Dynamic Multi-Physics Behaviors and Performance Loss of Cylindrical Batteries Upon Low-Velocity Impact Loading

In challenging operational environments,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)inevitably experience mechanical stresses,including impacts and extrusion,which can lead to battery damage,failure,and even the occurrence of fire and explosion incidents.Consequently,it is imperative to investigate the safety performance of LIBs under mechanical loads.This study is grounded in a more realistic coupling scenario consisting of electrochemical cycling and low-velocity impact.We systematically and experimentally uncovered the mechanical,electrochemical,and thermal responses,damage behavior,and corresponding mechanisms under various conditions.Our study demonstrates that higher impact energy results in increased structural stiffness,maximum temperature,and maximum voltage drop.Furthermore,heightened impact energy significantly influences the electrical resistance parameters within the internal resistance.We also examined the effects of State of Charge(SOC)and C-rates.The methodology and experimental findings will offer insights for enhancing the safety design,conducting risk assessments,and enabling the cascading utilization of energy storage systems based on LIBs.

Dynamic and electrical responses of a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact

The dynamic responses and generated voltage in a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate(GRL)layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact(LVI)are investigated.The current study aims to carry out a dynamic analysis on the sandwich beam when the impactor hits the top face sheet with an initial velocity.For the layer analysis,the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and Frostig's second model for the displacement fields of the core layer are used.The classical non-adhesive elastic contact theory and Hunter's principle are used to calculate the dynamic responses in terms of time.In order to validate the analytical method,the outcomes of the current investigation are compared with those gained by the experimental tests carried out by other researchers for a rectangular composite plate subject to the LVI.Finite element(FE)simulations are conducted by means of the ABAQUS software.The effects of the parameters such as foam modulus,layer material,fiber angle,impactor mass,and its velocity on the generated voltage are reviewed.

Low-velocity Impact Damage Analysis of Composite Laminates Using Self-adapting Delamination Element Method

On the basis ofa 2D 4-node Mindlin shell element method, a novel self-adapting delamination finite element method is presented, which is developed to model the delamination damage of composite laminates. In the method, the sublaminate elements are generated automatically when the delamination damage occurs or extends. Thus, the complex process and state of delamination damage can be simulated practically with high efficiency for both analysis and modeling. Based on the self-adapting delamination method, linear dynamic finite element damage analysis is performed to simulate the low-velocity impact damage process of three types of mixed woven composite laminates. Taking the frictional force among sublaminations during delaminating and the transverse normal stress into account, the analytical results are consistent with those of the experimental data.

季冻影响下路用CFB灰混凝土孔隙特征及动态力学性能研究

通过室内冻融循环试验和SHPB动力学试验,探究冻融循环对CFB灰混凝土孔隙率的影响特征,分析高应变率作用下冻融循环次数和CFB灰掺量对混凝土动态力学性能的影响。根据公路建设季冻灾害与动载扰动的影响规律,分析CFB灰混凝土的路用可行性。研究表明:在冻融循环作用下,CFB灰混凝土的孔隙率与混凝土可承受的冻融循环次数呈对数关系,CFB灰掺量的增加使混凝土密实度提高,孔隙率减小;随着冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土的动态弹性模量、动态抗压强度呈对数减小,动态峰值应变呈对数增加,掺量为20%的CFB灰混凝土具有较强的动态抗压性能;在公路建设中,掺量不大于20%的CFB灰能有效降低混凝土孔隙率、提高动荷载承载力、改善混凝土的抗冻性。研究成果对于探究CFB灰混凝土力学性能、促进CFB灰混凝土在公路建设中的应用具有重要意义。

