A review of environmental characteristics and effects of low-molecular weight organic acids in the surface ecosystem

Low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） are prevalent on the earth＇s surface. They are vital intermediate products during metabolic pathways of organic matter and participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle during life activities. Photochemical reactions are pivotal for LMWOAs＇ origination and play a large role in determining their diversity and their ultimate fate. Within the long time that organic matter is preserved in sediments, it can be decomposed and converted to release organic and inorganic pollutants as well as C, N, and P nutrients, which are of potential ecological risk in causing secondary pollution to lake water. The sediment pool is a comprehensive and complex compartment closely associated with overlying water by various biochemical processes, during which LMWOAs play critical roles to transport and transform elements. This article elucidates geochemical behaviors of LMWOAs in the surface environment in details, taking natural water, soil, and aerosol as examples, focusing on reviewing research developments on sources and characteristics, migration and mineralization of LMWOAs and relevant environmental effects. Simultaneously, this review article depicts the categories and contents of LMWOAs or their contribution to DOC in environmental media, and evaluates their importance during organic matter early diagenesis. Through concluding and discussing the conversion mechanisms and influencing factors, the next research orientations on LMWOAs in lake ecosystems are determined, mainly concerning relationships with hydrochemical parameters and microorganisms, and interactions with pollutants. This will enrich the knowledge on organic matter degradation and related environmental effects, and help reconstruct a theoretical framework for organic compound succession and influencing factors, providing basic data for lake eutrophication and ecological risk assessment, conducive to better control over water pollution and proper management of water quality.

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake,China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter （DOM） in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs （lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid） were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime （10：00-18：00 on Jun 13, 2008） than nighttime （21：00-6：00 the next morning）, in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion （ 1 m water depth）, reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs＇ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid （TOA） up until 18：00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion （〉1 m water depth）. Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials＇ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs＇ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.

Utilizing Water Treatment Residuals for Phosphorus Removal:Batch Trials,Column Trials and Effects of Three Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Phosphorus( P) has been recognized as a major limited nutrient responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters. Water treatment residuals( WTRs) are safe by-products of water treatment plants and are cost-efficient adsorbents. In this study, batch experiments and column experiments based on WTRs were employed to study the characteristics of P adsorption and the effects of lowmolecular-weight organic acids( LMWOAs)( citric acid, oxalic acid,and tartaric acid) on P adsorption. Different models of adsorption were used to describe equilibrium and kinetic data. The adsorption data were fitted well by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption process was determined to be controlled by three steps of diffusion mechanisms through the intra-particle model.The adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir,Freundlich,Redlich-Peterson,and Sips isotherm models. Batch and continuous flow experiments indicated that the LMWOAs exhibited inhibitory action,and as pH increased,the inhibitory action became weaker for all the three acids. The effect of LMWOAs concentration was not significant on inhibition. The effects of LMWOAs were closely related to reaction time.

Characteristics and distribution of low molecular weight organic acids in the sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, China

The composition and vertical profiles of low molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） and the contribution of them to dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China were investigated. The results showed that total concentration of LMWOAs was up to 94.5 μmol/L and their proportion in DOM was 5.6%, suggesting that LMWOAs were important chemical components in DOM in lake sediment porewaters. Among the seven LMWOAs, pyruvic and acetic acid had the highest concentrations with 26.30 and 8.31 μmol/L, accounting for 51.4% and 14.92% of LMWOAs, respectively. Trifluoroacetic and sorbic acid had the lowest concentrations, indicating that the compositions of LMWOAs in relative reducing environments were largely different from those reported in glacier, atmosphere and soils. The concentrations of lactic, acetic, formic, sorbic and oxalic acid decreased with increasing depth, probably relating to stronger microbial activities in the initial stage of early diagenesis. Trifluoroacetic acid was mainly anthropogenic with its concentration, showing a diusive trend from the surface to bottom sediments. The concentrations of lactic acid and nitrate generally showed a consistent profile. The increasing concentration of pyruvic acid in the vertical profile was just opposite to that of sulfate, revealing a significant negative relationship between them. Oxalic acid remained constant except for an obvious peak at 6 cm depth. The results indicated the diversities in sources and behaviors for various LMWOAs during early diagenesis in sediments.

Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Performance, Relative Organ Weight and Fatty Acid Composition of Thigh Meat in Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with marine microbe accumulating n-3 fatty acids on growth performance, relative organ weight and fatty acid composition of thigh meat in broilers. A total of 480 broilers were randomly allotted to three treat-ments with eight replications per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated as a control diet and the broilers were then provided with one of the following dietary treatments:(1) CON(basal diet);(2) N0.1(basal diet+0.10% marine microbe accumulating n-3 fatty acids);(3) N0.2(basal diet+0.20% marine microbe accumulating n-3 fatty acids). No significant differences were observed in the growth performance or the relative organ weight among treatments. However, the levels of saturated fatty acids(SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)were significantly lower(P<0.05) in groups that received the n-3 fatty acids treatments, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) were increased(P<0.05) significantly in these groups. Overall, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with marine microbe accumulating n-3 fatty acids can increase PUFA and decrease SFA and MUFA in thigh meat.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Organic Acids in Two Late-blooming Rhododendron Species

[Objectives]The spatial distribution characteristics of organic acids in two late-blooming Rhododendron species(Rhododendron decorum and Rhododendron stamineum)in Guizhou Baili Rhododendron National Forest Park were explored,in order to provide reference for exploring the plant-soil relationship of subtropical forest.[Methods]The fresh leaf,stem,root,litter,humus and soil samples of R.decorum and R.stamineum were collected.The contents of eight low molecular weight organic acids including oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,citric acid,acetic acid,lactic acid,succinic acid and formic acid were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]Oxalic acid is the main organic acid in the two species of Rhododendron.Among different samples,the content of organic acids was in the following order:root>fresh leaf>humus>litter>stem>soil.[Conclusions]The content of organic acids in the root was significantly higher than that in other parts.The types of organic acids in stems were the least.

Temporal and spatial variations of low-molecular-weight organic acids in Dianchi Lake, China

Low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） in eutrophic lake water of Dianchi, Southwestern China Plateau were investigated diurnally and vertically using ion chromatography. Two profiles （P1 and P2） were studied due to the difference of hydrochemical features. Lactic, formic, pyruvic and oxalic acid were detected as major components at P1 and P2 which were on average 7.98 and 6.53 ~tmol/L, respectively, corresponding to their proportions of 2.68% and 2.48% relative to DOC. Pyruvic acid was regarded as the uppermost species at P1 and P2, reaching up to 3.82 and 3.35 μmol/L and accounting for 47.9% and 51.3%, respectively, in individual TOA. Although humus were of biogenetic production at both sites, the significant negative correlation between diurnal variations of TOAs, fluorescence intensity （FI） of protein-like components and humic-like components at P1 indicated LMWOAs were greatly originated from bacterioplankton excretion and degradation. However, correlations between diurnal variations of humic-like FI and physicochemical parameters demonstrated algal origination of LMWOAs at P2. Although content of humus was high, TOA at P2 was 1.45 ~tmol/L lower than that at P1, due to the co-influence of more intense photo-oxidation and aggregation at P2. Therefore, TOAs exhibited quite opposite diurnal variation trends of increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing at P1 and P2, respectively. Except for impact of solar radiation, bacterial decomposition and assimilation rendered shifts of maximal LMWOAs along water column at P1. Covering with massive algae, UV rays penetrated shallower depth that LMWOAs assembled in surface layer water before 18：00 at P2 and represented decreasing profiles.

