Measurement assessment of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster

Based on the analysis of forest inner mechanism, forest benefit in re ducing flood disaster is defined. Through the characteristic analysis of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster, it is suggested that it is impossible to ado pt the microanalysis method for studying the forest benefit in reducing flood, t he macro analysis is the only method to be adopted. With the special case of dis aster flooding of Changjiang River happened in 1998, the forest benefit in reduc ing flood disaster was scientifically assessed. The estimated results of forest benefit in reducing flood shows that forest vegetation establishment is the radi cal way to control flood, but it only equals to 5 percent of the total benefits of water conservancy facilities.

A Comparative Study on Pattern of Urban Forest Patch and Its Ecological Benefit Evaluation in the Park of Hefei Based on the GIS Technology

Based on the GIS technology, CITYgreen computer model was used in this paper to estimate ecological benefits of urban forest in the park of Hefei city.It used this technology to make an analysis on urban forest ecological benefits. The research discussed how to use the technology of CITYgreen model developed in USA to account urban forest benefits in China. The results showed that forests in Xiaoyao Jin Park occupied about 52.62% of park land area and Xinghua Park13.00% respectively, indicating that Xiaoyaojin Park is dominated by large trees such as arbors, and Xinghua Park dominated by laws, with low coverage. Besides,the comprehensive eco-benefits of Xiaoyaojin Park and Xinghua Park were 5.150 3and 1.354 3 million yuan and per unit area eco-benefits were 144 000 and 47 400yuan/hm^2, which indicated that Xiaoyaojin Park makes the greatest contribution in ecological benefits.

Additive Benefits of Twice Forest Bathing Trips in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure （CHF）, a clinical syndrome resulting from the consequences of various cardiovascular diseases （CVDs）, is increasingly becoming a global cause of morbidity and mortality. We had earlier demonstrated that a 4-day forest bathing trip can provide an adjunctive therapeutic influence on patients with CHF. To further investigate the duration of the impact and the optimal frequency of forest bathing trips in patients with CHF, we recruited those subjects who had experienced the first forest bathing trip again after 4 weeks and randomly categorized them into two groups, namely, the urban control group （city） and the forest bathing group （forest）. After a second 4-day forest bathing trip, we observed a steady decline in the brain natriuretic peptide levels, a biomarker of heart failure, and an attenuated inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrated the additive benefits of twice forest bathing trips in elderly patients with CHF, which could further pave the way for analyzing the effects of such interventions in CVDs.

A study on the measurement for forest ecological benefit

The indexes of dependent variables of the measurement on the forest ecological benefits were defined according to the analysis of the multiple ecological benefits of forest. This indexes system includes waterreserving, soil and water conservation, wind and sand suppression, microclimate improvement, carbon dioxide assimilation, atmosphere purification, flood and drought mitigation, tourism resource and wild creature protection benefits. The main factors from the numerous factors that affect dependent variables were chosen as independent variables. At last, a multivariate linear model was established for measurement of forest ecological benefit. With this multivariate linear model the forest ecological benefit of China was calculated. The forest ecological benefit of China is 723816 million yuan per year, which equals to 23.07% of the gross domestic product of China.

Effect of cultivation measures on economic benefit of Larix olgesis pulp forest

According to the cultivating practice ofLarix olgensis pulp plantation, IRR (Internal revenue rate) and NPV (Net present value) were taken as two economic indices to study the effect of cultivation measurements on economic benefit ofLarix olgensis pulp forest. The results showed that the economic benefit of this type of forest is closely related to rotation and site class. Higher economic benefit could be obtained when the rotation is shorter and site class is higher. The planting density also had an obvious influence on economic benefit. On the base of assuring survival rate and conserving rate, the less the fee used in soil preparation and young growth tending is, the higher the economic benefit is. The influence of determined six cultivation measures on economic benefit in sequence was the rotation—site class—density—management fee level—young growth tending intensity—soil preparation methods.

