Loss Rate Estimation of Yield and Output Value of Tobacco Leaf Infected by Tobacco Blown Spot (Alternaria alternata)

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of tobacco blown spot on the yield and output value of tobacco leaf.[Method]The upper,middle and lower leaves in tobacco plant were selected during the harvest period of tobacco to carry out loss rate estimation of yield and output value of tobacco leaf caused by different disease levels of brown spot.Regression correlation analysis was also conducted.[Result]The disease levels of brown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with single leaf weight of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of single leaf weight.The increase speed of loss rate of single leaf weight of middle and upper leaves was obviously faster than that of lower leaves.The loss rates of single leaf weight of upper,middle and lower leaves were 3.18%-28.95%,3.43%-28.88% and 10.07%-26.90%,respectively.The higher the disease level of blown spot was,the lower the yield and output value of tobacco leaf was,and the corresponding loss rate was also higher.Correlation analysis showed that the disease level of blown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with the yield and output value of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of yield and output value.The negative impact of blown spot on the output value of tobacco leaf was far greater than that on the yield.The highest loss rate of the yield of tobacco leaf was 28.56%,while the highest loss rate of output value reached 89.67%.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for accurately holding the critical period for the control of blown spot,thus reducing the damage on tobacco leaf and improving the output value of tobacco leaf.

Application of Tobacco Leaf Edge Detection with Tracking Bug Method

Tobacco leaf shapes including the length,width,area,perimeter and roundness parameters and so on,Only obtain exact boundaries of the leaf information to calculate a large number of leaf parameters.This paper introduces the classical edge detection Methods,bug method is used to track the boundaries of tobacco leaf extractly.The test shows that the algorithm has a good edge extraction capability.

Present Situation and Prospect of Professional Grading and Loose-leaf Purchasing of Flue-cured Tobacco

In terms of the common practice of professional grading and loose-leaf purchasing technology, the advantages of these technologies were demonstrated. The problems and proposals of the professional grading leaves purchasing model were also summarized and analyzed, so as to provide practical experiences for fur- ther promotion of loose-leaf purchasing.

Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electric- heated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48 h of curring, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1 % level (rNC89 = -0.8962**, rYY85 = -0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89 = -0.8495*, rYY85 = -0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1 % level (rNC89= 0.9649**, rYY85= 0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, β-AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.

Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation:Different findings beyond conservation view

Solving high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning in the first week during tobacco cultivation would take much time and effort. In the present study, the growth as well as the leaf sugar and nicotine contents of seedlings with or without leaf burning induced by high-temperature plastic mulching film were tested at two independent sites in 2015 and 2016 to identify the influence of leaf burning on seedling growth. The results showed that the growth of seedlings with leaf burning was improved with increased leaf area, leaf number and plant height compared to those without leaf burning, combined with an increased seedling survival rate at two sites in two years. In seedlings with leaf burning, the contents of fructose and glucose increased and peaked at 11：00 and 13：00 in the leaf and root, respectively, with an increased root nicotine content beginning at 13：00, highlighting the signalling role of sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） were all increased in seedlings with leaf burning. More plant biomass was allocated to roots in seedlings with leaf burning with increased root volume compared to control seedlings, which might facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Our findings demonstrate that high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning not inhibited but benefited seedling survival and growth, suggesting that the time and labour-consuming manual plucking of burnt leaves can be avoided during tobacco cultivation.