CFB飞灰压浆料的制备及高强微膨胀机理研究

利用循环流化床燃煤固硫灰(CFB飞灰)的活性与膨胀性制备压浆料,研究了CFB飞灰掺量和水胶比对压浆料工作性能、强度和膨胀率的影响;CFB飞灰与矿粉以不同比例复配,对比研究了CFB飞灰压浆料的高强微膨胀特性,并采用XRD与SEM分析验证。结果表明,随CFB飞灰替代水泥掺量的增加,压浆料的需水性增强,抗压强度降低,20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰的试样28 d抗压强度与基样接近,可达85.8 MPa,而抗折强度先升高后降低,膨胀率一直升高。随用水量的增加,压浆料的膨胀率降低但均为正值。随CFB飞灰取代矿粉率的提高,压浆料的工作性能降低,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,其中20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、10%(质量分数)矿粉复合的试样28 d抗压强度最高,为99.8 MPa,膨胀率一直升高。通过CFB飞灰与矿粉复合配制了各项性能均满足铁标要求的压浆料。CFB飞灰不仅自身水化产生膨胀,还能激活矿粉活性,产生复合增强作用。

Nonlinear progressive damage model for composite laminates used for low-velocity impact

In order to effectively describe the progressively intralaminar and interlam- inar damage for composite laminates, a three dimensional progressive damage model for composite laminates to be used for low-velocity impact is presented. Being applied to three-dimensional （3D） solid elements and cohesive elements, the nonlinear damage model can be used to analyze the dynamic performance of composite structure and its failure be- havior. For the intralaminar damage, as a function of the energy release rate, the damage model in an exponential function can describe progressive development of the damage. For the interlaminar damage, the damage evolution is described by the framework of the continuum mechanics through cohesive elements. Coding the user subroutine VUMAT of the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit, the model is applied to an example, i.e., carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates under low-velocity impact. It is shown that the prediction of damage and deformation agrees well with the experimental results.

基于TF-NGO算法的CFB锅炉床温系统建模研究

床温是循环流化床(CFB)锅炉重要的运行参数之一。针对床温耦合性强、干扰因素多、控制复杂的问题,亟需建立床温的数学模型,以实现床温控制,从而保证CFB锅炉安全、平稳地运行。为此,首先引入了混沌映射、切线飞行(TF)和柯西变异策略改进北方苍鹰优化(NGO)算法,并用实际工况的系统模型测试TF-NGO算法。测试结果表明,TF-NGO算法拥有更快的收敛速度和更高的寻优精度。其次,采集并预处理山西某电厂350 MW超临界CFB锅炉的现场运行数据。最后,采用TF-NGO算法对所建模型的参数进行辨识,并用实际工况数据进行模型验证。辨识和验证结果表明,由TF-NGO算法辨识的床温模型与实际输出拟合度高,能有效反映床温的动态特性,证明所建模型的有效性。该研究为后续对350 MW超临界CFB锅炉床温的优化控制研究奠定了基础。

STUDY ON THE RESPONSE TO LOW-VELOCITY IMPACT OF A COMPOSITE PLATE IMPROVED BY SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Improvement from the pseudo-elastic effect of shape memory alloy （SMA） on the low-velocity impact （LVI） resistance of a composite plate is investigated by the finite element method （FEM）. The stiffness matrix of the dynamic finite element equation is established step by step and the martensite fraction is obtained at each time step. The direct Newmark integration method is employed in solving the dynamic finite element equation, while the impact contact force is determined using the modified Hertz＇s law. It is found that SMA can effectively improve the performance of a composite structure subjected to low-velocity impact. Numerical results show that the deflection of a SMA-hybrid composite plate has been reduced approximately by thirty percent when the volume fraction of the embedded SMA reaches 0.3.

Influence of Low-velocity Impact on Damage Behavior of Carbon Fiber-reinforced Composites

A combination of experimental measurements and numerical analysis was utilized to study the low-velocity impact damage of domestic carbon fiber-reinforced composites(CFRCs).The results indicated that the low-velocity impact damage induced pits and longitudinal cracks on the front side,oblique cracks and delaminationin on the back side.The pit depth increased with the increasing impact energy.It was demonstrated that the numerical analysis strain history curve was similar to the experimentally measured strain history curve,which verified the accuracy of numerical analysis in which the Hashin failure criterion was used.The work provides basic data and theoretical basis for the promotion and application of the domestic carbon fiber,and demonstrates the feasibility of replacing imported carbon fibers with domestic carbon fibers.