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids （including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate） in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823pmol＇g-1, with an average of 0.912p.mol.gL The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.2124-0.089, 0.3024-0.228, 0.301-4-0.214, 0.014zk0.018 and 0.086＋0.118 pmol.g-% respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchange- able Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively corre- lated with inorganic anions （chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates） in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concen- trations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.

Effects of low molecular weight organic acids on aggregation behavior of biochar colloids at acid and neutral conditions

Low molecular weight organic acids(LMWOAs),as active components in the rhizosphere carbon cycling,may influence the environmental behaviors of biochar colloids.This study selected the pine-wood and wheat-straw biochars(PB and WB)as two typical biochars.The effects of typical LMWOAs(oxalic acid,citric acid,and malic acid)on aggregation kinetics of PB and WB colloids were investigated under pH 4 and 6 conditions.Critical coagulation concentrations(CCCs)of both PB and WB colloids were decreased with the LMWOAs regardless of the types of biochar and the solution pH,and the most significant effect occurred in pH 4 due to more LMWOAs sorption on the biochar colloids.The different types of LMWOAs caused various CCCs changes.For example,the CCC values of PB colloids decreased from 75 mM to 56,52,and 47 mM in the pH 4 NaCl solutions when 1 mM oxalic acid,citric acid,and malic acid were present in the suspensions,respectively.The chemical structure(functional groups)and molecular weight of LMWOAs,solution pH,and the electrophoretic mobility(EPM)of biochar co-influence the interactions between biochar colloids and LMWOAs,thus affecting the stability of biochar colloids in the presence of LMWOAs.The presence of LMWOAs accelerated the aggregation of colloidal biochar by increasing the interaction of surface bridging bonds(hydrogen bonding)and decreasing the repulsive force between colloidal biochar particles.This study showed that LMWOAs could accelerate the aggregation of biochar colloids in acidic or neutral environments and reduce the mobility of biochar colloids in soil rhizosphere.

Effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) against Bacterial Infection in Chickens

In order to investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid （ATRA） against bacterial infection in chickens, 35 3-day-old AA broiler chickens were fed adaptively for two days and randomly divided into five groups, including Escherichia coli experimental group （ group 1 ）, Escherichia coli control group （group 2）, blank control group （ group 3 ）, PasteureUa experimental group （ group 4）, and PasteureUa control group （ group 5 ）. At 5 days of age, the chickens in group 1 and group 4 were drenched with 5 p.mol/kg ATRA for seven consecutive days according to their weight; the chickens in group 2, group 3 and group 5 were drenched with an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxlde （DMSO）. The clinical symptoms and weight changes in each group were observed and recorded. Seven days later, the chickens were euthanized and dissected to determine the immune organ indexes. The results showed that there were significant differences in body weight between ATRA-administrated chickens and non-administrated chickens after bacterial infection （P 〈 0.05 ） ; moreover, the immune organ indexes of ATRA-administrated chickens exhibited significant differences compared with control group （P 〈 0.05 ）, indicating that ATRA could promote the development of immune organs of poultry, thereby enhancing the body immunity against bacterial infection.

低分子量有机酸对亚热带地区典型土壤磷吸附的影响

为探索低分子量有机酸对亚热带地区典型土壤磷吸附的影响,采用批处理法研究了柠檬酸和草酸对旱地土、水稻土磷素吸附特征的作用,重点探讨了不同浓度有机酸和柠檬酸钠、有机酸加入顺序等对土壤磷吸附的影响。结果表明:柠檬酸和草酸显著降低了土壤磷吸附动力学的颗粒内扩散模型拟合度,减弱了磷素在土壤颗粒内部扩散过程。Langmuir和Freundlich方程对有机酸存在下土壤磷吸附等温数据均有较好的拟合效果(R2=0.863~0.996)。有机酸降低了土壤磷素最大理论吸附量。土壤磷吸附量与有机酸浓度呈指数函数关系,0.1~5 mmol/L有机酸对土壤磷吸附的影响最大。有机酸浓度小于1 mmol/L时,柠檬酸对土壤磷素吸附的抑制程度大于草酸;而当浓度大于5 mmol/L时,草酸的抑制程度更大。在相同浓度时,0.1~5 mmol/L的柠檬酸钠比柠檬酸对土壤磷吸附能力抑制程度更大,先加入有机酸进一步降低了土壤对磷素吸附量,说明阴离子竞争吸附是低浓度柠檬酸降低土壤磷吸附能力的主要原因,而柠檬酸浓度为5~50 mmol/L时,有机酸与土壤铁铝等金属离子的络合作用占主导。

