The Study on Bamboo Microfibers Isolated by Steam Explosion and Their Comprehensive Properties

To overcome the shortage of wood resources as well as to develop novel natural fibers materials,the Chimonobambusa quadrangularis(CQ)and Qiongzhuea tumidinoda(QT)planted in Southwest China were effectively isolated by the steam explosion(SE).The fine and uniform bamboo microfibers derived from CQ and QT were obtained,and their smallest average widths were 12.62μm and 16.05μm,respectively.The effects of steam explosion on the micro-morphology,chemical composition,thermal stability,crystallinity,surface wettability,and mechanical properties of bamboo microfibers were comprehensively investigated.The results showed that the relative content of cellulose in bamboo microfibers increased but the hemicellulose and lignin contents decreased after SE.The degrees of crystallinity for CQ and QT increased from 40.49%and 39.46%to 68.90%and 55.78%,respectively.The thermal stability and surface hydrophilicity were also improved.The CQ microfibers had a maximum decomposition temperature of 2.79°C,a tensile strength of 58.54 MPa,an elongation at break of 0.6%,and a water contact angle of 2.7°higher than those of the QT microfibers.

Effects of Rice Straw Steam-explosion Spent Liquor on the Growth of Cabbage Seedlings

The direct use of spent liquor from pulping and papermaking engineering,which is abundant in active organic matter,can avoid resource wastage and environmental pollution.In this study,the effects of soaking solution and filtrate from steam-exploded rice straw on seed germination and the early development of cabbage were investigated.The results have shown that soaking solution and filtrate stimulated early cabbage growth at low concentrations.Optimal germination potential and the rate of soaking solution-treated cabbage seeds increased by 8%and 5%,respectively;meanwhile,that of the filtrate-treated cabbage seeds increased by 11%and 5%,respectively.Promotion of root growth by steam-exploded rice straw spent liquor was expressed in lateral root multiplication.The fresh weight of cabbage seedlings treated with the soaking solution/filtrate increased by more than 50%and the dry weight over 20%.Comparatively,the stimulation of filtrate on seed germination and early development of cabbage is superior to that of the soaking solution.Steam-exploded rice straw spent liquor is rich in bioactive lignin and oligosaccharides,which makes it a promising biostimulant for promoting crop growth.

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws (wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210℃, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500℃ for 2 h. Steam explosion (SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity (AEC) (6.88–11.44 cmol kg–1) and point of zero net charges (PZNC) (pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.

Optimization of Steam Explosion Process Condition for Extracting Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla by Response Surface Methodology

【Objective】To optimize the steam explosion process condition for extracting polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla.【Method】The effects of steam pressure,pressure-maintaining time and material moisture content on the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla were studied by response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design.【Result】The findings showed that each factor could significantly affect the test index,and the optimum condition was as follows:steam pressure 1.50 Mpa,pressuremaintaining time 46 s and material moisture content 46%.Under this condition,the verified experimental value of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla was 39.32%,indicating a relative standard deviation of 2.73%from the predictive value.Meanwhile,scanning electron microcopy(SEM)images showed that the surface physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was irregularly broken and cracked,which means the physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was changed and destroyed at the cellular level.【Conclusion】This experiment provides a new approach for the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla,as well as a reference for the resource utilization of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.

Pretreatment of Corn Stalk by Steam Explosion

A steam explosion pretreatment, which is one of the best ways of pretreating plant stalk, is applied at various severities to corn stalk. It could effectively modify the super-molecular structure of corn stalk and defibrating corn stalk into individual components. The relationship between yield of reducing sugar and the operating conditions, including temperature, pressure of steam explosion pretreatment and acidity, is also established. Experimental results prove that the steam explosion substantially increases the yield of reducing sugar, and the optimal condition for steam explosion is as follows: the pressure is 2.0 MPa, the pressure-retaining time 300 s, the initial acid concentration 1% and the acid treatment time 24 h.