Low Co-Cultivation Temperature at 20°C Resulted in the Reproducible Maximum Increase in Both the Fresh Weight Yield and Stable Expression of GUS Activity after <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-Mediated Transformation of Tobacco Leaf Disks

The importance of controlled temperature during the four-days co-cultivation period was evaluated under the most physiologically relevant conditions for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi (nn, Smith)) leaf disks. We compared the effect of temperatures ranging from 15°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C to 25°C on the stable expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of 14 days old hygromycin-selected leaf disks, and on the increase in the fresh weight yield of 28 days old kanamycin-selected calli. The highest average of GUS activity was obtained at 20°C among the five temperatures tested although the difference between the 18°C and 20°C treatment was not statistically significant. The GUS activity at 15°C was statistically lower than those at 18°C and 20°C. The GUS activity in 22°C treatment was an intermediate between the highest (18/20°C) and second highest averages (15°C), and was not statistically significantly different. The lowest average of GUS activity was observed at 25°C. The highest increase in the plate average of fresh weight yield was obtained at 20°C among the five temperature tested. The 20°C treatment was statistically significantly better than the 15°C and 18°C treatments. The 20°C co-cultivation treatment resulted in the higher FW yield than 22°C and 25°C even though the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, low co-cultivation temperature at 20°C resulted in the reproducible maximum increase in both the fresh weight yield and stable expression of GUS activity after transformation of tobacco leaf disks.

Dynamics of Environmental Humidity and Water Content in Tobacco Leaf and Metabolism of Starch During Curing

Effect of environmental humidity and water content in tobacco leaf on starch metabolism was studied by using the electric-heated auto-controlled flue-curing barn supplied by Henan Agricultural University, China. The results indicated that the degradation of starch and decrease of water content in tobacco leaf during early yellowing at low humidity was the most rapid, and the water loss was the highest while the lowest under high humidity. The duration for starch degradation under low humidity was longer than that of CK. So the starch residue in cured leaf of different treatment took the order of high humidity yellowing treatment> low humidity yellowing treatment > CK. When the leaf water content was decreased to around 50 %, the starch degradation became slow and the content of starch was stable. Starch degradation and decrease of leaf water content was not synchronous. Starch in tobacco leaf during yellowing degraded more rapidly when humidity was decreased at a high speed, but the degradation stopped earlier at late stage. There was a quicker and higher degradation of starch under high environmental humidity. When the humidity decreased to 70 %, the content of starch was stable. The activity of amylase began to decrease when relative humidity was below 75 %, but it kept a high level of activity when the environmental humidity was below 70 %.

Status and Application of Tobacco Leaf Preconditioning in China

In the process of tobacco production, the moisture content of tobacco leaves directly affects the quality of tobacco leaf. Since the water content in the leaf is low, it needs to process with the conditioning treatment for a short time beforetobacco grading, so as to improve the tobacco moisture content and reduce breakage, as well as ensure the quality and yield of tobacco, ahd meet the requirements of the follow-up process of tobacco. Therefore, a comprehensive overview was given to the pre-conditioning method for tobacco leaf, and the current application status of tobacco leaf pre-conditioning equipment in China was explored.

Problems and Countermeasures of Acquisition of Professionally-graded Flue-cured Tobacco Loose Leaf

Based on existing problems of loose leaf acquisition,some measures can be taken,including improvement of acquisition infrastructure,innovation of acquisition and management models,reinforcement of professional services and training,high-lighting grading management,which would not only reduce farmers＇ efforts,but also lower storage pressure,as well as improving grading quality of tobacco leaf.

How to Comprehensively Utilize the Discarded Fresh Tobacco Leaf ?

This paper aims to explore comprehensive utilization way of discarded fresh tobacco leaf. Based on modern tobacco demands on green,environmental protection and sustainable development,as well as actual situation of biogas production facility in some villages of local tobacco area,this paper selects Longwan Village of Fengshiyan Town as the experimental site and explores the rational way of discarded fresh tobacco leaf biogas fermentation. Results show that cutting and fermentation of discarded fresh tobacco leaf before adding into biogas digester is conductive to improving p H in fermentation process,reducing crust amount,and effectively improving biogas production amount and rate. The study can provide reference for effective processing and rational utilization of discarded fresh tobacco leaf.

