Garlic extract addition for soil improvement at various temperatures using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.

Impact of Urbanization on Low-Temperature Precipitation in Beijing during 1960–2008

Daily precipitation and temperature records at 13 stations for the period 1960-2008 were analyzed to identify climatic change and possible effects of urbanization on low-temperature precipitation [LTP, precipitation of ≥ 0.1 mm d^-1 occurring under a daily minimum temperature （Tmin） of ≤ 0℃] in the greater Beijing region （B JR）, where a rapid process of urbaniza tion has taken place over the last few decades. The paper provides a climatological overview of LTP in B JR. LTP contributes 61.7% to the total amount of precipitation in B JR in the cold season （November-March）. There is a slight increasing trend [1.22 mm （10 yr）^-1] in the amount of total precipitation for the cold season during 1960-2008. In contrast, the amount of LTP decreases by 0.6 mm （10 yr）^-1. The warming rate of Train in B JR is 0.66℃ （10 yr）^-1. Correspondingly, the frequency of LTP decreases with increasing Tmin by -0.67 times per ℃. The seasonal frequency and amount of LTP in southeast B JR （mostly urban sites） are 17%-20% less than those in the northwestern （rural and montane sites）. The intensity of LTP for the urban sites and northeastern B JR exhibited significant enhancing trends [0.18 and 0.15 mm d^- 1 （10 yr）^- 1, respectively]. The frequency of slight LTP （〈0.2 mm d^-1） significantly decreased throughout B JR [by about -15.74% （10 yr）^-1 in the urban area and northeast B JR], while the contribution of the two heaviest LTP events to total LTP amount significantly increased by 3.2% （10 yr） ^-1.

RNA Extraction from Herba Violae Roots with Low-temperature Sectioning Method

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the optimal method for extracting RNA from roots of medicinal plant herba violae by comparing the effects of liquid nitrogen grinding method and low-temperature sectioning method on RNA extraction. [ Method] Roots of herba violae were respectively crushed by using liquid nitrogen grinding method and low-temperature sectioning method to extract RNA. The extraction effects of these two methods were compared based on detec- tion of RNA concentration, purity and integrity and amplification of GAPDH gene by RT-PCR. [Result] The concentration of RNA extracted by liquid nitrogen grinding method and low-temperature sectioning method was 1.21 and 3.57 p^g/~, respectively. Both RNA extracted by these two methods showed two distinct bands after agarose gel electrophoresis. The ratio of brightness of the 28S rRNA to the 18S rRNA bands was greater than 1. PCR amplification showed that the length of GAPDH gene was about 230 bp, which was consistent with the expected result. [ Conclusion ] The experimental results indicated that using low-tempera ture sectioning method to crush the roots of herba violae can meet the needs of most molecular biological experiments including gene cloning and expression analysis, which is an effective and simple method for extracting RNA from plant roots.

Solvent extraction mechanism and precipitation stripping of bismuth(Ⅲ) in hydrochloric acid medium by tributyl phosphate

Tributyl phosphate(TBP) was employed for the Bi(Ⅲ) extraction from hydrochloric acid medium.The effects of extraction time and material concentration were examined.The replacement mechanism between the anion(Cl^-) and TBP was proposed for extraction.The results show the species extracted into the organic phase were found to be mainly BiCl_3·x TBP(x=2 or 3).Thermodynamic parameters of the extraction reaction were obtained from the thermodynamics analysis,which illustrates that higher temperatures show a negative effect on the extraction.Extraction isotherm was obtained with 2.16 mol/L TBP for a typical solution containing 0.1 mol/L of bismuth and 1.0 mol/L of hydrochloric acid.About 98.5 % of bismuth has been extracted from the leaching solution under the optimum condition.Moreover,oxalate was explored as a precipitation stripping agent for BiCl_3·x TBP(x=2 or 3) complexes,by which Bi(Ⅲ) was stripped in the form of Bi_2(C_2O_4)_3·7H_2O.A stripping efficiency of 99.3% was obtained in only one stage at the phase ratio of 1 and TBP also could be recycled.Therefore,the method is an efficient,effective and highly selective approach to extract Bi(Ⅲ) and to recover metal bismuth.

Deep eutectic solvents and alkaline extraction of protein from seabuckthorn seed meal: a comparison study

Seabuckthorn seed meal(SSM) is a waste of oil extraction industry that rich in protein. In order to seek suitable protein extraction method, three different deep eutectic solvents(DESs)(including choline chlorideglycerol, choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-urea) were developed for extracting protein from SSM and compared with alkaline. Result indicated that alkaline could effectively extract 56.9% protein from SSM and its protein content was 73.1%, higher than DES at 31.0%-41.4% and 64.3%-67.5%, respectively. However, compared to alkali, DES led to a product with less β-sheet, more β-turn, more essential amino acids, higher total amino acid content, especially choline chloride-urea which extracted protein showing an integrated and similar protein weight distribution compared to SSM. Also, this protein extracted chloride-urea showed a highest digestibility in vitro(by pepsin)(54.2%). These results indicated that choline chloride-urea extraction is better than alkaline extraction for SSM.

