Effect of low-speed waterjet pressure on the rock-breaking performance of unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet

Unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(UCAWJ)has been shown to artificially create a submerged environment that produces shear cavitation,which effectively enhances rock-breaking performance.The shear cavitation generation and collapse intensity depend on the pressure difference between the intermediate high-speed abrasive waterjet and the coaxial low-speed waterjet.However,the effect of the pressure of the coaxial low-speed waterjet is pending.For this purpose,the effect of low-speed waterjet pressure on rock-breaking performance at different standoff distances was experimentally investigated,and the effects of erosion time and ruby nozzle diameter on erosion performance were discussed.Finally,the micromorphology of the sandstone was observed at different locations.The results show that increased erosion time and ruby nozzle diameter can significantly improve the rock-breaking performance.At different standoff distances,the mass loss increases first and then decreases with the increase of low-speed waterjet pressure,the maximum mass loss is 10.4 g at a low-speed waterjet pressure of0.09 MPa.The surface morphology of cavitation erosion was measured using a 3D profiler,the increase in both erosion depth and surface roughness indicated a significant increase in the intensity of the shear cavitation collapse.At a low-speed waterjet pressure of 0.18 MPa,the cavitation erosion surface depth can reach 600μm with a roughness of 127μm.

Research on Feature Extraction Method for Low-Speed Reciprocating Bearings Based on Segmented Short Signal Modulation Signal Bispectrum Slicing

Bearing condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) can investigate bearing faults in the early stages, preventing the subsequent impacts of machine bearing failures effectively. CMFD for low-speed, non-continuous operation bearings, such as yaw bearings and pitch bearings in wind turbines, and rotating support bearings in space launch towers, presents more challenges compared to continuous rolling bearings. Firstly, these bearings have very slow speeds, resulting in weak collected fault signals that are heavily masked by severe noise interference. Secondly, their limited rotational angles during operation lead to a restricted number of fault signals. Lastly, the interference from deceleration and direction-changing impact signals significantly affects fault impact signals. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a method for extracting fault features in low-speed reciprocating bearings based on short signal segmentation and modulation signal bispectrum (MSB) slicing. This method initially separates short signals corresponding to individual cycles from the vibration signals based on encoder signals. Subsequently, MSB analysis is performed on each short signal to generate MSB carrier-slice spectra. The optimal carrier frequency and its corresponding modulation signal slice spectrum are determined based on the carrier-slice spectra. Finally, the MSB modulation signal slice spectra of the short signal set are averaged to obtain the overall average feature of the sliced spectra.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-SPEED STREAKS UNDER SHEARED AIR-WATER INTERFACES

The characteristics of low-speed fluid streaks occurring under sheared air-water interfaces were examined by means of hydrogen bubble visualization technique. A critical shear condition under which the streaky structure first appears was determined to be u(tau) approximate to 0.19 cm/s. The mean spanwise streak spacing increases with distance from the water surface owing to merging and bursting processes, and a linear relationship describing variation of non-dimensional spacing <(<lambda>+)over bar> versus y(+) was found essentially independent of shear stress on the interface. Values of <(<lambda>+)over bar>, however, are remarkably smaller than their counterparts in the near-wall region of turbulent boundary layers. Though low-speed streaks occur randomly in time and space, the streak spacing exhibits a lognormal probability distribution behavior. A tentative explanation concerning the formation of streaky structure is suggested, and the fact that <(<lambda>+)over bar> takes rather smaller values than that in wall turbulence is briefly discussed.

POD analysis of the instability mode of a low-speed streak in a laminar boundary layer

The instability of one single low-speed streak in a zero-pressure-gradient laminar boundary layer is investigated experimentally via both hydrogen bubble visualization and planar particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurement. A single low-speed streak is generated and destabilized by the wake of an interference wire positioned normal to the wall and in the upstream. The downstream development of the streak includes secondary instability and self-reproduction process, which leads to the generation of two additional streaks appearing on either side of the primary one. A proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) analysis of PIV measured velocity field is used to identify the components of the streak instability in the POD mode space: for a sinuous/varicose type of POD mode, its basis functions present anti-symmetric/symmetric distributions about the streak centerline in the streamwise component, and the symmetry condition reverses in the spanwise component. It is further shown that sinuous mode dominates the turbulent kinematic energy(TKE) through the whole streak evolution process, the TKE content first increases along the streamwise direction to a saturation value and then decays slowly. In contrast, varicose mode exhibits a sustained growth of the TKE content,suggesting an increasing competition of varicose instability against sinuous instability.