Ways to Improve Low-Benefit Black Locust Forests in Loess Plateau

This paper presents a general standard for the low-benefit black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） torests m Loess Plateau based on defining the concept of “tri-low forest”, and emphasizes the major factors which result in low-benefit black locust, such as, lack of soil moisture of forest and nutrient, breaching the principle of matching tree species to sites, and high density of forests. Based on different characteristics of low-benefit forests, following the principle of “adjusting measures to local conditions, giving priority to ecological benefits, assisting with economic benefits”, the authors put forward some technical ways to reform low-benefit black locust forests, for example, taking measurements of collecting runoff and storing water, lowering the forest density, introducing mixed forests and transforming species, directive breeding and so on.

The Comprehensive Benefits about Under-forest Economy in Shijiazhuang City

Based on the relevant domestic and foreign theories,we establish the evaluation indicator system for the comprehensive benefits about under-forest economy. Using the data from 2010 to 2014,we employ AHP to measure the comprehensive benefits of under-forest economy,and convert the comprehensive benefits into the data that can be used for analysis and comparison. It is found that the comprehensive benefit index of under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City continued to increase from 2010 to 2014(0.223,0.515,0.523,0.698 and 0.956,respectively). This further indicates that the under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City shows a good trend towards the goal of high quality and efficiency,so it is a correct model of development. Based on the results and the problems during the research process,some policy recommendations are brought forward for the development of under-forest economy.

Benefit Assessment of Forest Function in Reducing Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss in Anji County of Taihu Lake Basin

The non-point source pollution arising from soil erosion is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the water quality of the Taihu Lake Basin. Forest plays an important role in controlling soil erosion and reducing nutrient loss. Based on the survey data on forest resources in Anji County, we estimate the amount of soil erosion and nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by forest, using soil erosion modulus method and soil nutrient content. In accordance with the degradation coefficient of pollutant and regional compensation standards of environmental resources, we assess the ecological benefits of forest function in reducing nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Anji County. The results show that the forest in Anji County can reduce the soil erosion amount at 1.51 million t annually on the average, so as to control the nutrient loss of 1 409 t of total nitrogen and 577 t of total phosphorus in soil, equivalent to annually avoiding the flow of 824 t of total nitrogen and 410 t of total phosphorus into river water; this ecological service function can make forests in Anji County get 92.55 million yuan of ecological compensation funds (about 688 yuan/hm2·a), equivalent to 15 times of the current ecological compensation standard (47 yuan/hm2). The study reveals the importance of forest function in controlling soil erosion and nutrient loss in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake Basin to water environment protection in the basin, conducive to carrying out pollution control and protection work of the water environment in the basin.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Benefits of Project of Returning Farmland to Forests in Henan Province

The project of returning farmland to forest has been implemented and consolidated in Henan Province for 20 years.At present,it is in a critical transition period when the previous round of project of returning farmland to forests has completed and a new round of project of returning farmland to forests has started.Henan Province took counties(cities)with different representations as sample counties for monitoring the benefits of project of returning farmland to forests(key monitoring areas in Henan Province),and monitored social and ecological benefits every year,and has obtained real and scientific monitoring data.

森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区的经济影响效应——基于福建、江西、浙江和广东四省的准自然实验研究

福建省是国内最早开展森林横向生态补偿的省份之一,但其政策效果尚待验证。论文选取福建省南平、三明和龙岩三市作为实验组,以与福建省相邻的广东、江西和浙江三省的42个地级市作为对照组,基于2004—2020年的数据,采用双重差分法分析森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区经济发展的影响效应。结果表明:(1)研究期内福建省森林横向生态补偿政策显著推动了受偿地区的经济发展,且呈现持续性促进作用。(2)该政策主要通过优化产业结构、提高固定资产投资水平促进经济发展。(3)劳动力投入和交通基础设施投入对受偿地区的经济发展尚未发挥出正向作用,而教育支出和科技支出对受偿地区经济发展的影响不显著。据此,论文提出了相应的政策建议。