生物质CFB氮氧化物排放建模与优化控制

由于生物质循环流化床(CFB)燃烧不稳定,为实现负荷波动过程中机组NO_(x)的动态预测,从锅炉燃烧机理切入,建立了氧量模型与即燃碳模型;对炉内NO_(x)自生成与自还原机理进行分析,并结合数学建模的方法,建立了NO_(x)动态排放模型。进行给料量、二次风量开环阶跃试验;分析NO_(x)排放与氧量耦合情况,采用简化对角解耦与前馈补偿解耦法解除耦合。结合某130 t/h生物质CFB实际运行数据进行仿真试验。结果表明:模型拥有较好的预测效果,能反映氧量及NO_(x)排放过程的动态特性,可实现给料量控制NO_(x)排放质量浓度、二次风控制氧体积分数的单回路控制,所设计的NO_(x)排放质量浓度模型及解耦控制方法可以为今后生物质CFB机组适应动态运行以及智能控制策略设计提供参考。

Design Optimization of CFRP Stacking Sequence Using a Multi-Island Genetic Algorithms Under Low-velocity Impact Loads

A method to improve the low-velocity impact performance of composite laminate is proposed, and a multi-island genetic algorithm is used for the optimization of composite laminate stacking sequence under low-velocity impact loads based on a 2D dynamic impact finite element analysis. Low-velocity impact tests and compression-after impact（CAI） tests have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of optimization method. Experimental results show that the impact damage areas of the optimized laminate have been reduced by 42.1% compared to the baseline specimen, and the residual compression strength has been increased by 10.79%, from baseline specimen 156.97 MPa to optimized 173.91 MPa. The tests result shows that optimization method can effectively enhance the impact performances of the laminate.

Preliminary analysis for the roles of crustal low-velocity and high-conductivity body in process of strong earthquake preparation

In this paper, the roles of low velocity and high conductivity body inside the crust in the process of strong earth quake preparation are approached by using theoretical analysis method based on the comprehensive researches on the fine structure of strong seismic source in the North China. The following results are obtained. The low-velocity and high-conductivity body plays the promoting role for the action of deep-seated structure in the medium stage of earthquake preparation, except that its existence is advantageous to the stress concentrating in the overlying brittle layer during the process of earthquake preparation. And it plays the triggering role for the occurrence of strong earthquake in the later stage of earthquake preparation.

Tuning the velocity and flux of a low-velocity intense source of cold atomic beam

We investigate experimentally and numerically the quantitative dependence of characteristics of a low-velocity intensity source（LVIS） of atomic beam on light parameters, especially the polarization of cooling laser along the atomic beam axis（pushing beam）. By changing the polarization of the pushing beam, the longitudinal mean velocity of a rubidium atomic beam can be tuned continuously from 10 to 20 m/s and the flux can range from 3 × 10^-8 to 1 × 10^-9 atoms/s, corresponding to the maximum sensitivity of the velocity with respect to the polarization angle of 20（m/s）/rad and the mean sensitivity of flux of 1.2 × 10^-9（atoms/s）/rad. The mechanism is explained with a Monte-Carlo based numerical simulation method, which shows a qualitative agreement with the experimental result. This is also a demonstration of a method enabling the fast and continuous modulation of a low-velocity intense source of cold atomic beam on the velocity or flux,which can be used in many fields, like the development of a cold atomic beam interferometer and atom lithography.

