Research and Analysis on Cooling Capacity of Temperature Adjustment Equipments in Agricultural Multi-span Greenhouse

The high summer indoor temperature in agricultural greenhouse is not conducive to crop growth,so it is necessary to cool the greenhouse. In this study,taking the agricultural multi-span greenhouse with strong temperature adjustment ability for example,we make an experimental analysis on the temperature changes inside and outside the greenhouse under nine different equipment combinations( fan,skylight,sunshade,sunshade + fan,cooling pad + fan,skylight + fan,sunshade + skylight,sunshade + fan + cooling pad,sunshade + skylight + fan),respectively,and conduct the overall assessment on the measures to cool the summer agricultural greenhouse,in order to provide a reference for selecting a cost-effective cooling method for greenhouse. Tests show that the three treatment modes of fan,sunshade and sunshade + fan almost have no cooling capacity; skylight,sunshade + skylight have cooling capacity,but the effect is slow; cooling pad + fan,sunshade + skylight +fan can reduce the indoor temperature,but the effect is not very good; skylight and fan have good cooling effect; sunshade + fan + cooling pad has obvious cooling effect,which can well meet the cooling needs in the summer greenhouse.

Experimental Investigation of the Cooling Capacity of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide in Free Jet Expansion for Use in Portable Air-Cooling Systems

This paper investigates the possibility of using the free expansion of gaseous CO2 in portable air-cooling systems. The cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 free jet expansion was calculated using three different approaches and the results showed that the simplified calculations would give approximated cooling values with an 11.6% maximum error. The mass flow rate, upstream pressure and cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 decreased with time. A maximum 48.5 watts of cooling was recorded at minute 4 and a minimum value of 10.4 watts at the end of the test. The drop in cooling capacity is due to the evaporation of the liquid CO2 inside the small cylinder which cools the two-phase CO2 mixture and causes a pressure drop (from 6 MPa to 2.97 MPa), which also affects the mass flow rate of gaseous CO2 exiting the orifice (from 0.56 g/s to 0.24 g/s). If this cooling technique is to be considered in portable compact-cooling systems, the mass, pressure and cooling capacity drop with time must be solved. One of the solutions could be to cover the cylinder with a heating coat to compensate for the heat absorbed by the evaporation of the liquid CO2.

Mesoporous molecular sieve confined phase change materials with high absorption,enhanced thermal conductivity,and cooling energy charging/discharging capacity

The biggest challenge for organic phase change materials(PCMs)used in cold energy storage is to maintain high heat storage capacity while reducing the leakage risk of PCMs during the phase transition process.This is crucial for expanding their applications in the more demanding cold storage field.In this study,novel formstable low-temperature composite PCMs are prepared with mesoporous materials,namely SBA-15 and CMK-3(which are prepared using the template method),as supporting matrices and dodecane as the PCM.Owing to the combined effects of capillary forces within mesoporous materials and interactions among dodecane molecules,both dodecane/SBA-15 and dodecane/CMK-3 exhibit outstanding shape stability and thermal cycling stability even after 200 heating/cooling cycles.In comparison to those of dodecane/SBA-15,dodecane/CMK-3 exhibits superior cold storage performance and higher thermal conductivity.Specifically,the phase transition temperature of dodecane/CMK-3 is-8.81℃ with a latent heat of 122.4 J·g^(-1).Additionally,it has a thermal conductivity of 1.21 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 9.45 times that of dodecane alone.All these highlight its significant potential for applications in the area of cold energy storage.

Analysis of Nuclear Power Development in Henan Province Based on Carrying Capacity of Water Resources

Firstly, current situation of water resources in Henan Province was analyzed, and then carrying capacity of water resources in Henan Province was assessed based on ＂degree of water stress＂ and ＂balance index of carrying capacity of regional water resources＂, finally the thinking on adopting air-cooling technology to develop nuclear power in Henan Province was expounded.

Cooling performance analysis of radiant panel at different positions

The influence of the panel position on the cooling performance of a radiant panel is analyzed.The coupled simulation of convection and radiation is set up by a computational fluid dynamics（CFD）method.The simulations with different panel positions and different indoor heat sources are used to calculate the cooling capacity of the radiant panel and the indoor thermal environment.The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The results show that when the indoor heat source temperature is low,the convective heat flux is the main influence factor of the cooling capacity and the radiant panel should be placed on the wall or on the ceiling.Otherwise,when the indoor heat source temperature is high,the radiation heat flux is the main factor and the radiant panel should be placed as near to the heat sources as possible.