Experimental investigation on vibration characteristics of the medium-low-speed maglev vehicle-turnout coupled system

The steel turnout is one of the key components in the medium–low-speed maglev line system.However,the vehicle under active control is prone to vehicle–turnout coupled vibration,and thus,it is necessary to identify the vibration characteristics of this coupled system through field tests.To this end,dynamic performance tests were conducted on a vehicle–turnout coupled system in a medium–low-speed maglev test line.Firstly,the dynamic response data of the coupled system under various operating conditions were obtained.Then,the natural vibration characteristics of the turnout were analysed using the free attenuation method and the finite element method,indicating a good agreement between the simulation results and the measured results;the acceleration response characteristics of the coupled system were analysed in detail,and the ride quality of the vehicle was assessed by Sperling index.Finally,the frequency distribution characteristics of the coupled system were discussed.All these test results could provide references for model validation and optimized design of medium–low-speed maglev transport systems.

Numerical study on evolution of subharmonic varicose low-speed streaks in turbulent channel flow

The evolution of two spanwise-aligned low-speed streaks in a wall turbulent flow, triggered by the instability of the subharmonic varicose （SV） mode, is studied by a direct numerical simulation （DNS） method in a small spatial-periodic channel. The results show that the SV low-speed streaks are self-sustained at the early stage, and then transform into subharmonic sinuous （SS） low-speed streaks. Initially, the streamwise vortex sheets are formed by shearing, and then evolve into zigzag vortex sheets due to the mutual induction. As the intensification of the SV low-speed streaks becomes prominent, the tilted streamwise vortex tubes and the V-like streamwise vortex tubes can be formed simultaneously by increasing ＋~. When the SV low-speed streaks break down, new zigzag streamwise vortices will be generated, thus giving birth to the next sustaining cycle of the SV low-speed streaks. When the second breakdown happens, new secondary V-like streamwise vortices instead of zigzag streamwise vortices will be generated. Because of the sweep motion of the fluid induced by the secondary V-like streamwise vortices, each decayed low-speed streak can be divided into two parts, and each part combines with the part of another streak, finally leading to the formation of SS low-speed streaks.

High-frequency characterization of high-speed modulators and photodetectors in a link with low-speed photonic sampling

We propose a low-speed photonic sampling for independent high-frequency characterization of a Mach–Zehnder modulator(MZM)and a photodetector(PD)in an optical link.A low-speed mode-locked laser diode(MLLD)provides an ultrawideband optical stimulus with scalable frequency range,working as the photonic sampling source of the link.The uneven spectrum lines of the MLLD are firstly characterized with symmetric modulation within the interesting frequency range.Then,the electro-optic modulated signals are down-converted to the first Nyquist frequency range,yielding the self-referenced extraction of modulation depth and half-wave voltage of the MZM without correcting the responsivity fluctuation of the PD in the link.Finally,the frequency responsivity of the PD is self-referenced measured under null modulation of the MZM.As frequency responses of the MZM and the PD can be independently obtained,our method allows self-referenced high-frequency measurement for a high-speed optical link.In the proof-of-concept experiment,a 96.9 MS/s MLLD is used for measuring a MZM and a PD within the frequency range up to 50 GHz.The consistency between our method and the conventional method verifies that the ultra-wideband and self-referenced high-frequency characterization of high-speed MZMs and PDs.