“双碳”背景下林纸绿色供应链利益分配优化模型及应用研究

在“双碳”发展背景下,考虑核心竞争能力、主观投入水平、客观贡献程度、生态绩效贡献度、风险承担强度等影响因素,构建优化夏普利值法模型,应用算例并结果分析,从研究结果可知,在林纸绿色供应链发展及利益分配过程中,首先要认识到影响因素对林纸绿色供应链的发展及利益分配的重要性。其次,要始终将绿色化贯穿林纸绿色供应链整个发展过程,充分体现林纸绿色供应链发展与“双碳”发展的目标一致性。

“双碳”背景下林纸供应链利益分配影响因素分析

“双碳”背景下林纸供应链的创新发展,与“降碳、减污、扩绿、增长”等领域发展息息相关。企业在林纸供应链内追逐更高的利益是其参与合作的重要动力源,必须合理配置整体收益,才能充分调动企业参与林纸供应链的积极性。每个企业为林纸供应链发展做出的贡献不同,在利益分配过程中,应充分考虑各个企业的核心竞争能力、主观努力水平和客观贡献程度、生态绩效贡献以及风险承担强度等影响因素,合理分配林纸供应链参与企业间利益,从而保障林纸供应链参与企业间稳定长久的合作关系。

面向森林火灾的人工巡视与无人机巡视效益评估

为建立森林火灾人工巡视与无人机巡视效益评估框架,推动人工巡视和无人机巡视的综合运用。提出结合人工和无人机巡视影响因素,建立包括4个一级指标、8个二级指标和18个三级指标的巡视效益评估指标体系,通过博弈论组合赋权法确定各指标权重的最优组合权重,运用云模型分别构建出无人机和人工巡视技术效益评估模型。研究结果表明:人工巡视和无人机巡视的效益评估指标体系的一级指标相同,而二级指标不同之处在于物资保障和航行稳定性;将该巡视效益评估模型应用于祁连山森林,验证评估模型的客观性与全面性。研究结果可为人工和无人机森林火灾巡视效益评估提供有效工具。

黄土丘陵区典型小流域不同植被恢复方式土壤理化性质差异及其影响因素

黄土高原不同小流域由于环境特点和植被恢复方式的不同,导致其生态效益存在地带性差异。为了研究不同环境和植被恢复方式下土壤理化性质的差异性及影响机制,选取黄土高原两个小流域不同植被恢复方式(油松人工林、侧柏人工林和自然恢复对照)作为研究对象,对比分析植被恢复方式和环境特点对土壤养分储量和水分状况,以及植被生长状态等生态恢复效益的影响和贡献。结果表明:(1)吉县自然恢复下全氮含量最高,均值为0.79g/kg;有机碳均值含量表现为定西油松最高,吉县对照次之,其均值分别是16.91g/kg,13.46g/kg;全磷含量和全钾含量最高的是吉县油松样地和定西的侧柏样地,其均值为2.40g/kg和23.43g/kg。(2)土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量,吉县的油松样地、侧柏样地和自然对照样地分别高于定西2.89%,81.03%和7.49%。(3)基于主成分分析(PCA)和方差分解(VP)结果,在不同小流域影响土壤养分和水分含量的主要因素有所差异。其中吉县和定西小流域影响土壤养分的主要因素分别为土壤物理性质和植被属性,解释度分别为79.92%、55.3%;而土壤含水量主要受降水量和土壤-植被共同影响,其解释度分别为87.06%、43.53%。综上结果表明,多雨条件的吉县地区植被适合自然恢复,而相对干旱的定西地区植被则适合人工恢复。考虑黄土高原植被恢复的人工和自然恢复方式,结果证明不同小流域的降水量与土壤含水量等环境特点影响植被生长状态和植被恢复的生态效益,可为因地制宜的科学植被恢复策略提供数据和理论支持。