CFB灰渣混凝土的组成设计与应用研究

随着循环流化床(CFB)锅炉清洁燃烧技术的大规模应用,所排放的CFB灰渣的处理成为亟待解决的问题。本文以碎石作粗集料、CFB炉渣作细集料以及CFB飞灰作矿物掺合料来制备CFB灰渣混凝土,探讨了CFB炉渣砂率、CFB飞灰掺量对CFB灰渣混凝土的工作性能与力学性能的影响,优化设计了CFB灰渣混凝土配合比,对比研究了CFB灰渣混凝土与机制砂混凝土抗Cl-渗透性能、抗冻性和干燥收缩等耐久性能,并进行了CFB灰渣混凝土小型预制构件的工程应用。结果表明:随着CFB炉渣砂率的增加,CFB灰渣混凝土的抗压强度先增大后降低,随着CFB飞灰掺量的增加,CFB灰渣混凝土的坍落度逐渐降低,抗压强度先增大后降低,优化的最佳配合比为水泥280 kg/m^(3)、CFB飞灰120 kg/m^(3)、矿粉40 kg/m^(3)、CFB炉渣620 kg/m^(3)、碎石1 013 kg/m^(3)、水223 kg/m^(3)、减水剂8.8 kg/m^(3);相比于机制砂混凝土,CFB灰渣混凝土具有良好的抗Cl-渗透性能、抗冻性和较小的干燥收缩,且采用CFB灰渣混凝土制备的小型预制构件在实际工程中具有更好的应用效果。

CFB炉渣细骨料纤维砂浆干燥收缩特性研究

为了实现CFB炉渣的高效利用,提高预拌砂浆的抗裂性,以粉煤灰取代量(体积分数)、CFB炉渣细骨料取代量(体积分数)和PVA纤维掺量(体积分数)为因素,设计正交试验方案L_(16)(4~5),试验研究CFB炉渣细骨料纤维砂浆的干燥收缩特性,分析作用规律,建立回归模型。结果表明:增加粉煤灰取代量可以提高CFB炉渣砂浆稠度,增加CFB炉渣取代量和PVA纤维掺量不利于砂浆稠度的提升;粉煤灰取代量、CFB炉渣取代量为CFB炉渣纤维砂浆的干燥收缩特别显著性影响因素,PVA纤维掺量为显著性影响因素;粉煤灰取代量、PVA纤维掺量对CFB炉渣纤维砂浆的干燥收缩起明显的抑制作用,CFB炉渣使砂浆的干燥收缩呈先降低后增大的变化趋势;砂浆干燥收缩的模型预测相对残差在±5%以内,模型预测结果准确可信。

CFB灰渣对水泥稳定红砂岩集料的增强改性作用

针对红砂岩均质性差,红砂岩集料性能和水泥稳定红砂岩集料路用性能不明确的问题,以水泥稳定石灰岩集料为对照,分别研究了红砂岩粗、细集料取代率。研究了循环流化床(CFB)炉渣、CFB飞灰掺量对水泥稳定红砂岩集料7 d无侧限抗压强度、长期强度、抗干缩性能和抗冻性能的影响规律。采用SEM揭示了CFB灰渣对水泥稳定红砂岩集料的改性作用机理。结果表明:红砂岩集料的组成成分和物理性能与粒径大小存在明显相关性,集料粒径越小,集料中的黏土矿物含量越高,压碎值越低,塑性指数越高,表明可以通过破碎筛分将不同类型红砂岩分离,提高红砂岩集料均质性。水泥稳定红砂岩集料的强度、抗裂性能、抗冻性受红砂岩粗集料替代率影响小,受红砂岩细集料替代率影响大。采用CFB炉渣和CFB飞灰作复合细集料可显著提高水泥稳定红砂岩集料的路用性能。与同水泥掺量水泥稳定石灰石集料相比,经改性后的水泥稳定红砂岩集料7 d无侧限抗压强度高0.8 MPa,干缩应变低49.5%,抗冻性持平。从SEM的试验结果中可以观察到针棒状钙矾石和絮状C—S—H凝胶,这表明CFB灰渣的水化产物起到了胶结增强作用,针棒状钙矾石形成产生的膨胀与CFB炉渣的多孔“内养生”作用可协同降低干缩、防止冻融破坏。