Numerical simulation on evolution of subharmonic low-speed streaks in minimal channel turbulent flow

The evolution of low-speed streaks in the turbulent boundary layer of the minimum channel flow unit at a low Reynolds number is simulated by the direct numer- ical simulation （DNS） based on the standard Fourier-Chebyshev spectral method. The subharmonic sinuous （SS） mode for two spanwise-aligned low-speed streaks is excited by imposing the initial perturbations. The possibilities and the physical realities of the turbulent sustaining in the minimal channel unit are examined. Based on such a flow field environment, the evolution of the low-speed streaks during a cycle of turbulent sus- taining, including lift-up, oscillation, and breakdown, is investigated. The development of streamwise vortices and the dynamics of vortex structures are examined. The results show that the vortices generated from the same streak are staggered along the streamwise direction, while the vortices induced by different streaks tilt toward the normal direction due to the mutual induction effect. It is the spatial variations of the streamwise vortices that cause the lift-up of the streaks. By resolving the transport dynamics of enstrophy, the strength of the vortices is found to continuously grow in the logarithmic layer through the vortex stretching mechanism during the evolution of streaks. The enhancement of the vortices contributes to the spanwise oscillation and the following breakdown of the low-speed streaks.

Optimizing the Exhaust System of Marine Diesel Engines to Improve Low-speed Performances and Cylinder Working Conditions

Proper design of exhaust systems in marine high-power turbocharged diesel engines can contribute to improve the low-speed performance of these engines and make the working conditions of the cylinders more uniform.Here a high-power marine 16-cylinder V-type turbocharged diesel engine is simulated using the GT-Power software.The results reveal the differences induced by different exhaust system structures,such as an 8-cylinder-inpipe exhaust system with single/double superchargers and a 4-cylinder-in-pipe exhaust system with a single supercharger.After a comparative analysis,the 8-cylinder type with double superchargers is determined to be the optimal solution,and the structure of the exhaust system is further optimized.The simulations show that the optimized maximum exhaust temperature difference among cylinders is reduced by 66%.Finally,the simulation results and the optimized performance of the designed exhaust system are verified through experiments.

Dynamics of low-speed streak evolution and interaction in laminar boundary layer

The present paper presents an experimental effort on the regeneration process of two low-speed laminar streaks in a zero-pressure-gradient laminar boundary layer. Two vertical thin wires separated by a spanwise distance of 30 mm are used to introduce disturbances of two rolls of transitional Karmain vortex street to the downstream boundary layer. Both hydrogen bubble visualization and particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurement show that two lowspeed streaks are induced through leading-edge receptivity process. As these streaks develop in the downstream, two additional low-speed streaks begin to appear outboard of the flank of the original two, together with complex dynamics of streak splitting and merging. A flow pattern of four streaks aligned along the spanwise direction occurs finally in the far downstream. It is found that besides the mechanisms of streak breakdown, the streak interaction is also an important factor characterizing the instability of low speed streaks and their regeneration process.

Interfacial friction induced capillary flow within nanofiber-supported ionic liquid droplets

As global economic growth increases,the demand for energy sources boosts.While fossil fuels have traditionally satisfied this demand,their environmental influence and limited reserves require alternatives.Fossil fuel combustion contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions,with a pressing need to halve these emissions by 2030 and target net-zero by 2050.Renewable energy sources,contributing currently to 29%of global electricity,are viewed as promising substitutes.With wind energy's potential,Zheng's team developed a novel method to harness even low wind speeds using well-aligned nanofibers and an innovative“drop wind generator”.This system,combining moisture-saturated ionic liquid 3-Methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride with specific nanofiber arrays,exploits wind-inducedflows for energy conversion.This study highlights the vast untapped potential of low-speed wind as a sustainable energy source potentially for electronics.