Occurrence Regularity and Life History of Cigarette Beetle Lasioderrma serricorne(Fabricius)in Tobacco Leaf Threshing and Redrying Workshop

[Objectives]The paper was to study the occurrence regularity and life history of cigarette beetle Lasioderrma serricorne(Fabricius)in tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop.[Methods]With the tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop as the survey site,the occurrence regularity of L.serricorne was investigated,and the life history table was inferred according to its biological characteristics.The temperature,humidity and duration of tobacco leaf threshing and redrying were simulated in the laboratory to study the survival rate of all states of L.serricorne in this environment.[Results]The lifecycle of L.serricorne in tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop was:the overwintering generation pupated in late February;the pupa began to emerge in early March,and reached its peak in late March.The first-generation eggs started hatching in late March,pupated in late May,emerged in early June,and reached the peak eclosion of the first-generation adults in mid-July.The second-generation eggs began to hatch in late July,pupated in mid-August,emerged in late August,and reached the peak eclosion of the second-generation adults in mid-September.The third-generation eggs began to hatch in mid-September;most of the larvae began to overwinter,some pupated in mid-November and survived the winter as pupae,and some pupae emerged to adults.The survival test results of different states of L.serricorne under simulated temperature,humidity and duration in the tobacco leaf threshing and redrying process showed that the mortality rates of eggs in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 51.22%,90.24% and 100%,and the mortalities of larvae in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 18.30%,81.25%and 100%,respectively.The mortalities of pupae in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 69.39%,100% and 100%,and the mortalities of adults in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 100%,100% and 100%,respectively.[Conclusions]L.serricorne of different states can be killed by appropriately raising the temperature during threshing and redrying.

烤烟上部叶成熟度对烟叶品质的影响

为探究四川省广元产区上部烟叶适宜的采收成熟度,以云烟87为试验材料,设置4个成熟度处理,测定不同处理烤后烟外观质量、化学成分、感官质量及经济效益。结果表明:2021年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量最好,化学成分较为协调,但还原糖和总糖含量稍低于优质烟叶目标;2022年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量、感官质量及经济效益均最好。综合来看,建议较常规采收时间推迟3 d,此时可达到广元烟区上部烟叶采收的最佳成熟度。

基于YOLOv5的烟草叶部病害智能识别

为提高烟草病害的智能识别精度和判别效率,提出基于YOLOv5网络改进的烟草病害识别模型,针对原模型对小目标病斑特征提取能力弱的问题提出改进模型,分别为添加多尺度增强模块的YOLOv5-ME、添加小目标检测层的YOLOv5-LT和同时添加小目标检测层和多尺度增强模块的YOLOv5-ME-LT,对从田间采集的赤星病、黄瓜花叶病、普通花叶病、气候斑点病和野火病等5874幅病害图像进行识别验证。结果表明,3种改进模型的检测精度均优于原始模型,YOLOv5-ME的mAP为88.7%;YOLOv5-LT的mAP为88.1%;YOLOv5-ME-LT的mAP为91%,远高于原模型的78%。本文改进的烟草叶部病害识别算法相对原模型性能有明显提高,但研究中仍存在相似病害难区分等问题,后续研究将结合生命化学指标和多光谱技术,对早期烟草病害进行检测。