多次低剂量应用草酸促进芹菜减磷生产

针对蔬菜作物生长期一次性低剂量应用草酸土壤磷素活化作用时效短和一次性高剂量应用草酸风险较大的缺点,选用多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸的方法,以期持续、安全地活化设施菜地土壤盈余磷素,推动设施蔬菜减磷生产。选用速效磷含量分别为88.6和46.1mg·kg^(−1)的两个设施菜地土壤(分别简称土壤A和土壤B)开展室内浅层土壤(深度为1 cm)培养试验、无植物和种植芹菜的盆栽土壤(深度17 cm)温室试验,探究多次低剂量应用草酸活化土壤磷素及促进芹菜生产效果。土壤培养试验揭示多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸(每次草酸应用0.36 g·kg^(−1),共5次,每次间隔10 d)均可以持续、平稳地提高土壤A和土壤B的水溶性无机磷(DIP)的含量。无植物的盆栽土壤试验则显示在土壤A中多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸的土壤磷素活化作用集中在0~10 cm土层,特别是0~5 cm土层。盆栽芹菜试验多次应用草酸(芹菜定植30 d应用草酸4次,每次0、0.18或者0.36 g·kg^(−1),每次间隔10 d)的结果显示,土壤A和土壤B施磷分别减量70%和54%的前提下,两个草酸应用剂量均提高芹菜收获时两个土壤0~5 cm土层的DIP含量,在土壤A中增幅显著(分别为92.0%和165%),在土壤B中仅较高草酸剂量下显著增加64.5%;较高草酸剂量的芹菜增产效果不明显,较低草酸剂量的增产效果显著(20.0%~33.6%,P<0.05),在土壤B中更为明显。多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸在其它土壤-蔬菜系统中的效果及风险有待研究。

胚蛋注射乳酸菌对雏鸡孵化性能和肠道黏膜结构的影响

试验旨在探讨胚蛋注射乳酸菌对蛋雏鸡孵化性能和肠道黏膜结构的影响。将150个SPF种蛋孵化至18胚龄时随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复25个种蛋。对照组羊膜腔接种0.2 mL灭菌生理盐水,鸡胚乳酸菌注射组羊膜腔接种0.2 mL含1.21×10^(8) CFU/mL活菌数的唾液乳杆菌XP132。孵化到21 d出壳,饲养期35 d。结果显示:胚蛋注射乳酸菌显著增加了蛋雏鸡体重(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,鸡胚乳酸菌注射组7日龄和28日龄的胸腺指数、14日龄脾脏指数和法氏囊指数、21日龄的胸腺指数和法氏囊指数均显著提高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,鸡胚乳酸菌注射组雏鸡十二指肠绒毛高度(VH)显著提高(P<0.05),绒隐比(V/C)极显著升高(P<0.01);7日龄十二指肠隐窝深度(CD)极显著降低(P<0.01),21、35日龄十二指肠CD显著降低(P<0.05);7、21日龄空肠VH、V/C显著升高(P<0.05),CD显著降低(P<0.05);21日龄回肠VH显著升高(P<0.05),V/C极显著升高(P<0.01);35日龄回肠VH显著升高(P<0.05)。因饲养过程中未用抗生素,导致对照组部分雏鸡出现轻微细菌感染,电镜观察可见雏鸡十二指肠上皮细胞微绒毛、线粒体结构等细胞器出现了一定的损伤,而应用乳酸菌后7、21、35日龄雏鸡未出现细菌感染,上皮细胞微绒毛、线粒体结构和紧密连接蛋白等结构的损伤情况均得到改善。研究发现,胚蛋注射乳酸菌可增加SPF蛋鸡体重,并对其肠道黏膜结构具有一定的改善作用。