超临界CFB锅炉水冷壁管分区段热应力分析

为确保循环流化床锅炉水冷壁的正常运行,以避免发生蠕变变形、高温腐蚀等生产事故。以600 MW超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉为研究对象,建立了水冷壁温度应力场数值模型。并利用分区段炉膛热力计算理论和新IAPWS-IF97公式,对运行状态中水冷壁分区段进行壁温和热应力分析。结果表明:各区段管壁温度与应力场分布变化一致,但由于工质焓值和高温烟气的交叉作用,区段5存在最高壁温与最大热应力。进一步对区段5进行传热恶化分析可得,管壁最高温度部位发生转移,且壁温与热应力最大值皆超过设计值,可能导致水冷管爆管或断裂。随后针对安全隐患,通过数值模拟方法从降低局部热负荷和控制质量流速的角度来防止锅炉传热恶化,为锅炉安全监测提供了有效建议与防治手段。

Experiments and simulation of low-velocity impact characteristics on carbon fiber composite lattice core sandwich structures

Since composite sandwich structures are susceptible to low-velocity impact damage,a thorough characterization of the loading and damage process during impact is important.In the present paper,the low-velocity impact response of carbon fiber composites lattice structures is investigated by experimental and numerical methods.Impact tests on composite plates are performed using an instrumented drop-weight machine(Instron 9250HV)and a new damage mode is observed.A three-dimensional finite element model is built by ABAQUS/Explicit and user subroutine(VUMAT)to predict the peak loading and simulate the complicated damage problem.The numerical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.

300 MW CFB锅炉旋风分离器改造数值模拟研究

旋风分离器分离性能会显著影响循环流化床锅炉的运行。为解决某300 MW循环流化床锅炉旋风分离器分离器性能差的问题,基于欧拉-拉格朗日框架,使用UGNX12.0软件对该300 MW循环流化床锅炉的炉膛、旋风分离器、返料阀按照实际尺寸1∶1建立全回路几何模型,根据实际参数设置边界条件,并通过Barracuda软件进行数值模拟,分析旋风分离器烟道入口各参数(入口烟道高度、入口烟道宽度、入口下倾角大小及中心筒插入深度)对旋风分离器效率及压降的影响;综合考虑分离器的分离效率、压降以及磨损量,提出了2个改造方案。仿真结果表明:炉膛内压力模拟值与实际值的偏差均在5%以内,模拟结果较为精确;2个方案在各负荷下均能提升旋风分离器分离性能,方案1满负荷下效率相较于较改造前提升了0.260%,压降降低了13.1 Pa,方案2满负荷下效率相较于改造前提升了0.240%,压降降低了53.7 Pa;随着负荷降低,旋风分离器效率提升逐渐不明显,在300、260和160 MW负荷下,方案1分别提升0.263%、0.178%和0.023%,方案2分别提升0.243%、0.174%和0.020%。

Low-Velocity Impact Response of Stitched Multi-layer Foam Sandwich Composites

Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistance of foam sandwich composites,an innovative concept of a stitched multi-layer sandwich structure by organically combining the discrete splitting of foam layer with full thickness stitching was proposed,and its low-velocity impact resistance obtained through drop-hammer impact tests was explored.The results showed that the multi-layer foam sandwich structure acted as a stress disperser and reduced the irreversible impact damage.The depth and area of low-velocity impact damage of multi-layer foam sandwich composites gradually decreased with increasing the number of the layers.The stitched structure would improve the integrity of the foam sandwich composites and inhibit the propagation of cracks.The maximum impact load of the stitched foam sandwich composite increased by approximately 5% compared with that of the non-stitched material.In addition,the low-velocity impact damage depth,damage area and absorbed energy of the stitched three-layer foam sandwich composite were reduced by 37.7%,34.6% and 20.7%,respectively,compared with those of the non-stitched single-layer sandwich material.