生物刺激素对烤烟根际微生态及烟叶品质的影响

【目的】探究生物刺激素在烤烟栽培上的应用效果,为植烟土壤改良及烟叶品质改善提供新的思路。【方法】采用大田试验,以常规施肥为对照(CK),在CK基础上设施用海藻酸(BS1)、古生物源生物刺激素(BS2)和矿源黄腐酸(BS3)3个生物刺激素处理,于烤烟盛花期取烟株根围土壤测定土壤理化性质(pH、阳离子交换量及有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量)、酶(蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶)活性及微生物群落多样性;于烤烟成熟时调查农艺性状(株高、茎围、有效叶片数、最大腰叶长、最大腰叶宽、顶叶长、顶叶宽、叶面积),并对上部叶(倒数第5~6片烟叶)进行标识,调制后进行化学成分(总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、钾、氯、淀粉含量,糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比)测算,分析3种生物刺激素对植烟土壤微生态环境及烟叶品质的影响。【结果】与CK相比,BS1和BS3处理不同程度提高了植烟土壤氮、磷、钾速效养分含量及阳离子交换量,极显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性;明显提高土壤优势菌门奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和根肿黑粉菌门(Entorrhizomycota)的相对丰度,以及优势菌属根肿黑粉菌属(Entorrhiza)的相对丰度,而降低子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的相对丰度;BS3处理土壤细菌、真菌群落的丰富度和多样性及其功能代谢途径丰度均高于CK、BS1和BS2处理;施用生物刺激素可促进烤烟生长发育和烟叶开片,其中BS3处理有利于提高烟叶化学成分适宜性和协调性。【结论】矿源黄腐酸处理改良土壤、促进烤烟生长及提升烟叶品质的综合效应较优,是适合烤烟施用的生物刺激素。

不同叶长·叶宽和单叶重对广元烤后烟叶质量的影响

为明确广元优质烤后烟叶适宜的叶长、叶宽和单叶重范围,为广元地区生产优质烤烟提供数据支撑,2021年在四川省广元市剑阁县5个收购线分别挑选10户种植水平具有代表性的烟农,取X2F、C2F、C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品各2 kg,按等级划分不同叶长、叶宽和单叶重进行烟叶质量评价。结果表明:随着叶长的增加,X2F、B2F等级烟叶总糖、还原糖含量呈减少趋势。随着叶长的增加,C3F烟叶烟碱、钾含量升高;随着叶宽的增加,C3F烟叶总糖、还原糖含量逐渐增加。X2F和C3F等级烟叶随着单叶重的增加,总糖含量逐渐增加,钾含量减少。随着烟叶叶宽和单叶重的增加,X2F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为先增加后降低。随着叶长的增加,C2F和C3F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为逐渐增加,外观质量总分从高到低依次为>75 cm、>65~75 cm、>55~65 cm、≤55 cm。随着叶长、叶宽和单叶重的增加,C2F、C3F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分大多表现为先上升后下降。随着叶长、叶宽的增加,C2F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分表现为先上升后下降。当X2F烟叶叶长控制在>50~60 cm、叶宽控制在>15~19 cm、单叶重控制在>7~11 g时,X2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C2F烟叶叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~13 g时,C2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C3F烟叶叶长控制在>65~75 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>8~12 g时,C3F烟叶综合品质较好;当B2F叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~15 g时,B2F烟叶综合品质较好。

废弃烟叶可溶性蛋白的提取工艺

集合超声波、超滤、弱碱性等电点沉淀技术,开发了一种从废弃烟叶中提取可溶性蛋白的新工艺,并构建了一套物理、化学、生物参数评价体系.经优化后的工艺路线如下:在0.085 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH=7.85)条件下,以1∶8料液比进行超声波提取,经分级离心、过滤/超滤,并通过0.11 mol/L[H^(+)]溶液调节等电点pH=5.5,成功提取了分子量约为55 kDa及大于200 kDa的混合蛋白,其氨基酸组成分析能满足成人必需氨基酸需求.红外光谱分析未见明显果胶、多糖特征.采用温和弱碱-等电点提取技术结合物理提取方法,有效解决了传统提取方法存在的问题,展现了良好的通用性,为废弃烟叶的资源化利用及工业化生产提供了新的思路.

