Optimal design of sintered Ce_9Nd_(21)Fe_(bal)B_1 magnets with a low-melting-point (Ce,Nd)-rich phase

A systemic investigation was done on the chemistry and crystal structure of boundary phases in sintered Ce9Nd21FebalB1 （wt%） magnets. Ce2Fe14B is believed to be more soluble in the rare-earth （RE）-rich liquid phase during the sintering process. Thus, the grain size and oxygen content were controlled via low-temperature sintering, resulting in high coercivity and maximum energy products. In addition, Ce formed massive agglomerations at the triple-point junctions, as confirmed by elemental mapping results. Transmission electron micros- copy （TEM） images indicated the presence of （Ce,Nd）Ox phases at grain boundaries. By controlling the composition and optimizing the preparation process, we successfully obtained Ce9Nd21FebalBx sintered magnets; the prepared magnets exhibited a residual induction, coerciv- ity, and energy product of 1.353 T, 759 kA/m, and 342 kJ/m3, respectively.

Phase-field simulation of lamellar growth for a binary eutectic alloy

Using general multi-phase-field model,detailed microstructures corresponding to different initial lamellar sets were simulated in a binary eutectic alloy with an asymmetric phase diagram.The simulation results show that regular or unstable oscillating lamellar structures depend on the initial lamellar widths of two solid phases.A lamellar morphology map associating with the initial widths has been derived,which is capable of showing the condition of forming various lamella structures.For instance,a regular lamella was formed with fast solidification while large lamella resulted from disorder growth with low interfacial velocity. The investigated interface velocities indicate that with fast solidification to form regular lamella,a disorder growth manner or a large lamellar spacing causes a low interface velocity.These results are in good agreement with those proposed by Jackson-Hunt model.

The Collins Model and the Eutectic—Type and the Peritectic—Type Phase Diagrams

From the Gibbs free energy and the equations of two-phase equilibrium curves of the two-dimensionalbinary system which has the Lennard-Jones potential, using the Collins model, the eutectic-type phase diagram and theperitectic-type phase diagram of the binary system are obtained, whose results are quite similar to the behavior of thethree-dimensional (3D) substances.

Effect of eutectic phase on damping and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-Ni hypoeutectic alloys

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to systematically investigate the low frequency damping properties of as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys. The results show that the as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys exhibit high damping capacities. The strain amplitude dependent damping curve has its own special characteristic, in which the damping is strongly related to the strain amplitude. The effect of the eutectic phase on damping and the mechanical properties of as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys were also discussed in detail.

Experimental Study and Thermodynamical Calculation on the Formation of Eutectic Phase of MnS-RE_2S_3 and(Mn,Ca)S-RE_2S_3 in Sulfur-Containing Free-Cutting Steel

The free-cutting phase in RE or Ca-RE treated sulfur-containing free-cutting steel is the eutectic phases of MnS-RE_2S_3 and (Mn,Ca)S-RE_2S_3,respectively.The atomic ratio of RE/S needed to modify all the MnS into the eutectic phase is higher than 1.48 or 1.41-1.37 Ca/S,when RE or Ca-RE is used as the modifiz- er in the sulfur-containing free-cutting steel.Moreover,the thermodynamical calculation shows that the eutectic temperature is lower than the solidifying temperature,which is the key condition for the eutectic phase to keep globual during solidifying.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METASTABLE EXTENSION OF SOLID SOLUBITY OF EUTECTIC SYSTEMS AND PHASE DIAGRAM

A criterion of the metastable extension of solid solubility was proposed.When the eutectic concentration arm ratio parameter of an alloy,J>10,the hypereutectic extension and the metastable solid solubility limit beyond eutectic concentration may be obtained.When J≤10, the hypoeutectic extension may be obtained.The extension parameter,C_(eq)~s/C_(cu),is directly proportional to the parameter J.Thus,it seems easy to predict the tendency of the solid solu- hility extension under rapid solidification on the basis of the eutectic phase diagram.