Fast Determination of Benzodiazepines in Human Urine via Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Low Temperature Partitioning and LC-HRMS

A simple and high-throughput method to simultaneously determine selected benzodiazepines (i.e., diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, and bromazepam) in urine was developed and validated. The entire methodology consisted of the application of an innovative extraction/cleanup procedure, namely liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP), and analysis by liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The LLE-LTP procedure was optimized via factorial design and by evaluating crucial variables, specifically the freezing mode (either slow or fast), the urine/acetonitrile volume ratio, and the sample ionic strength. The benzodiazepines were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves where the following parameters were assessed by validation protocol: in general, linearity range of 17 - 200 μg?L–1 (r > 0.9957);limits of detection lower than 5 μg?L–1;relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 12.5%;and accuracy ranging from 72.3 to 117%. To test this procedure’s performance, the method was applied to determine the content of diazepam in actual urine samples. The validation results obtained for the method demonstrated that the present methodology could be potentially applied in proficient laboratories as a routine approach for determining benzodiazepines compounds content in urine.

Optimization of extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides by response surface methodology

Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.

Liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment samples method used for pharmacokinetic study of rhubarb in rats after oral administrated

Objective:Pretreatment of biological samples is the most critical step in pharmacokinetic studies,especially pre-treatment of plasma samples.The pretreatment of biological samples in pharmacokinetic study of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) is difficult due to the complexity of the ingredients.An organic solvent system ethyl acetate:acetone (10:1) solution used for liquid-liquid extraction has been developed in this study and compared with the commonly used protein precipitation method.Methods:Rats,Beagle dogs and humans plasma samples were adopted in this study in order to demonstrate the universality of the pretreatment method.Feasibility of this pretreatment method was also verified through its application to the pharmacokinetics of rhubarb in rats.Results:According to the results of extraction recovery matrix effect,it was indicated that the liquid-liquid extraction methods with new organic solvent might be suitable for variety of structures of compounds and various types of plasma samples.The pharmacokinetic study result showed that the developed pretreatment method could successfully be used for simultaneous determination of three active compounds modin,emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (EDG) and rhein in rat plasma with high sensitivity,accuracy,and recovery by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Conclusion:The pretreatment method of liquid-liquid extraction methods with new organic solvent could be successfully applied for multi-component pharmacokinetics of TCM.

基于流域日降水量图的相似性搜索方法

为了提升降水量图相似性分析的精确度,提出了一种基于流域日降水量图的相似性搜索方法,该方法从降雨图像中提取日降水量、降雨空间分布和降雨中心特征,并分别计算各特征的相似距离,同时通过提出的归一化折旧累积增益改进粒子群优化的集合加权方法对3个特征的相似距离进行加权融合,作为降雨图像的相似性度量。嘉陵江流域实例验证表明:该方法能够更好地表征降水量图的时空特征,可快速地从降水量图中检索出相似的降雨过程。

黑牛肝菌多糖提取工艺比较及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以得率为标准,从3种多糖提取方法(热水提取法、超声提取法、超声辅助复合酶法)中筛选并优化出黑牛肝菌多糖的最佳提取流程,进而获取黑牛肝功多糖体外抗氧化活性信息。利用单因素实验选出多糖得率最高提取法,利用响应面法进一步优化提取方法,采用分级醇沉法对多糖进行分级,采用DPPH自由基清除法、ABTS自由基清除法、羟自由基清除法以及还原力测定法了解黑牛肝菌多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果发现:热水提取法、超声提取法、超声辅助复合酶提取法的多糖得率分别为5.64%、6.74%、18.47%。优化后的超声辅助复合酶提取法最佳工艺方案为:复合酶比例(m纤维素酶:m蛋白酶)2:1,酶解温度42.7℃,酶解时间67 min,酶添加量为1.92%,超声时间为20 min,预期得率18.867%;各级醇沉黑牛肝菌多糖均具有良好的抗氧化活性,抗氧化能力与多糖浓度和醇沉浓度呈正比,80%乙醇沉淀获得的多糖综合体外抗氧化活性最佳。超声辅助复合酶提取法可显著提高黑牛肝菌多糖得率,获得的黑牛肝菌多糖具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。