灌溉起垄对烤烟上部叶片生长发育及品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨提高山东烟区烤烟上部叶可用性的水分管理策略及其生理响应机制。通过田间试验,以‘中烟100’为试验材料,分析了灌溉配合起垄处理对烤烟上部叶物质积累、光合特性、氮磷钾含量以及积累量、叶片组织结构和烟叶化学成分的影响。结果表明,与对照处理相比,全生育期内的灌溉处理显著增加了根、茎、叶的干物质积累量和烘烤后叶片的厚度,同时提高了光合作用特性;促进了氮含量由根、茎向叶片的转运,并增加了生长后期叶片的氮含量和氮素积累量;降低了还原糖、总糖含量,烟碱和总氮含量也有显著提高,糖碱比和氮碱比的值均在适宜范围。综上,灌溉起垄能够有效促进烤烟上部叶的生长发育以及提升其品质,为提升山东烟区烤烟上部叶的可用性提供了参考。

基于数字化描述的烤烟中部叶外观质量评价方法研究

为阐明不同典型生态区烟叶外观质量特征及区域间差异,跟踪了2019—2021年11个典型生态区46个县的230个试验点的烟叶样品,通过构建“刻度尺”模式外观质量数字化描述评价方法,对不同生态区中部烟叶样品进行评价。结果表明,烤烟外观质量指标间存在极显著相关关系,不同区域间外观质量差异较明显,其中武夷山区和皖南山区单项指标和综合评价分值较高,其次是云贵高原、南岭山区、秦巴山区、东北产区、中原产区;黔中山、武陵山区、鲁中山区、雪峰山区整体品质偏低。年际间比较,2019年与2020、2021年单项指标和综合评价差异较明显,2020年与2021年际间无明显差异,样品质量较稳定。

基于高光谱成像及机器学习的烟叶糖料液施加量判别模型

针对目前烟叶加料工序中糖料液加料效果无法进行无损检测的问题,基于高光谱成像及机器学习构建了烟叶糖料液施加量判别模型。首先,利用可见光-短波红外高光谱成像系统获取不同糖料液施加量烟叶样品的高光谱数据,采用标准正态变换(SNV)进行预处理;然后,分别使用全频域数据和主成分分析(PCA)降维数据,结合支持向量机(SVM)、逻辑回归(LR)、多层感知机(MLP)、随机森林(RF)构建4种判别模型并进行验证。结果表明:SNV预处理显著增强了高光谱数据的特征集中度;在使用全频域波段数据建模时,短波红外波段内模型的预测准确率均显著高于可见光波段,短红外波段的LR模型准确率最高(为98.23%);相较于全频域数据建模,使用PCA降维后的前10个主成分数据建模时,短红外波段的模型预测准确率无显著变化,而可见光波段的RF模型预测准确率提升较为明显(达71.43%);在可见光波段内,PCA降维后4种判别模型的最高准确率对应的主成分数量分别为217个、55个、47个、59个,在短波红外波段内,则分别为13个、11个、117个、46个。整体上,LR和RF模型表现出较优异的预测性能,在短波红外波段内,基于PCA降维数据的LR模型在使用较少主成分时仍能获得高准确率,具有快速、无损、精准地判别烟叶糖料液施加量的能力。

微波预处理对加热卷烟用烤烟烟叶常规化学成分及挥发性香气成分的影响

以河南产区的下部烤烟样品为原料,采用微波干燥和微波水热两种方法预处理原料,利用连续流动分析、高效液相色谱、气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)等技术对不同微波预处理烤烟烟叶中的常规化学成分及挥发性香气成分进行分析。结果表明:微波水热处理可降低烤烟烟叶中水溶性糖、还原糖、植物碱及酚类物质含量,提高总氮、石油醚提取物含量,并显著增加烤烟原叶的氮碱比(P≤0.05),其中微波水热700 W-6 min处理组氮碱比高达1.65;而经微波干燥处理后,烤烟烟叶中常规化学成分整体仍处于优质烟叶指标范畴,且挥发碱含量显著增加(P≤0.05),部分预处理组中绿原酸和芸香苷含量增加;此外,GC-IMS共鉴定出56种挥发性香气成分,微波水热处理可增加烤烟的新鲜清香,微波干燥处理则可增加其甜香味。