Effect of Steam Explosion Technology Main Parameters on Moso Bamboo and Poplar Fiber

One of the large-scale industrial applications of Moso bamboo and poplar in China is the production of standardized fiberboard.When making fiberboard,a steam blasting pretreatment without the addition of traditional adhesives has become increasingly popular because of its environmental friendliness and wide applicability.In this study,the steam explosion pretreatment of Moso bamboo and poplar was conducted.The steam explosion pressure and holding time were varied to determine the influence of these factors on fiber quality by investigating the morphology of the fiber,the mass ratio of the unexploded specimen at the end face,the chemical composition,and the tensile strength.The following conclusions were drawn:As the steam burst pressure and holding time increased,more cellulose and hemicellulose degradation occurred(the degradation of hemicellulose was greater than that of cellulose),the lignin content rose,and the fiber bundle strength decreased.The degradation of bamboo cellulose was slightly higher than that of poplar,and the degradation of poplar hemicellulose was significantly faster than that of bamboo.Furthermore,increasing the steam explosion pressure and pressure holding time could not effectively increase the lignin content.It is recommended to use a steam blasting pressure of 2.5 MPa or 3.0 MPa and a holding time of 180 s to perform steam blasting on bamboo and poplar specimens.

Numerical analysis of pressure load in a PWR cavity in an ex-vessel steam explosion

Ex-vessel steam explosion may happen as a result of melting core falling into the reactor cavity after failure of the reactor vessel and interaction with the coolant in the cavity pool. It can cause the formation of shock waves and production of missiles that may endanger surrounding structures. Ex-vessel steam explosion energetics is affected strongly by three dimensional(3D) structure geometry and initial conditions. Ex-vessel steam explosions in a typical pressurized water reactor cavity are analyzed with the code MC3 D, which is developed for simulating fuel-coolant interactions. The reactor cavity with a venting tunnel is modeled based on 3D cylindrical coordinate. A study was performed with parameters of the location of molten drop release, break size,melting temperature, cavity water subcooling, triggering time and explosion position, so as to establish parameters' influence on the fuel-coolant interaction behavior, to determine the most challenging cases and to estimate the expected pressure loadings on the cavity walls. The most dangerous case shows the pressure loading is above the capacity of a typical reactor cavity wall.

Evaluation and Improvement of Antioxidant Activity of Water-soluble Lignin Products from Steam Explosion Processing of Corn Stalk

In this study,corn stalk was pretreated by steam explosion under various processing conditions,and the antioxidant activity of hydrolysates in the post-process washing liquor was analyzed using the 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH•)scavenging method.The yield and composition of the hydrolysates obtained under different treatment conditions were also determined;the results indicated that the steam explosion extent had a significant effect on both properties.Under optimized conditions(1.5 MPa,20 min),the obtained hydrolysate had the highest phenolic compound yield(18.6 mg/g untreated corn stalk)and the highest radical scavenging capacity(IC_(50)=0.24 mg/mL).To confirm the positive effect of phenolic compounds on the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate,one-step ethanol fractionation was carried out.Due to the enrichment of phenolic compounds,the ethanolsoluble fraction(ESF)exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity with an IC_(50) value of 0.06 mg/mL,which was close to that of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT,IC_(50)=0.056 mg/mL).Consequently,this work indicated that phenolic compounds have a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of hydrolysate from steam-exploded corn stalk and that simple one-step ethanol fractionation is an effective way to enrich the phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate and improve the antioxidant activity.

Status of the OECD-SERENA Project for the Resolution of Ex-vessel Steam Explosion Risks

OECD/NEA （Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency） launched the SERENA （steam explosion resolution for nuclear application） project to resolve internationally the ex-vessel steam explosion issue, which is one of major unresolved issues after a TMI-2 （three mile island-2） accident. One of main conclusions of OECD/NEA SERENA Phase 1, which was completed in 2005, was that some damage to the cavity is to be expected for an ex-vessel explosion. One major uncertainty that does not allow for a convergence toward consistent predictions was that there are no data on the component distribution in a pre-mixture at the time of an explosion, especially the level of the void. The other major uncertainty is the explosion behavior of corium melts. Therefore, SERENA Phase 2 was launched on October 1, 2007 to resolve the uncertainties of the coolant void and material effect by performing a limited number of well-designed tests with advanced instrumentation reflecting a large spectrum of ex-vessel melt compositions and conditions, and the required analytical work to bring the code capabilities to a sufficient level for use in reactor case analyses. The recent status of the OECD-SERENA Phase 2 project for the resolution of ex-vessel steam explosion risks will be described.