Properties of Advanced Adsorbent for Solid Desiccant Cooling

Characteristics of 13x molecular sieve, silica gel and DH 5 and DH 7 prepared by authors, were investigated for the solid desiccant cooling system. The adsorption isotherms of DH 5 and DH 7 were experimentally determined. The performance parameters of adsorption capacity, air humidity, regeneration temperature and cooling volume were tested and discussed in detail. The results show that the properties of new adsorbents DH 5 and DH 7 on desiccant cooling are much better than those of common desiccants. The maximum adsorption volumes of water on DH 5 and DH 7 are 0.72?kg/kg and 0.73 ?kg/kg, respectively. The desiccant cooling volumes of DH 7and DH 5 are 2.2 and 1.3 times larger than those of silica gel and 13x(molecular sieve), respectively, after regeneration at 100?℃. The cooling volume per mass unit of DH 5 is 1.9 times larger that of 13x.

Simulation of District Cooling Plant and Efficient Energy Air Cooled Condensers (Part I)

In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of residential buildings and Model B of schools and hospitals were used to estimate the daily cooling load profile in Makkah, Saudi Arabia at latitude of 21.42°N and longitude of 39.83°E. Model A was constructed from common materials, but Model B as Model A with 5 - 8 cm thermal insulation and double layers glass windows. The average data of Makkah weather through 2010, 2011 and 2012 were used to calculate the cooling load profile and performance of air conditioning systems. The maximum cooling load was calculated at 15:00 o’clock for a main floor building to a 40-floor of residential building and to 5 floors of schools. A district cooling plant of 180,000 Refrigeration Ton was suggested to serve the Gabal Al Sharashf area in the central zone of Makkah. A thermal storage system to store the excess cooling capacity was used. Air cooled condensers were used in the analysis of chiller refrigeration cycle. The operating cost was mainly a function of electrical energy consumption. Fixed electricity tariff was 0.04 $/kWh for electromechanical counter, and 0.027, 0.04, 0.069 $/kWh for shifting loads peak for the smart digital counter. The results showed that the daily savings in consumed power are 8.27% in spring, 6.86% in summer, 8.81% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. Also, the daily savings in electricity bills are 12.26% in spring, 16.66% in summer, 12.84% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. The obtained maximum saving in consumed power is 14.5% and the daily saving in electricity bills is 43% in summer when the loads peak is completely shifted to off-peak period.

Cooling System Design and Thermal Analysis of Modular Stator Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Motor

Hybrid excitation synchronous motor has the advantages of uniform and adjustable electromagnetic field, wide speed range and high power density. It has broad application prospects in new energy electric vehicles, wind power generation and other fields. This paper introduces the basic structure of hybrid excitation motor with modular stator, and analyzes the operation principle of hybrid excitation motor. The cooling structure of the water-cooled plate is designed, and the effects of the thickness of the water-cooled plate and the number of water channels in the water-cooled plate on the heat dissipation capacity of the water-cooled plate are analyzed by theoretical and computational fluid dynamics methods. The effects of different water cooling plate structures on water velocity, pressure drop, water pump power consumption and heat dissipation capacity were compared and analyzed. The influence of different inlet flow velocity on the maximum temperature rise of each part of the motor is analyzed, and the temperature of each part of the motor under the optimal water flow is analyzed. The influence of the traditional spiral water jacket cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of the motor components is compared and analyzed. The results show that the water-cooled plate cooling structure is more suitable for the modular stator motor studied in this paper. Based on the water-cooled plate cooling structure, the air-water composite cooling structure is designed, and the effects of the air-water composite cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor are compared and analyzed. The results show that the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor is reduced under the air-water composite cooling structure.