Preparation and Characterization of CA-MA Eutectic/Silicon Dioxide Nanoscale Composite Phase Change Material from Water Glass via Sol-Gel Method

This work mainly involved the preparation of a nano-scale form-stable phase change material（PCM） consisting of capric and myristic acid（CA-MA） binary eutectic acting as thermal absorbing material and nano silicon dioxide（nano-SiO_2） serving as the supporting material. Industrial water glass for preparation of the nano silicon dioxide matrix and CA-MA eutectic mixture were compounded by single-step sol-gel method with the silane coupling agent. The morphology, chemical characterization and form stability property of the composite PCM were investigated by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier-transform infrared（FT-IR） spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy（POM）. It was indicated that the average diameter of the composite PCM particle ranged from 30-100 nm. The CA-MA eutectic was immobilized in the network pores constructed by the Si-O bonds so that the composite PCM was allowed no liquid leakage above the melting temperature of the CA-MA eutectic. Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） measurement were conducted to investigate the thermal properties and stability of the composite PCM. From the measurement results, the mass fraction of the CA-MA eutectic in the composite PCM was about 40%. The phase change temperature and latent heat of the composite were determined to be 21.15 ℃ and 55.67 J/g, respectively. Meanwhile, thermal conductivity of the composite was measured to be 0.208 W·m^（-1）·K^（-1） by using the transient hot-wire method. The composite PCM was able to maintain the surrounding temperature close to its phase change temperature and behaved well in thermalregulated performance which was verified by the heat storage-release experiment. This kind of form-stable PCM was supposed to complete thermal insulation even temperature regulation by the dual effect of relatively low thermal conductivity and phase change thermal storage-release properties. So it can be formulated that the nanoscale CA-MA/SiO_2 composite PCM with the form-stable property, good thermal storage capacity and relatively low thermal conductivity can be applied for energy conservation as a kind of thermal functional material.

Phase selection in highly undercooled Fe-B eutectic alloy melts

The high undercooling technique by molten glass slag purification and cyclical superheating in Ar atmosphere was applied to bulk Fe-B alloy melts. A hypercooling was achieved which suppressed the formation of stable phase and consequently promoted the nucleation of metastable phase. Fe-17%B and Fe-20%B alloys were investigated, respectively. TEM and X-ray powder diffraction analyses verify the formation of metastable phase in the highly undercooled Fe-B alloy melts. Besides, the critical nucleation work of Fe2B and Fe3B phases was calculated to predict phase selection in the undercooled melts. The results show that the metastable phase formation is a function of the undercooling achieved prior to nucleation. And the amount of undercooling is an important factor in determining microstructural development by controlling phase selection in the undercooled melts.

Evolution of eutectic structures in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys during heat treatment

The evolution of the eutectic structures in the alloys with different copper contents during heat treatment was studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The as cast microstructures involve α(Al), eutectic(α(Al) + Mg(Al, Cu, Zn)2) and Al7Cu2Fe. The Al2CuMg particles form during heat treatment. The volume of coarse phases decreases quickly in the initial 12 h during heat treatment. The volume of coarse phases change a little at 400 and 420 ℃. Copper content has a great influence on the evolution of the eutectic. The coarse phases dissolve slowly in alloy with higher copper content.

Thermal Energy Storage Characteristics of Myristic and Stearic Acids Eutectic Mixture for Low Temperature Heating Applications

Stearic acid (67.83℃) and myristic acid (52.32℃) have high melting temperatures that can limit their use as phase change material (PCM) in low temperature solar heating applications such as solar space and greenhouse heating in regard to climatic requirements. However, their melting temperatures can be adjusted to a suitable value by preparing a eutectic mixture of the myristic acid (MA) and the stearic acid (SA). In the present study, the thermal analysis based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique shows that the mixture of myristic acid (MA) and stearic acid (SA) in the respective composition (by mass) of 64% and 36% forms a eutectic mixture having melting temperature of 44.13℃ and the latent heat of fusion of 182.4J·g-1. The thermal energy storage characteristics of the MA-SA eutectic mixture filled in the annulus of two concentric pipes were also experimentally established. The heat recovery rate and heat charging/discharging fractions were determined with respect to the change in the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Based on the results obtained by DSC analysis and by the heat charg- ing/discharging processes of the PCM, it can be concluded that the MA-SA eutectic mixture is a potential material for low temperature thermal energy storage applications in terms of its thermo-physical and thermal characteristics.