农户碳汇林经营意愿与行为一致性研究——基于效益认知和受益认知的分析

基于效益认知和受益认知视角,研究农户的碳汇林经营意愿与行为,利用Logit模型对浙江省林业碳汇项目实施地区149户农户行为数据及附近非碳汇项目实施地区370户农户意愿数据进行实证分析。结果表明,效益认知和受益认知对农户碳汇林经营意愿与行为的影响存在明显差异。在效益认知方面,生态、社会效益认知均能显著提高农户的碳汇林经营意愿,而农户的碳汇林经营行为仅受社会效益认知影响;在受益认知方面,农户的碳汇林经营意愿同时受到受益金额和受益方式的影响,而拓展到行为时,两种因素的影响减弱。建议加大碳汇项目宣传和碳汇政策普及,制定合理的补贴标准及补贴途径,充分调动参与农户的碳汇林经营积极性。

基于空间分析的森林公园对游憩者健康的影响研究

以福州国家森林公园为例,结合AHP法、问卷调查法与GIS空间分析法量化评价景观元素、空间特征与健康效益评估状况,利用相关性分析与Johnson-Neyman技术解析三者之间的影响,并对空间特征的调节效应与调节阈值进行评估,揭示其作用逻辑和影响边界。结果表明:1)森林公园景观元素对健康效益评估具有显著影响,植被(0.1213)、自然互动体验(0.0962)、动物(0.0914)是重要指标;2)绿视率、植被覆盖度、归一化植被指数、空间可达性、空间围合度与健康效益评估存在显著相关性,但不同要素之间的影响关系具有差异性;3)森林公园景观元素对健康效益评估产生影响的过程中,空间特征对于局部路径存在显著调节作用,绿视率、植被覆盖度、归一化植被指数和空间围合度的正向调节效应阈值分别为34.489、0.2316、0.1911、0.664。结合森林公园评价和空间特征分析,通过相关性分析与调节效应检验,解析了森林公园景观元素、空间特征与健康效益评估的影响,为健康导向的森林公园景观规划设计提供参考借鉴与实践价值。

Carbon Sink Effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Karst Drainage Basin——A Case of Hongfenghu Drainage Basin in Guizhou Province

[Objective]Study on carbon sink effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin in order to provide evidences for assessing carbon sink potential of conversion of farmland to forest in Guizhou Province.[Method]By investigating the implement of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin from 2000 to 2006,the carbon sink amount and effect of seven main tree species in the foreat region like Cunninghamia lanceolata,Cryptomeria fortunei,Amygdalus persica,Prunus salicina,Armeniaca vulgaris,Camptotheca acuminate and Catalpa bungei were calculated,based on which the amount of forest carbon sinks in Hongfenghu drainage basin in 2015 was estimated.[Result]Biomass storage and carbon sink amount in middle and young aged forests were increasing over time from 2000 to 2006,which reached 1.05×107 kg by 2006 and would engage more and more potential.Cunninghamia lanceolata has the superior carbon sink capacity in the seven tree species in the research region,of which the amount of carbon sink per unit area will be 106.51 t/hm2 by 2015,followed by Cryptomeria fortunei with the amount of carbon sink per unit area by 99.42 t/hm2.Armeniaca vulgaris has the weakest carbon sink capacity of all the seven species with the amount of 13.03 t/hm2.The total amount of carbon sink in seven tree species was 2.35×107 kg,while the average amount of carbon sink per unit area was 26.17 t/hm2,which could produced economic benefit of 7.17×106 yuan calculated on the price of 305.0 yuan/t or 5.91×106 yuan calculated on the price of 254.1 yuan/t.[Conclusion]Economic benefits of carbon sink effects of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin were great with huge appreciation potential.