Lignocellulosic Micro and Nanofibrillated Cellulose Produced by Steam Explosion for Wood Adhesive Formulations

The reinforcing impact of Lignocellulosic micro and nanofibrillated cellulose(L-MNFCs)obtained from Eucalyp-tus Globulus bark in Urea-Formaldehyde UF adhesive was tested.L-MNFCs were prepared by an environmentally friendly,low-cost process using a combination process involving steam explosion followed by refining and ultra-fine grinding.Obtained L-MNFCs showed a web-like morphology with some aggregates and lignin nanodroplets.They present a mixture of residual fibers and fine elements with a width varying between 5 nm to 20μm,respec-tively.The effects of the addition of low amounts of L-MNFCs(1%wt.)on the properties of three different adhe-sives(Urea-Formaldehyde UF,Phenol-Formaldehyde PF,and Tannin-Hexamine TH)were studied by the evolution of the pH,the viscosity,and the mechanical properties.Results showed that the viscosity of PF and UF adhesives increased with the addition of L-MNFCs,unlike TH.Meanwhile,the addition led to better mechan-ical behavior for the three adhesives.Particleboards were then prepared using modified UF with L-MNFCs and tested.Results showed that an amount of 1%wt.of L-MNFCs was sufficient to increase the internal bonding by≈67%,the modulus of elasticity by≈43%,and the modulus of rupture by≈29%.

Corncobs as Substrate for Oleaginous Yeast-Pretreatment via Steam Explosion and Hydrolysis

Corn cobs are a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of biofuels like bioethanol via conventional yeast or biodiesel via oleaginous yeast. Pretreatment of the substrate is essential for further hydrolysis and fermentation steps. This study focused on the steam explosion method as pretreatment. Therefore, different steam explosion severities were evaluated. The content of glucan, xylan and Klason lignin was examined. Xylan degraded with increasing severity from 412.7 g·kg-1 （untreated） to a minimum of 127.3 g-kg1 dry matter （190 ℃/30 min）. Glucan concentrations increased from 315.1 g·kg1 （untreated） to a maximum of 371.6 g·kg-1 dry matter （200 ℃/20 min）. For soluble lignin, an increase could be observed at rising severity, from 145.3 g·kg-l （untreated） to a maximum of 214.9 g·kg-1 dry matter （190 ℃/30 min）. Furthermore, the mass recovery was calculated. At harsher pretreatment conditions, a significant mass loss was observed, estimated by the ash content in the recovered dry matter. The lowest recovery rate was observed for SF = 4.13 （190 ℃/30 min） with 68.39%. The produced inhibitors were evaluated.

Modelling the Suitability of Pine Sawdust for Energy Production via Biomass Steam Explosion

Biomass material as a source of fuel is difficult to handle, transport, store, and utilize in its original form. To overcome these challenges and make it suitable for energy prodution, the material must be pre-treated. Biomass steam explosion is one of the promising pretreatment methods where moisture and hemicellulose are removed in order to improve biomass storage and fuel properties. This paper is aimed to model the suitability of pine saw dust for energy production through steam explosion process. The peak property method was used to determine the kinetic parameters. The model has shown that suitable operating conditions for steam explosion process to remove moisture and hemicellulose from pine sawdust. The temperature and pressure ranges attained in the current study are 260 -317 ℃ (533 -590 K), 4.7 -10.8 MPa, respectively.

Use of Waste Vegetable Biomasses Treated by Steam Explosion for the Horticultural Crop Protection

The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses （WVBs） treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs （Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving） and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses （10, 20 and 30% of potting mix） on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus： tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances （furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates） produced during the processing of fresh biomass.