基于温升特性的强迫导向油循环风冷结构变压器负荷能力评估

针对强迫导向油循环风冷(oir directrd air forced,ODAF)结构变压器负荷能力受温升约束影响的问题,提出了3种负荷类型情况下变压器负荷能力评估方法。首先,考虑风扇与油泵的运行状态以及油粘度变化对热阻的影响等因素,基于热电类比法建立了变压器热路模型,以计算绕组热点与顶部油温度;其次,采用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法拟合热路模型参数,并基于2台不同型号变压器的运行数据,对热路模型的计算精度与拟合参数适用性进行有效性验证;最后,参考GB/T1094.7负载导则给出的温升限值,基于温升特性提出了负荷能力评估模型。分析结果表明,该研究所提热路模型计算热点温度的误差不大于2.35℃,在工程允许范围内;正常周期性负荷下当环境温度低于1℃时,关闭1组子散热器后仍满足温升约束。

住宅厨房空调冷负荷及其影响因素研究

住宅厨房空间因存在高温燃烧热源和烹饪空气污染源,是热舒适和空气品质问题相对集中的区域。随着生活水平的提高,人们对厨房热湿环境的舒适性要求越来越高,新的厨房空调产品也逐渐出现,而现有的负荷研究无法为厨房空调的设计提供有效依据。为了探索住宅厨房空调冷负荷及其影响因素,以某典型住宅厨房为例,研究了厨房冷负荷的大小分布、来源构成、影响变量以及地域差异。结果表明,厨房空调冷负荷集中分布在800~1600W/m^(2),潜热负荷占比高达75%,室外补风在显热负荷和潜热负荷中平均占比30%和71%。地域差异导致峰值负荷大小和出现小时数不同,这对空调选型有重要影响。现有的厨房空调需要匹配合理的运行策略和补风形式才能满足厨房冷量需求。

中型H型钢生产线超快冷技术研究

通过对比国内H型钢超快冷技术的研发情况,结合某公司中型H型钢生产线制约因素及存在的问题,在综合考虑各方面影响因素的基础上,提出超快冷(气雾冷却)工艺的设计方案,旨在利用该技术解决冷床冷却能力不足带来的产品平直度超标、力学性能不稳定、锈蚀严重等问题。

火灾后钢筋混凝土板力学性能评估方法

钢筋混凝土楼板是火灾中最容易破坏的结构构件,需要对其火灾后的承载能力进行评估并加固。考虑升温阶段、降温阶段及火灾后阶段材料本构关系的不同,考虑高温下混凝土保护层的爆裂对温度场及力学性能的影响,提出了火灾后钢筋混凝土楼板力学性能分析的有限元计算模型。同时,针对典型的钢筋混凝土板加固方法,在前述有限元模型的基础上建立了火灾后加固的钢筋混凝土板有限元计算模型,利用该模型对典型的火灾后加固钢筋混凝土板的承载能力进行了计算分析。模型中采用单元生死技术实现了混凝土高温下的爆裂及火灾后加固的数值模拟,模型可用于火灾后及加固后钢筋混凝土板力学性能的评估。分析表明,经历火灾后,钢筋混凝土板的承载能力降低幅度较大,板存在明显残余挠度。加固后,钢筋混凝土板的承载能力得到较大程度的恢复。

家用空调器产品监督检验中常见不合格项目解析

制冷量、制冷消耗功率、全年能源消耗效率(APF)和制冷季节能源消耗效率(SEER)、接地措施、连续骚扰(端子电压)这五个项目是家用空气调节器产品在监督检验中常见的不合格项目,本文通过列举具体案例,从标准要求和实测数据等方面,重点分析了导致不合格产生的客观及主观原因,并给出了相应的整改方案,为企业提升认识、完善设计、加强质控、规范制造提供了有效的改进建议,助力企业生产出符合国家标准要求的合格产品。

超强吸湿速干复合功能运动面料开发

文章采用聚乙烯(PE)与细旦高F数涤纶交织,通过组织结构设计开发具有超强吸湿速干、凉感复合功能的针织面料,最终成品的布面外观良好,耐摩擦色牢度4级、耐水洗色牢度3~4级以上;吸湿速干和吸湿排汗性能满足GB/T 21655.1—2008《纺织品吸湿速干性的评定第1部分:单项组合试验法》、GB/T 21655.2—2019《纺织品吸湿速干性的评定第2部分:动态水分传递法》的要求,特别是蒸发速率达到0.38g/h,单向传递指数达到633.7,性能优异。此外,针对染整生产过程中可能会遇到的布面发硬、单向导湿效果差以及如何保证面料弹性等问题,文章还提供了对应的解决方案。