锂云母酸浸液萃取除杂

锂云母酸法浸出液含有大量杂质金属,使用传统化学沉淀法会引起大量产物损失。为了降低浸出液除杂过程中的产物损失,使用溶剂萃取法进行萃取除杂工艺研究。通过对不同萃取剂组合萃取除杂效果的研究,确定使用P204作为萃取剂。考察了萃取过程中不同因素的影响,并使用H_(2)O_(2)预氧化水相里的Fe^(2+),强化萃取效果。结果表明:在有机相组成为30%P204+70%磺化煤油、料液初始pH为2.4、相比O/A=1、萃取时间10min和振荡频率300 r/min的单级萃取最佳条件下,铁除杂率为99.89%、铝除杂率为31.23%、锂和铷的萃取率分别为7.63%和14.85%。相比于化学沉淀法,锂和铷的回收率得到了30%左右的提高。

微波辅助提取美藤果蛋白工艺优化及性质研究

【目的】优化美藤果蛋白的提取工艺,并研究其加工性质,为美藤果蛋白的精深加工利用提供参考依据。【方法】以脱脂美藤果饼为原料,采用微波辅助碱溶酸沉法提取美藤果蛋白(记为MAPP),在单因素试验基础上,以液料比(A)、微波功率(B)和微波时间(C)为自变量,MAPP得率(Y)为响应值,通过响应面法优化其提取工艺,同时探究不同温度和pH对其加工性质的影响,并与碱溶酸沉法提取的美藤果蛋白(记为APP)进行比较。【结果】3个因素对MAPP得率的影响排序为微波功率>液料比>微波时间,其中微波功率影响极显著(P<0.01,下同),3个交互项影响均不显著(P>0.05),模型优化方程为Y=14.42+0.5075A+1.05B+0.4838C+0.0425AB+0.4225AC-0.1350BC-1.25A2-1.13B2-0.8725C2,得到MAPP提取的最佳工艺条件:液料比17∶1(mL/g)、微波功率645 W、微波时间62 s,在此条件下蛋白得率为14.46%,蛋白纯度为90.29%,高于APP得率(13.24%)。60℃热处理可增强美藤果蛋白的溶解性,50℃时持水率和持油率最大;当pH为2或9时,美藤果蛋白有较高的溶解性,且其起泡性及起泡稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均为最高;相较于APP,在60和70℃时,MAPP的溶解性和持水性极显著提高,20~60℃范围内MAPP的持油率均高于APP,pH为4~7时MAPP溶解性极显著提高;在适当pH条件下起泡性及起泡稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均得到改善。【结论】微波辅助碱溶酸沉法可提高美藤果蛋白得率,改善其加工性质。

活性氧化镁选择性沉淀钴试验研究

针对以刚果(金)铜钴多金属共生矿石为原料的提钴工艺,研究了采用活性氧化镁选择沉淀模拟含钴溶液中的钴并制备粗氢氧化钴,探讨了溶液中氢氧化物沉淀的动力学,考察了氧化镁粒径、氧化镁添加量及添加方式、反应时间、温度对铁、钴、锰沉淀的影响。结果表明:通过添加30%过氧化氢能快速去除模拟含钴溶液中的杂质铁;按照添加量0.68/1、多次加入方式向模拟含钴溶液中添加粒径小于45μm活性氧化镁,在常温下反应6 h所得一级沉淀符合行业标准一级品要求,次级沉淀符合三级品要求。该工艺具有成本低、实用性强等优点,可有效提高氧化镁沉钴效率。

含钒页岩酸浸提钒废水处置的研究进展

含钒页岩酸浸提钒过程中会产生两类废水:酸性废水以及氨氮废水。基于提钒废水的性质特点,评述了其处置的研究进展。处理酸性废水时,中和沉淀法操作简单,但存在重金属离子时还需进行二阶段处理;膜分离法避免了中和沉淀法产生污泥多的情况,但膜易结垢使得寿命较短;酸性废水循环主要是将其返回至前端的浸出过程,利用废水中的H+等,可明显节约成本。处理氨氮废水时,吹脱法简单高效,但废水氨氮浓度较高时还需要进行二次脱氮;磷酸铵镁结晶法不仅操作简便,其产物还可作为肥料使用,但其消耗药剂较多,这增加了成本;离子交换法虽运行成本低、效率高,但尚有吸附容量小、金属负载型树脂离子易洗脱等关键问题待解决;催化氧化法效率高且产物清洁,但其使用成本高以及反应稳定性差。最后,展望了提钒废水处置的方向与趋势。

The occurrence characteristics of oil in shales matrix from organic geochemical screening data and pore structure properties:An experimental study Author links open overlay panel