NONSTABLE GROWTH OF Al-Si EUTECTIC IN CONSTRAINED CONDITION

Nonstable growth of Al-Si eutectic in constrained condition has been investigated by means of change of the withdrawing rate in an unidirectional solidification system,In constant acceleration growth,a retarded effect of response of eutectic interflake spacing on the growth rate has been observed.The response mechanisms are cluster-branching and local termination extension of Si-phase.In constant deceleration growth,the cluster-branching and termina- tion mechanisms of silicon still control adjustment of the interflake spacing,but the spacing is determined by the initial growth rate and does not respond to the decreasing growth rate.

低共熔溶剂双水相萃取-UPLC法检测吸烟者尿液中杂环胺类化合物

为评估香烟烟气中杂环胺的暴露水平,建立了一种基于低共熔溶剂/无机盐双水相萃取-UPLC法测定吸烟者尿液中5种杂环胺(IQ,IQ[4,5-b],Harman,Norharman和Phe-P-1)的方法.制备了7种以氯化胆碱(ChCl)为氢键受体的低共熔溶剂,并对其进行了表征;系统考察了影响萃取效率的主要参数,并将该方法与其它方法进行了对比研究.结果表明,在最佳提取条件下,杂环胺(HAAs)的回收率为81.9%~106.2%,日内和日间精密度分别低于2.9%和3.2%,检出限和定量限分别为0.020~0.097 ng/g和0.19~0.39 ng/g.该方法具有操作简单、环境友好及单样品成本低等特点,为尿液中杂环胺的检测提供了一种新方法,在生物样品检测领域具有良好的开发与应用价值.

矩形翅片管糖醇相变储热器传热性能分析

对糖醇基矩形翅片管相变储热器传热性能进行数值模拟与实验研究,利用数值模型研究传热流体入口温度、流量以及储热器翅片间距、管间距等参数对充放热性能的影响。研究表明:从运行参数看,由于相变材料导热系数的影响,翅片强化区外流体入口温度与材料相变温度的温差对充放热速率呈正相关;在管内湍流条件下,管内流速在高于0.53 m/s时,不能显著提升储热器的充放热速率;从结构参数看,增加翅片可显著提升翅片区内充放热速率,翅片间距小于10 mm和管间距小于52.5 mm对充放热速率影响不明显。

热机械处理Al-Co-Fe-Ni共晶高熵合金组织性能研究

共晶高熵合金具有优异的强塑性匹配,同时还兼具传统共晶合金良好的铸造性能,对高熵合金的实际化应用有着重大的意义。而如何进一步提升共晶高熵合金的强塑性能,成为了高熵合金领域的研究热点。本文以Al-(21)Co_(19.5)Fe_(9.5)Ni_(50)共晶高熵合金为研究对象,探究了热机械处理对合金微观组织和拉伸力学性能的影响规律。并结合合金微观组织和相结构对合金应变硬化能力的影响,阐明了热机械处理条件下合金的变形机制及其对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明,经过热机械处理后合金由共晶层片组织转变为近完全等轴晶组织,且FCC相中析出L1_(2)相。热机械处理后合金在拉伸变形过程中,随着应变量的增加FCC相内位错密度增加,B2相发生应力诱发马氏体相变而形成具有相互交错孪晶结构的L1_(0)相,最终在FCC相与B2相双重强化机制下,表现出更高的屈服强度(551 MPa)和断裂伸长率(10.2%),加工硬化率曲线出现显著变化。

氮化硅陶瓷低温烧结助剂研究进展

氮化硅陶瓷性能优异,然而由于其共价键较强,自扩散系数小,烧结难度较大。目前高性能氮化硅陶瓷主要通过高温气压烧结法制备,烧结温度在1800℃以上,对设备要求较高,制备成本也较高,限制了氮化硅陶瓷的实际应用。低温烧结作为降低氮化硅生产成本的有效途径之一,受到了业界广泛关注。目前国内外关于氮化硅陶瓷低温烧结的研究主要集中在烧结助剂的选择方面,烧结助剂可以分为两类:使用与SiO_(2)共晶温度较低的烧结助剂和使用多组分烧结助剂。综述了这两类低温烧结助剂的研究进展,并提出了低温烧结助剂选择的合理方案。综合来看,要在低温下制得性能良好的氮化硅陶瓷,需选用与SiO_(2)具有低共晶点的烧结助剂,并配合使用多元组分调控氮化硅陶瓷的微观结构和性能。