Investigation on energy output structure of explosives near-ground explosion

In order to give the energy output structure of typical explosives near-ground explosion in real ground conditions,the free-field shockwave,ground reflection shockwave and Mach wave overpressure time history of composition B explosive,RDX explosive and aluminized explosive were measured by air pressure sensors and ground pressure sensors.The shape of the free-field shock wave,ground reflection shock wave,and Mach wave and explosion flame were captured by high-speed camera.The experimental results show that,at the same horizontal distance from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of explosive shock wave of composition B explosive,both in the air and on the ground,is less than that of RDX and aluminized explosives.At a distance of 3.0 m from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is slightly less than that of RDX explosives.Owing to the exothermic effect of aluminum powder,the pressure drop of aluminized explosives is slower than that of RDX explosives.At 5.0 m from the initiation point,the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is larger than that of RDX explosives.At the same position from the initiation point,among the three kinds of explosives,the impulse of aluminized explosives is the maximum and the impulse of composition B explosives is the minimum.With the increase of the horizontal distance from the initiation point,the height of Mach triple-points(Mach steam)of the three explosives increases gradually.At the same horizontal distance from the initiation point,there is poorly difference in the height of Mach triple-points between aluminized explosive and RDX explosive,and the height of Mach triple-points of composition B explosive is much smaller than that of other two explosives.The maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by aluminized explosives are the largest,followed by composition B explosive,and the maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by RDX explosive are the smallest.

基于电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS分析蒸汽爆破对杜仲嫩叶和成熟叶茶香气特征的影响

为探究蒸汽爆破(汽爆)辅助加工制成杜仲叶茶的挥发性成分差异和主要呈香特征,以杜仲‘华仲8号’嫩叶和成熟叶为对象,采用汽爆技术对杜仲叶进行处理,基于电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用法解析汽爆对两种杜仲茶香气特征的影响。主成分分析和线性判别分析对电子鼻数据模型拟合度高,杜仲嫩叶和成熟叶茶汽爆前后香气特征均存在显著差异。HS-SPME-GC-MS检测共鉴定出177种挥发性成分,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(变量重要性投影值≥1)以及Kruskal-WallisH检验(P<0.05)进一步筛选出24种香气物质,发现汽爆前嫩叶茶关键香气物质为二氢猕猴桃内酯。汽爆后嫩叶茶关键呈香物质在此基础上增加了壬醛、苯甲醛和苯乙醛,呈现柑橘香、花香、焦糖香、苦杏仁味、坚果香、玫瑰香和巧克力香。汽爆前成熟叶茶无关键香气物质,汽爆后成熟叶茶关键香气物质为二氢猕猴桃内酯和壬醛,呈现甜桃香、木香、柑橘香、花香和焦糖香。研究结果可为开发杜仲叶茶饮品提供参考依据。

蒸汽爆破和蒸汽爆破+发酵处理对甘蔗渣营养成分、体外瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷产量的影响

本试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破和蒸汽爆破+发酵处理对甘蔗渣营养成分、体外瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷(CH_(4))产量的影响。将甘蔗渣分别进行蒸汽爆破和蒸汽爆破+发酵处理,设置对照组(CK组,未处理的甘蔗渣)、蒸汽爆破组(SE组,蒸汽爆破处理的甘蔗渣)、蒸汽爆破+发酵组(SE+F组,蒸汽爆破+发酵处理的甘蔗渣),每组3个重复。3组甘蔗渣分别进行常规营养成分和碳水化合物组分的测定分析,并选用湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体动物进行体外瘤胃发酵试验(72 h)。结果表明:与CK组相比,SE组甘蔗渣的中性洗涤可溶物、可溶性碳水化合物和总糖含量显著提高(P<0.05);体外瘤胃发酵干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降解率、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸显著提高(P<0.05),8~72 h产气量和CH_(4)产量明显提高。与SE组相比,SE+F组甘蔗渣的粗蛋白质、真蛋白质和中性洗涤可溶物含量显著提高(P<0.05),半纤维素、NDF和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05);体外瘤胃发酵总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸显著降低(P<0.05),8~72 h产气量和CH_(4)产量明显降低,氨态氮含量显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,蒸汽爆破处理能够提高甘蔗渣可溶性碳水化合物含量,生成更多单糖,促进甘蔗渣在体外瘤胃发酵过程中的降解,增加总挥发性脂肪酸浓度;蒸汽爆破后再对甘蔗渣进行微生物发酵,可促进瘤胃微生物蛋白合成,减少CH_(4)产量。