高海拔特高压换流变压器冷却性能修正研究

川藏高原是我国的资源富矿,随着藏东南能源大开发,预计建设多个特高压直流工程,而特高压换流变压器是特高压输电工程中至关重要的设备,散热是保证其安全运行的关键。现有标准制定时工程未面临超高海拔特高压工程,为避免变压器的热设计裕量选择不当而影响设备安全稳定运行情况的发生,标准适用性可以继续深入论证。主要对强油循环风冷却器在不同海拔下冷却容量、换流变压器顶部油温升进行理论分析与仿真计算的对比验证。同时利用环境气候模拟实验室完成不同海拔高度下冷却容量的测试试验,通过对试验结果与理论计算的对比验证,给出了不同海拔条件下风冷却器冷却容量的修正建议,即海拔2000~5000m范围内,在2000m基础上,海拔每升高250 m温升限值降低0.75 K。这为高海拔环境下换流变压器的冷却系统设计和标准修订提供了参考依据,对用于高海拔环境下换流变压器的热设计和可靠性评估有一定指导意义。

基于傅里叶变换的多联机空调负荷提取及预测方法

多联机空调实际制冷量通常不等同于房间真实的空调负荷需求,导致基于数据驱动的负荷预测模型的预测效果往往较差。本文提出了一种基于傅里叶变换的从实际制冷量数据中提取空调真实负荷数据的方法。案例预测结果表明,该方法能够有效提取空调负荷数据,并能将基于人工神经网络的超短期空调负荷预测模型精度提升10.94%。

基于热源量化的高温隧道动态综合降温措施研究

为了实现高温隧道降温措施动态化、精准化设计,基于理论分析和现场实测,依托某高岩(水)温铁路隧道,对隧道内的高温热水、围岩、施工机械、水泥水化、爆破、施工人员散热量及不同降温措施冷量进行了理论分析研究,并根据风流温度和能量平衡原理得到了不同工况下高温隧道的冷量缺口。结果表明:高温围岩和超高温热水是隧道内的主要热源,其中高温热水散热量比例达到总散热量的50%以上;洞内放置冰块产生的冷量较小,通风带来的冷量较大,但其冷量会随着通风距离的增加而减小,其衰减规律可用二次曲线近似表示;200 m^(3)/h高温热水理论计算得到的换热风流温度31.8℃与现场实测温度31.0℃基本吻合。本文采用的分析方法获得的冷量缺口可作为选择机械制冷和降温措施动态化设计的理论依据,也可为类似的高温隧道降温设计提供参考。

多物理场耦合下不同因素对大功率液冷充电电缆温度影响的仿真研究

为解决新能源电动汽车快速补能带来的热效应显著上升和充电电缆线径不可能相应增大的互相矛盾问题,基于电磁温度流体多物理场耦合的有限元仿真模型,提出对充电电缆增加主动降温的空间冷却通道,对比分析在不改变缆芯横截面积和环境温度的前提下冷却介质种类、冷却通道结构、冷却液流速对超快速充电场景下充电电缆缆芯温度及载流量的影响。仿真结果表明:冷却通道管径对充电电缆导体温度与载流量影响最大;液冷较强制风冷的冷却效果更为显著;理想的冷却介质流速为0.1~0.15 m/s。当缆芯截面积为70 mm^(2)、冷却液流速为0.1 m/s、冷却介质为乙二醇水溶液、冷却通道与缆芯横截面积之比为1.25时,充电电缆载流量达到600 A,温度为49.7℃。相关研究为超快速充电场景下大功率冷却型充电电缆的结构优化与设计提供了参考依据。

基于电能计量的中央空调冷量分摊方法

在国家“双碳”重大战略驱动下,中央空调系统逐渐成为助力国家节能减排的重要担当。为充分调动中央空调用户的节能积极性,提高中央空调分户计费精确性,该文在分析风机盘管供冷量与耗电量关系的基础上,提出了一种基于电能计量的中央空调分户冷量分摊方法。通过仿真比较得出,该方法在低投资情况下有效地提高了中央空调分户计量冷量分摊的精度,保证了空调分户计费的公平性,更好地促进国家中央空调分户计量任务的推广。

电子设备机柜液冷散热系统设计

针对某船用电子设备机柜的大热流密度问题,提出一种液冷散热系统解决方案。围绕液冷散热系统的工作环境、外形尺寸、制冷量、水流量以及供水温度等指标要求,设计并制造一款具有海水换热模式和压缩制冷模式的产品样机,阐述其工作原理、集成化结构布局以及零部件选型设计。测试结果表明:液冷散热系统海水换热模式的制冷量为44.8 kW,压缩制冷模式的制冷量为46.6 kW,最大消耗功率为14.6 kW,均满足设计要求。