锂离子电池绿色回收在物理化学教学中的应用

随着锂离子电池的日益普及,废旧锂离子电池的数量越来越多;锂离子电池绿色回收对固体废物治理和资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。物理化学是化学、化工相关专业的一门重要基础课程。物理化学中的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律、多组分热力学、相平衡、化学平衡、电解质溶液、可逆电池的电动势、电解池与极化、动力学、胶体界面等章节融入锂离子电池绿色回收对物理化学课程的建设、环境治理和绿色高质量发展提供科学依据和理论指导。

Superior Latent Heat Eutectic Salt Na_(2)CO_(3)-Li_(2)CO_(3)-LiF for Thermal Energy Storage:Preparation and Performance Investigation

In this paper,a novel ternary eutectic salt Na_(2)CO_(3)-Li_(2)CO_(3)-LiF was designed and investigated for concentrated solar power(CSP).The FactSage software was used to predict the composition and eutectic point of Na_(2)CO_(3)-Li_(2)CO_(3)-LiF.The microstructure,thermophysical properties,and thermal stability of eutectic salts were experimentally measured using various analytical methods.With a mass ratio of 57%:32%:11%,the eutectic salt exhibited excellent thermal storage properties with a fusion enthalpy of 413 J/g and a melting point of 426.8℃.The excellent thermal stability of the eutectic salt was reflected by a weight loss of only 0.8% at 600℃.

Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O-Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O/SiO_(2)复合定形相变材料的制备及应用

以Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O(SCD)、Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O(DHPD)为相变主体制备了共晶体系,通过绘制凝固点变化图与DSC测试共同确定在m(SCD)∶m(DHPD)=4∶6时形成共晶,FTIR和XRD结果显示,2种水合盐间没有发生化学反应,但其晶型结构发生改变。通过添加质量分数为2%的Na2SiO3·9H_(2)O作为成核剂降低体系的过冷度,且经历50次相变循环体系未出现相分离,相变焓值仅下降0.25%。进一步使用质量分数为25%的气相SiO_(2)作为支撑材料,采用浸渍法制备了相变前后形状稳定的共晶水合盐/SiO_(2)定形相变材料(SSPCM)。所得SSPCM的相变温度为24.08℃,相变焓值为146.6J/g,过冷度为0.55℃,热导率为0.4571W/(m·K)。同保温泡沫相比,其可将模拟房内部中心温度的升温时间延长了1.81倍,降温时间延长了0.39倍。

高温均匀化对GH4710镍基合金组织及性能的影响

对真空感应+真空自耗双联工艺冶炼的GH4710镍基合金铸锭进行两段式高温均匀化热处理,采用金相显微镜观察了热处理前后铸锭的微观组织和晶粒尺寸,利用扫描电镜、电子探针对热处理前后铸锭中合金元素的分布及含量进行测定,计算了铸锭不同部位各种元素的偏析指数。研究结果表明,采取(1 150±10)℃×30 h-(1 200±10)℃×50 h的二段式热处理工艺,有效消除了GH4710镍基合金铸锭组织中的共晶相,降低了铸锭成分偏析,显著提高锻造棒材的力学性能。在980℃,120 N/mm^(2)的试验条件下,持久性能达到了126、134 h,较铸锭未均匀化生产的53、74 h,提高了一倍左右,持久伸长率也提高了50%以上。

Effect of cerium on microstructure,eutectic carbides and Laves phase in electroslag remelted 15Cr-22Ni-1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel

The dendrites,eutectic carbides,Laves phase and microsegregation of alloying element in electroslag remelted 15Cr-22Ni-1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying cerium contents were studied.The liquidus and solidus temperatures of the steel were determined to reveal the effect of cerium on solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel.The secondary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 57.10 to 40.18μm with increasing the cerium content from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%.The eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots exhibit blocky and honeycomb morphology,respectively.The area fractions and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots decrease with the increase in cerium content.The atomic percentage of Laves phase-forming element(Ni,Nb,Cr,Mo and Si)decreases with the increase in cerium content of the steel.The microsegregation of Mo,Ni,Si,Cr and Nb decreases with increasing the cerium content,which is favorable to reducing both the amount and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots.The solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel decrease as the cerium content is increased from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%,which inhibits the growth of dendrites,eutectic NbC and Laves phase.