低分子量有机酸浸提对紫色土金属阳离子释放和化学蚀变的影响

[目的]通过探究植物根系分泌物中的低分子量有机酸对紫色土壤金属阳离子释放的具体影响机制,解析植物根系在矿物风化和土壤形成中的作用。[方法]采用有机酸浸提试验,研究不同低分子量有机酸下紫色土结构崩解特征及风化过程中离子的释放规律,定量分析释放速率与时间的相互关系,并探讨不同有机酸对化学蚀变指数(CIA)的影响。[结果]有机酸处理能显著提高紫色土风化产物的CIA值,增幅为7.25%~15.42%,在相同浓度下,柠檬酸较草酸更能加速风化过程;电镜(SEM)扫描结果显示有机酸促进紫色土的结构破坏,Matlab软件分析进一步表明有机酸浸提处理促进土壤矿物表面孔隙的发育,降低土壤颗粒的均匀程度;不同浓度的低分子量有机酸(LMWOAs)浸提处理时土壤金属阳离子释放速率不同,且随着浸提时间的持续,释放速率逐渐降低。金属离子的释放速率随有机酸浓度的增加而增加,且离子释放总量整体呈现Fe^(3+)>Mg^(2+)>Mn^(2+)>K^(+)>Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)的规律,通过多元非线性回归建立溶液酸度变化条件下的金属阳离子释放速率的定量分析模型发现,金属阳离子的释放速率与时间之间存在显著的指数函数关系。[结论]低分子量有机酸浸提促进紫色土金属阳离子释放和风化,且柠檬酸较草酸显著。

不同有机酸对石灰性土壤磷的活化效应及机理

【目的】添加低分子量有机酸是活化土壤难溶性磷有效途径。比较研究几种低分子量有机酸及其组合对土壤磷的活化性能,为土壤磷的高效利用提供依据。【方法】低磷和高磷石灰性土壤选自新疆石河子,设置5个低分子有机酸添加处理:草酸、柠檬酸、黄腐酸、柠檬酸+草酸、草酸+柠檬酸+黄腐酸处理,和一个0.01mmol/L KCl对照。采用吸附平衡实验法测定土壤磷的吸附量;采用土壤吸附动力学实验法测定土壤磷的解吸动力学。采用常规和灭菌土壤培养方法,通过连续浸提法研究低分子有机酸及其组合对磷组分动态转化的影响和pH对磷的活化效应。【结果】Langmuir与Elovich模型均可较好地拟合土壤对磷的吸附热力学(R^(2)=0.852~0.994)与吸附动力学过程(R^(2)=0.882~0.975)。低磷土壤的最大吸附量(Q_(max))、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、吸附力常数(K_L)和吸附速率(b)均高于高磷土壤,表明低磷土壤对磷的吸附更强。低分子量有机酸添加均降低了Q_(max)、MBC和b。草酸对Q_(max)和MBC的降幅最大,低磷土壤降幅分别为28.5%和74.9%,高磷土壤分别为14.7%和73.3%。柠檬酸对低磷土壤的b值降幅最大(80.9%),草酸对高磷土壤的b值降幅最大(22.0%)。与CK相比,草酸添加显著提高了Olsen-P含量,草酸+柠檬酸效果次之,黄腐酸对磷的活化效果最差。不灭菌培养条件下,草酸和草酸+柠檬酸处理低磷土壤的Olsen-P含量分别增加了42.6%和18.5%,高磷土壤分别增加了27.3%和1.01%;草酸和草酸+柠檬酸处理的活性磷组分Resin-P在低磷土壤中分别增加了80.9%和77.4%,在高磷土壤中分别增加了79.5%和72.8%;非活性磷组分Di HCl-P在低磷土壤中分别降低了8.87%和5.89%,在高磷土壤中分别降低了8.83%和5.54%;Con HCl-P在低磷土壤中分别降低了25.1%和12.9%,在高磷土壤中分别降低了16.9%和5.30%。柠檬酸处理的Resin-P在低磷和高磷土壤中分别增加了70.2%和79.5%,而NaOH-P则分别降低了14.8%、26.3%,说明草酸、草酸+柠檬酸促进了非活性磷向活性磷组分的转化,柠檬酸则促进了中活性磷向活性磷组分的转化。土壤灭菌培养各处理磷组分含量与不灭菌培养无显著差异,说明微生物对有机酸活化土壤磷的效应无显著影响。不论是否灭菌,土壤Olsen-P含量的增加与pH降低呈负相关,因此致酸效应不是小分子有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的主要机制。【结论】小分子有机酸通过与磷竞争吸附位点或进行螯合反应活化土壤磷,而不是通过致酸效应或激发磷活化相关的微生物。3种小分子有机酸相比,草酸活化磷的效果最大,其次是柠檬酸、黄腐酸,单一有机酸的活化效果大于有机酸组合。