The occurrence characteristics of shale oil are of great significance to the movability of shale oil.In this study,the occurrence characteristics of oil in the shale matrix at Funing Formation shale in Subei Basin were quantitatively evaluated by organic geochemistry and microscopic pore structure characterization experiments.The Multiple Isothermal Stages Pyrolysis(MIS)experiment results show that the content of total oil,adsorbed oil,and free oil in the shales are 3.15-11.25 mg/g,1.41-4.95 mg/g,and 1.74-6.51 mg/g,respectively.among which the silicon-rich shale has the best oil-bearing.The relative content of free oil shows an increasing trend in pores with pore diameters greater than 3 nm.When the relative content of free oil reaches 100%,the pore size of silicon-rich shale is about 200 nm,while that of calcium-rich shale,clay-rich shale,and siliceous mixed shale is about 10 nm.The occurrence law of adsorbed oil is opposite to that of free oil,which indicates that shale oil will occur in the pores and fractures in a free state in a more extensive pore size range(>200 nm).This study also enables us to further understand the occurrence characteristics of shale oil under the interaction of occurrence state and occurrence space.

油茶储藏蛋白提取过程组分迁移对其功能特性的影响

本研究以我国特色木本油料油茶储藏蛋白提取为对象,采用组学分析、分子对接等技术,研究提取过程中皂素伴随、组分迁移和相互作用对蛋白质组成与功能性质的影响。结果表明,碱法提取油茶储藏蛋白的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶10(g/mL)、提取pH 8.0,该条件下提取率达75.8%,皂素/蛋白比值为2.60。11S球蛋白在pH 4.5时先沉淀,皂素/蛋白比值为0.36;清蛋白约占总储藏蛋白69%,提取过程与皂素共存,其皂素/蛋白比值为3.73。油茶储藏蛋白中清蛋白与球蛋白的起泡性均大于200%,乳化活性指数为16.7 m^(2)/g,皂素与蛋白质的相互作用能显著提升乳化稳定性。本研究可为特色油料蛋白质高值化利用与功能配料开发提供理论参考。

钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣钙化碱浸试验研究

由于钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣中Na2 O含量高,作为炼铁配矿使用时会造成高炉结瘤问题,难以规模化利用。本文针对此问题,以承钢钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣为原料,进行了钙化碱浸-偏钒酸铵沉钒试验,目的是对提钒尾脱碱的同时提取其中有价金属钒。试验主要考察了浸出温度、碱浓度、氧化钙添加量和液固比对钠和钒浸出率的影响,结果表明,在浸出温度160℃、碱浓度100 g·L^(-1)、氧化钙添加量15%、液固比6:1、浸出时间60 min的条件下,钒和钠的浸出率分别达到82.25%和85.36%;对含钒碱浸液进行偏钒酸铵沉钒,得到了纯度大于97%的V_(2)O_(5)产品;终渣中Na_(2)O含量小于0.5%,Fe_(2)O_(3)含量达到30.10%,结合承钢高炉的碱金属平衡数据,可满足高炉炼铁配矿使用。本文研究结果可为相关企业钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾渣的规模化利用提供参考。

基于硫化钠的垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属回收试验研究

为实现对垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属的回收,以硫化钠溶液为沉淀剂,探究了其用量对重金属回收率的影响,并评价了回收后重金属对环境的影响。理论计算结果表明,在pH为9~12的体系中,S^(2-)能与提取液中的重金属离子形成CdS、CuS、PbS、ZnS金属硫化物沉淀。回收试验结果表明,每处理1 L提取液,5%Na_(2)S的适宜用量为40 mL,Na_(2)S用量对各重金属元素的回收率总体上影响不大;提取液处理前,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的质量浓度较低,Cd、Pb质量浓度超标,尤其是Pb超出了标准限值的20倍;回收处理后,提取液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度均符合GB 8978-1996的规定;浓度较高的Pb回收效果最为显著,其回收率达95.31%,浓度较低的Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的回收率分别为63.16%、62.71%、66.37%和54.88%;Cr^(3+)虽然不与S^(2-)反应,但通过包藏、吸附等方式被其他重金属硫化物共沉淀进入重金属回收渣,从而实现分离回收;重金属回收渣中铅质量分数高达4.24%,超过了原生铅矿Pb最低工业品位的4倍多,可以作为一种炼铅资源。本工艺简单、实用性强,为垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用提供了一条新途径。

蛋清卵黏蛋白提取工艺优化

卵黏蛋白是鸡蛋清中具有抗菌、降胆固醇及免疫活性的蛋白质。该文以新鲜鸡蛋清为原料,通过盐析沉淀法和等电点法结合提取卵黏蛋白,采用响应面法优化提取工艺。结果表明:蛋清中提取卵黏蛋白的最佳工艺条件为NaCl溶液浓度1.5 mol/L,以4倍蛋清体积的NaCl溶液,调节蛋清pH值至5.5,离心40 min,取沉淀重悬,在上述相同离心条件下再次离心并冻干沉淀得到卵黏蛋白,提取率为54.48%,纯度为94.26%。

膜电解钒酸钠溶液制备五氧化二钒

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