draw a comparison between the pre-and after effect of exposure to plasma on the shaping of the circuit layout. The experimental results show that the electrical conductivity increased after plasma exposure, also an improvement in the adhesion force in the Cu foil surface. A significant increase in the conductivity can be directly related to the position of the sample surfaces as well as to the time of exposure. This shows the importance of the obtained results in developing the PCBs manufacturing that uses in different microelectronics devices like those onboard of space vehicles.

Introduction on Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Its Applications in Electronic Circuits

Carbon Nanotubes(CNT)in nanotechnology field are legendary for its strength and chemical inertness.Technically,we can alter carbon nanotubes based on our necessities and requirements such as single layered nanotube,double layered nanotube,multi layered nanotube etc.In this paper usage of carbon nanotubes in semiconductor devices such as nanomaterials,molecular dynamics of nanomaterials,heterojunctions using carbon nanotubes,diodes and Graphene Field Effect Transistor(GFET),its characteristics and data analysis are discussed.The major application of carbon nanotubes in electronic circuits is not limiting to improves the electrical and thermal conductivity due to its high stretchability feature and they also have a long life span and better durability over traditional electronic circuit’s materials.

Electronically Tunable Minimum Component Biquadratic Filters for Interface Circuits

In this paper, two new electronically tunable filter configurations are proposed. The proposed filters operate current-mode (CM), voltage-mode (VM), transimpedance-mode (TIM) and transadmittance-mode (TAM). The first configuration realizes second-order VM band-pass and TAM high-pass filter characteristics from the same configuration. The second one realizes second-order TIM band-pass and CM low-pass filter characteristics from the same configuration. They also use minimum number of electronic components (two capacitors and one active component namely;current controlled current difference transconductance amplifier). The workability of the proposed structures has been demonstrated by simulation results.

Electronics Workbench软件在电子线路中的应用

目前电子工程师们在从事电子产品设计时 ,利用计算机仿真软件对电路、信号与系统进行辅助分析和优化电路设计 ,可提高开发产品进程及设计人员的工作效率。结合实例介绍了 Electronics Workbench软件的使用方法及对实际电子线路进行仿真的程序。

电子工作台软件Electronics Workbench及其应用初探

对加拿大 Ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｖｅ Ｉｍ ａｇｅ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ Ｌｔｄ．的电路 Ｃ Ａ Ｄ软件 Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓ Ｗｏｒｋｂｅｎｃｈ 的主要功能、特点作了简要介绍，同时探讨了该软件在电子电路设计。

运用Electronics Workbench软件仿真分析电子电路

本文介绍了ＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓＷｏｒｋｂｅｎｃｈ 仿真软件的基本功能特点和组成。

应用Electronics Workbench软件仿真电子线路实验

给出了在 Windows98和 NT4环境下 ,Electronics Workbench(电子工作台 )软件的基本功能和使用方法 ,以及应用该软件仿真电子线路实验的步骤和方法 .使用该方法的教学效果表明 。

Permeable three-dimensional liquid metal integrated circuits reshaping the next generation of wearable electronics

Wearable electronics are becoming a critical technology in the field of health monitoring.Continuous in situ monitoring of physiological information is of great value for preventing and treating high-incidence diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,gastrointestinal diseases,dermatological issues,and neonatal conditions[1–4].However,most flexible wearable sensing devices inevitably need to be connected to extra acquisition equipment and integrated circuits(IC)[5],which do not adequately meet the needs for comfortable wear.Ideal flexible wearable electronics require stretchable and lightweight backend circuits,and related research is still in its early stages[6–8].

A new fractional order 6D chaotic model:Study of model dynamics,system structure graph,electronic circuit realization and fractional control

A new fractional 6D chaotic model is constructed in this paper.The new fractional 6D chaotic model has six positive parameters plus the fractional order with eight nonlinear terms.The complicated chaotic dy-namics of the new fractional 6D model is presented and analyzed.The basic properties of this model are studied and its chaotic attractors,dissipative feature,symmetry,equilibrium points,Lyapunov Exponents are investigated.The new dynamics of the 6D fractional model is numerically simulated using Matlab software.In addition,utilizing the graph theory tools certain structural characteristics are calculated.An electrical circuit is built to implement the new 5.4 fractional order 6D model.Finally,an active fractional order controller is proposed to control the new model at different fractional orders.The chaos of the new model is very useful and can be used to produce random keys for data encryption.

Influence of an Electronic Field on the GMI Effect of Fe-based Nanocrystalline Microwire

In this work, a Fe-based nanocrystalline microwire of 20 mm in length and 25 μm in diameter was placed in the center of a 316 stainless steel pipe. The pipe was 500 μm in diameter and a little shorter than the microwire. A series of voltages were applied on the pipe to study the influence of the electrical field on the Giant-Magneto-Impedance(GMI) effect of the microwire. Experimental results showed that the electronic field between the wire and the pipe reduced the hysteresis of the GMI effect. The results were explained based on equivalent circuit and eddy current consumptions analysis.