有机物质对土壤镉有效性的影响研究综述

土壤中的低分子有机酸和腐殖酸对镉的有效性有重要作用。根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能提高土壤镉的可提取率、移动性和生物有效性 ,但是更大分子量的有机酸 EDTA却抑制植物对镉的吸收。腐殖酸促进土壤镉的溶解性 ;因腐殖酸组分和环境条件 ,腐殖酸能够促进也能抑制土壤镉活性 ,因此有必要深入研究影响腐殖酸固定镉的因素 ,以达到利用有机质抑制土壤镉活性的目的。

低分子有机酸淋溶对土壤中重金属Pb Cd Cu和Zn的影响

采用原状土柱进行模拟淋溶试验,比较研究了3种低分子有机酸条件对土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的影响,以及HPO24-对低分子有机酸淋溶土壤中重金属的影响。结果表明,3种低分子有机酸淋溶液对供试土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn都具有解吸作用。相同低分子有机酸浓度淋溶条件下,在对Pb和Cd的淋溶中,各低分子有机酸能力大小顺序为柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸;Cu的解吸顺序为柠檬酸>草酸>酒石酸;Zn的解吸顺序为酒石酸>柠檬酸>草酸。低分子有机酸浓度的增加有利于对土壤中重金属的解吸。重金属形态分析结果表明,土壤中重金属的解吸部分主要来自水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态3种形态,淋溶过程与重金属的形态分布情况有关。HPO24-的加入对解吸过程产生抑制作用。

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸和苹果酸)对土壤磷活化的影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分(H_2O-P和NaHCO_3-P_i)的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分(NaHCO_3-P_o和NaOH-P_o)的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为NaOH-P_i>HCl-P>NaHCO_3-P_i>H_2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷>钙结合态磷>作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。

低分子量有机酸对红壤无机磷活化的作用

采用室内模拟试验研究了低分子量有机酸,如草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸在红壤无机磷活化中的作用。结果表明,相同浓度下,有机酸活化土壤磷的能力为柠檬酸>酒石酸>苹果酸。低浓度(<0.5mmolL-1)时,草酸活化能力最小;高浓度(≥5mmolL-1)时,其活化能力最大。对同一种有机酸而言,土壤各无机磷形态活化量均随pH的升高而降低;且在同一酸度下,其活化量以铝磷(Al-P)为最多,铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)次之,闭蓄态磷(O-P)则最少。有机酸活化土壤无机磷酸盐应该是质子酸效应和有机酸阴离子络合效应共同作用的结果,且与磷酸盐的溶度积常数密切相关。研究结果对根系土壤无机磷素循环研究有着重要的意义。