Capillary Property of Entangled Porous Metallic Wire materials and Its Application in Fluid Buffers:Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study

Strong impact does serious harm to the military industries so it is necessary to choose reasonable cushioning material and design effective buffers to prevent the impact of equipment.Based on the capillary property entangled porous metallic wire materials(EPMWM),this paper designed a composite buffer which uses EPMWM and viscous fluid as cushioning materials under the low-speed impact of the recoil force device of weapon equipment(such as artillery,mortar,etc.).Combined with the capillary model,porosity,hydraulic diameter,maximum pore diameter and pore distribution were used to characterize the pore structure characteristics of EPMWM.The calculation model of the damping force of the composite buffer was established.The low-speed impact test of the composite buffer was conducted.The parameters of the buffer under low-speed impact were identified according to the model,and the nonlinear model of damping force was obtained.The test results show that the composite buffer with EPMWM and viscous fluid can absorb the impact energy from the recoil movement effectively,and provide a new method for the buffer design of weapon equipment(such as artillery,mortar,etc.).

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions for Low-Sulfur Heavy Oil Used in Low-Speed Two-Stroke Diesel Engines of Ocean-Going Ships

In this work,particulate matter(PM) emissions from a large two-stroke,low-speed marine diesel engine were investigated when the engine was operated with low-sulfur heavy fuel oil(HFO) at various loads.Particle samples were collected in situ from the engine exhaust to determine the detailed physical and chemical properties.The nanostructure and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy images(TEM).The results show that volatile organic carbon(OC) accounts for more than 80% in the HFO particles and leads to an increase in particle size.The thermodynamic conditions of a low-speed engine favor the behavior of capturing the soluble organic components.A large number of spherical char HFO particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0.2 μm-0.5 μm and a suspected inner metal core were detected.The two peak aerodynamic diameters of the HFO nanoparticles are 15 nm and 86 nm.The morphological differences among the HFO nanoparticles in varied engine conditions represent the formation process from primary nascent particles to mature graphitized particles caused by thermodynamics.The above study will be valuable for understanding the characteristics of PM emissions from low-sulfur HFO to achieve the ship PM emissions reduction target.

Study on the Fuzzy Reliability of the Bearing in Planetary Transmission System for Heavy-Loaded Vehicles

Based on the fuzzy mathematics theory and reliability design methods, the fuzzy reliability of the rolling bearing in the planetary transmission system for heavy-loaded vehicles is analysed. The reliability and the fuzzy life expectancy of bearings in a practical planetary gear box are calculated in detail. The results show that the methods give a reference to the correct assessment of such type of bearing. Some measures to improve the reliability are also

生物柴油在船用低速机上的燃烧分析研究

To study the applicability of biodiesel in marine engines,this research investigated the performance,combustion characteristics,and emission characteristics of biodiesel(B100),diesel,and a 50%volume blend of the two fuels(B50)in a marine engine.This study was conducted on a 4-cylinder,520 mm-bore,two-stroke,low-speed marine engine with a common rail fuel and exhaust gas charge system.The three fuels were tested at different loads from 25%–100%with a step size of 25%.Results showed that the fuel consumption of pure biodiesel increased by about 13.5%and 3.8%relative to that of diesel at 25%and 100%loads,respectively,and by about 6%at 50%and 75%loads.In-cylinder combustion pressure was slightly reduced when the engine ran on biofuel,and black carbon emissions from biodiesel were reduced by an average of 54.7%.Compared with those from diesel,the carbon CO and total hydrocarbon emissions from B100 were reduced by 11.3%and 39%,respectively.Nitroxide emissions were elevated for B100 and B50 under all loading conditions.The properties of B50 blended diesel lie between those of B100 and diesel.In terms of combustion characteristics and emissions,biodiesel can be used without changing the engine parameters and can effectively reduce pollution,such as black carbon and carbon monoxide.

Model Aerodynamic Tests with a Wire-driven Parallel Suspension System in Low-speed Wind Tunnel

Owing to the advantages of wire-driven parallel manipulator, a new wire-driven parallel suspension system for airplane model in low-speed wind tunnel is constructed, and the methods to measure and calculate the aerodynamic parameters of the airplane model are studied. In detail, a static model of the wire-driven parallel suspension is analyzed, a mathematical model for describ- ing the aerodynamic loads exerted on the scale model is constructed and a calculation method for obtaining the aerodynamic parameters of the model by measuring the tension of wires is presented. Moreover, the measurement system for wire tension and its corresponding data acquisition system are designed and built. Thereafter, the wire-driven parallel suspension system is placed in an open return circuit low-speed wind tunnel for wind tunnel tests to acquire data of each wire tension when the airplane model is at different attitudes and different wind speeds. A group of curves about the parameters for aerodynamic load exerted on the airplane model are obtained at different wind speeds after the acquired data are analyzed. The research results validate the feasibility of using a wire-driven parallel manipulator as the suspension system for low-speed wind ttmnel tests.