长三角地区城市森林建设的空间关联及影响因素分析

[目的]构建长三角城市森林建设水平指数,揭示长三角地区城市森林建设的空间关联性及其空间关联的演化特征,突破以往区域间要素互为独立的壁垒,在空间视角下分析各影响因素对长三角城市森林建设长期和短期的直接效应和溢出效应,为差异化城市森林建设、长三角森林城市群统筹建设和长三角生态绿色一体化发展提供参考和决策依据。[方法]基于熵权TOPSIS法构建城市森林建设水平指数,将城市森林建设的生态效益纳入其中,衡量2006—2019年长三角41个地级市的城市森林建设水平,通过地域相邻矩阵等3种空间权重矩阵,利用动态空间杜宾模型分析城市森林建设的空间溢出效应以及城市经济社会发展、创建森林城市等因素对城市森林建设水平长期和短期的间接效应和直接效应。[结果]1)基于空间距离倒数的空间权重矩阵符合长三角城市森林建设的广泛空间关系,长三角地区城市森林建设的全局莫兰指数在0.244 3以上,呈现波动上升走势;2)长三角41个地级市城市森林建设在空间上表现出稳定的空间块状集群异质性特征,“高-高”(H-H)值集聚,均集中在上海、江苏、浙江一带,形成沿海往内陆扩散的发展态势;“低-低”(L-L)值集聚,多集中在安徽省,呈先扩散后收缩的走势;3)长三角城市森林建设的空间溢出效应在0.172左右,短期和长期人均地区生产总值对城市森林建设水平的直接效应分别为-0.014 2和0.091 4;创建森林城市短期直接效应与溢出效应均显著为正,但长期为负;人口密度、旅游人数、第三产业占比对城市森林建设水平的影响存在短期降低、长期提升的差异。[结论]长三角地区城市森林建设存在显著空间关联性,短期内经济发展给长三角地区城市森林建设水平带来压力,长期来看经济发展可带动城市森林发展;人口密度和旅游人数、第三产业占比增加会迫使管理者注重生态保护,以期望获得更大的生态效益;人均道路面积增加短期内可改善该城市的森林建设水平并辐射带动相邻城市,长期来看反而限制城市森林进一步发展的空间;创建森林城市成功后的一段时间内管理者可能进一步提高城市森林建设水平,并对周围城市森林建设产生积极影响,但长期缺乏持续性。

福州国家森林公园游憩者场所感知与环境行为对健康效益评估的影响

【目的】场所依恋和环境行为是探究游憩者与环境交互所形成的结果,与景观知觉的构建紧密联系,对于探讨森林公园与游憩者健康影响关系具有重要意义。结合游憩者场所感知与环境行为视角探讨森林公园健康效益的内在转化机制。【方法】以福州国家森林公园为研究样地,结合游憩者“感知评价—情感响应—行为实践”视角,构建景观知觉、场所依恋、环境行为与健康效益评估之间的关系模型,并通过结构方程模型解析四者之间的影响关系。【结果】①自然属性感知、设施属性感知、文化属性感知、空间属性感知是构成景观知觉的主要因素,影响系数分别为0.777、0.696、0.743、0.755,景观知觉对场所依恋有显著影响,影响效应达74.4%;②景观知觉能显著影响环境行为水平,直接影响效应达39.8%,间接影响效应达44.3%,场所依恋是两者影响关系中的中介变量。③景观知觉对健康效益评估产生30.2%的直接影响效应,并通过场所依恋和环境行为的中介作用对健康效益评估产生50.9%的间接影响效应。【结论】通过结构关系模型检验分析,揭示了游憩者在森林公园中的健康恢复是“感知评价—情感响应—行为实践”要素相互作用形成的复合体系。后续可结合媒体大数据以及科学的人体健康测定器材拓展研究的深度和广度。

浙江安吉竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目经济效益评价

随着乡村青壮年人口流出和人口老龄化加剧,林区基础设施建设落后,竹林经营效益不断下降,大量竹林逐渐被荒弃,竹产业产值下降。为此,近年来浙江省安吉县实施了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目",旨在通过对竹林资源集约化经营,全面提升安吉县竹产业经济效益以及竹林增汇能力,在保护好绿水青山的同时,实现村民共同富裕。文章从投资估算、经营收入、还款能力3个方面分析评价了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目"的经济效益,结果认为该项目是可行的。项目的实施可为其他类似地区升级竹产业、带动乡村振兴提供借鉴和参考。