蒸汽爆破对猪皮冻凝胶体系及其品质的影响

该研究通过蒸汽爆破技术制作猪皮冻,考察了猪皮凝胶液的流变学特征和稳定性,并研究了猪皮冻的质构和感官特性。结果表明,与传统制作皮冻相比,蒸汽爆破极大缩短了制作时间,猪皮凝胶液表现出典型的剪切稀化行为,黏性有明显提升,其中汽爆压力1.8 MPa下得到的猪皮凝胶液具有最好的稳定性,制得的猪皮冻凝胶强度和质地适宜,感官评价最优。研究结果为皮冻的快速制作和品质提升提供了一种新途径。

汽爆预处理对油莎豆组分、微观结构及油脂提取率的影响

旨在提高油莎豆油的提取率,对油莎豆进行不同时间的汽爆预处理,探究汽爆预处理对油莎豆的化学组分、微观结构以及油脂提取率的影响。结果显示:汽爆预处理使油莎豆的脂溶物和水溶物含量增加,纤维素、半纤维素和果胶含量减少,木质素含量增加;汽爆预处理使油莎豆细胞壁主要化学键发生断裂或修饰;汽爆(30min)后油莎豆形状发生明显变化,细胞间裂缝变大,细胞结构破损,排列杂乱;汽爆后油莎豆的油脂提取率增至18.41%,比汽爆前(14.58%)提高26.27%。综上,汽爆破壁促进油莎豆油提取的方法是可行的。

蒸汽爆破在农产品副产物高值化利用中的应用

我国农产品加工产业发展迅猛,产生的大量加工副产物未被有效利用,造成极大的环境污染和资源浪费。蒸汽爆破是一种新型绿色处理技术,可提升原料的营养价值、功能活性等。该文综述蒸汽爆破原理、处理效果、影响因素及其在动植物源农产品副产物提质增效上的不同作用,以期针对性指导农产品副产物开发利用,实现效益最大化。

基于PMP柱前衍生HPLC法测定汽爆加工对蕨菜糖类成分影响研究

多糖占蕨菜干重的8%左右,是其主要活性成分之一,为探究汽爆加工对蕨菜糖类成分的影响,本研究以4个产地蕨菜干制样品为原料,经相同汽爆工艺处理,测定总多糖得率,采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)柱前衍生高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,建立指纹图谱,结合对照品确证共有峰,并对游离单糖含量及多糖的单糖组成进行检测,同时借助化学计量学方法分析样品间的差异性和相似性。结果表明,与干制样品相比,汽爆样品总多糖得率为(12.02±1.89)%,增加了55%(P<0.01)。8批蕨菜指纹图谱共标识12个共有峰,通过对照品确证其中5个共有峰,分别为鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖,系统聚类分析(HCA)和主成分分析(PCA)结果可将8批样品归为2类。游离单糖含量和多糖单糖组成测定结果显示,相比于干制样品,汽爆样品中游离半乳糖、甘露糖、鼠李糖含量分别减少6.02、0.42、0.34 mg/g,葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖的含量分别增加0.14、0.09 mg/g;多糖单糖组成中葡萄糖、鼠李糖的比例显著(P<0.01)增加,平均增加量为1.64%和0.94%。本研究发现汽爆工艺处理显著增加了蕨菜样品中糖类成分的提取得率,并影响其含量及结构,这为后续的活性研究提供依据,为蕨菜汽爆加工的质量控制提供参考。