Carrying capacity for the electromagnetic suspension low-speed maglev train on the horizontal curve

Aiming at the lateral dislocation between the electromagnets and the rails on a horizontal curve,we investigated a single magnetic bogie of the maglev train in this paper.The magnetic levitation and guidance forces supplied by the suspension modules were deduced by the flux tube method.According to the dynamic equilibrium equations of the maglev train on the curved track with cant,several major factors that influence the carrying capacity were analyzed,and the formula of the carrying capacity was presented.The results provide a theoretical reference for the design of maglev train.

An Ultra‑Durable Windmill‑Like Hybrid Nanogenerator for Steady and Efficient Harvesting of Low‑Speed Wind Energy

Wind energy is one of the most promising and renewable energy sources;however,owing to the limitations of device structures,collecting low-speed wind energy by triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)is still a huge challenge.To solve this problem,an ultra-durable and highly efficient windmill-like hybrid nanogenerator(W-HNG)is developed.Herein,the W-HNG composes coupled TENG and electromagnetic generator(EMG)and adopts a rotational contact-separation mode.This unique design efficiently avoids the wear of friction materials and ensures a prolonged service life.Moreover,the generator group is separated from the wind-driven part,which successfully prevents rotation resistance induced by the friction between rotor and stator in the conventional structures,and realizes low-speed wind energy harvesting.Additionally,the output characteristics of TENG can be complementary to the different performance advantages of EMG to achieve a satisfactory power production.The device is successfully driven when the wind speed is 1.8 m s−1,and the output power of TENG and EMG can achieve 0.95 and 3.7 mW,respectively.After power management,the W-HNG has been successfully applied as a power source for electronic devices.This work provides a simple,reliable,and durable device for improved performance toward large-scale low-speed breeze energy harvesting.

A Similitude Method and the Corresponding Blade Design of a Low-Speed Large-Scale Axial Compressor Rotor

A similitude method to model the tip clearance flow in a high-speed compressor with a low-speed model is presented in this paper.The first step of this method is the derivation of similarity criteria for tip clearance flow,on the basis of an inviscid model of tip clearance flow.The aerodynamic parameters needed for the model design are then obtained from a numerical simulation of the target high-speed compressor rotor.According to the aerodynamic and geometric parameters of the target compressor rotor,a large-scale low-speed rotor blade is designed with an inverse blade design program.In order to validate the similitude method,the features of tip clearance flow in the low-speed model compressor are compared with the ones in the high-speed compressor at both design and small flow rate points.It is found that not only the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex but also the interface between the tip leakage flow and the incoming main flow in the high-speed compressor match well with that of its low speed model.These results validate the effectiveness of the similitude method for the tip clearance flow proposed in this paper.

Modeling and predicting low-speed vehicle emissions as a function of driving kinematics

An instantaneous emission model was developed to model and predict the real driving emissions of the low-speed vehicles. The emission database used in the model was measured by using portable emission measurement system （PEMS） under actual traffic conditions in the rural area, and the characteristics of the emission data were determined in relation to the driving kinematics （speed and acceleration） of the low-speed vehicle. The input of the emission model is driving cycle, and the model requires instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels as input variables and uses them to interpolate the pollutant emission rate maps to calculate the transient pollutant emission rates, which will be accumulated to calculate the total emissions released during the whole driving cycle. And the vehicle fuel consumption was determined through the carbon balance method. The model predicted the emissions and fuel consumption of an in-use low-speed vehicle type model, which agreed well with the measured data.