Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Soil Improvement and Wheat Growth Characteristics in Saline-alkali Land

[Objectives]This study was conducted to further enrich the research on saline-alkali land improvement,and explore the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis HM-3 in saline-alkali land improvement and crop growth promotion.[Methods]Wheat was planted in saline-alkali land in Huanghua City,Hebei Province,and a mixed application experiment was carried out using biological agents from Hemiao Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.[Results]Compared with the field of control check(CK),water-soluble salts and pH value in the experimental fields decreased,and living bacteria count in the soil increased.Meanwhile,the economic characters of wheat in the experimental fields showed excellent performance,with yields increasing by 39.09%and 27.49%compared with the CK.It could be seen that the application of biological bacterial fertilizers achieved obvious effects of improving saline-alkali soil and increasing wheat yield.[Conclusions]In this study,the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers on saline-alkali land and wheat growth characters were clarified,providing some technical support and theoretical guidance for wheat planting in Huanghua saline-alkali land.

Assessing the Efficacy of Wheat-Soybean Based Intercropping System at Different Plant Densities in Bambili, Cameroon

Wheat is one of the most important cereals in the world, serving as a staple for millions globally. In the wake of the geopolitical crisis between Russia and Ukraine, it has become incumbent for many countries to invest in wheat production. Improving cropping systems for wheat production is paramount. Intercropping cereals with legumes has tremendous advantages. Therefore, this study was designed to optimize wheat production by intercropping it with soybean at different densities. Between March and August 2023, a randomized complete block design trial was conducted in Bambili, North West of Cameroon with treatments T1 (wheat monocrop at 200,000 plants ha−1), T2 (soybean monocrop at 250,000 plants ha−1), T3 (200,000 wheat and 125,000 soybean ha−1), T4 (100,000 wheat and 250,000 soybean ha−1), T5 (200,000 wheat and 250,000 soybean ha−1) and T6 (100,000 wheat and 125,000 soybean ha−1). Results revealed that growth parameters of wheat were not significantly influenced by monocrop or intercrop. The yield of wheat was significantly higher in the monocrop than the intercrop treatments, with slight variation amongst the intercrop treatments. Soybean yield was higher in the monocrop than in the intercrop, with no variations amongst the intercrop treatments. Only the land equivalence ratio (LER) for T5 was greater than 1.0. The competitive ratio for T5 was 0.54 for wheat and 1.90 for soybean, comparatively lower than the other monocrop treatments. Intercropping wheat and soybean at 200,000:250,000 ratio is recommended.

Experimental analysis of a nitrogen removal process simulation of wastewater land treatment under three different wheat planting densities

Nitrogen contaminant transport, transformation and uptake simulation experiments were conducted in green house under three different planting density of winter wheat. They were Group A, planting density of 0.0208 plants/cm 2, Group B, 0.1042 plants /cm 2, and Group C, 0.1415 plants/cm 2. The capacity and ratio of nitrogen removal were different on three kinds of conditions of wastewater land treatment. From analysis of wastewater treatment capacity, wastewater concentration and irrigation intensity for Group C were suitable and nitrogen quantity added was 2 times of that for Group B, 2.6 times for Group A while nitrogen residue was only 7.06%. Hence, wastewater irrigation and treatment design with purpose of waste water treatment should select the design with maximum capacity, optimal removal ratio and least residue in soil, which was closely related to crop planting density, crop growth status and also background nitrogen quantity in soil.

Layering Precision Land Leveling and Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed Planting: Productivity and Input Use Efficiency of Irrigated Bread Wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains

Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.

Effects of Soil Improver on Wheat in Saline-Alkali Lands in the Yellow River Delta

Field experiment carried out to test the effects of soil improver on wheat yield and soil physical-chemical properties. The results indicated that soil improver could optimize soil aggregates structure, decrease soil bulk density, soil pH and soil salt content, increase soil organic matter and 1 000-grain weight, thereby enhancing wheat yield. With the increase of soil improver application amount, soil physical-chemical properties became better and wheat yield increased. However, there was no significant difference in the treatments with the application amounts of 3%, 4% and 5%. In addition, the treatment of reducing nitrogen showed no superiority in soil physical-chemical properties and wheat yield, indicating that sufficient nitrogen was essential for the growth of wheat.

The Type of Low-yielding Fields,Using Direction and Land Fertility Building Measures in Suiping County

Using the evaluation indicator system for arable land fertility in Suiping County,this paper analyzes some factors influencing agricultural production,such as physical and chemical properties of soil,site conditions,soil management,and soil nutrients concerning various types of low-yielding fields in the county. In accordance with the dominant soil constraint factors and main direction of improvement,the lowyielding fields in the county are divided into four types: irrigation improvement type,waterlogging drainage type,barren soil fertilization and barrier layer type. Finally this paper offers specific guidance on the construction of arable land.

Effects of Subsoiling on Some Soil Physical Properties and Wheat Yield in a Dry Land Ecological Condition

In order to evaluate the effect of subsoiling on the soil physical properties and wheat yield in dry land conditions, this research was conducted in Mamassani area of Fars province in Iran. The experiment was laid down in the form of a complete block experimental design with four treatments and four replications for three years. Treatments included： （1） conventional tillage without using subsoiler which was control treatment （So）; （2） using subsoiler with the shank space of 40 cm which was equal to the subsoiling depth （SO; （3） using subsoiler with the shank space of 60 cm which was 1.5 times of the subsoiling depth （S2）; and （4） using subsoiler with the shank space of 80 cm which was 2 times of the subsoiling depth （S3）. Subsoiling depth was set at 40 cm which was the lower limit of the hard pan depth in the soil. Soil cone index, soil bulk density, soil moisture content, wheat yield, and yield components were measured in this study and SAS software was used to analyze the collected data. Results showed that subsoiling decreased the soil bulk density and cone index, and increased water retention of the soil. Results also revealed that applying subsoiler increased wheat yield and yield components in our dry land conditions. Since subsoiling improved soil physical conditions and increases wheat yield, applying subsoiler in such a dry land conditions is therefore recommended. Results of this study also showed that subsoiling with the shank space of 40 cm and 60 cm had better performance compared to the shank space of 80 cm. On the other hand, shank space of 40 cm reduced the subsoiler effective working width and consequently effective field capacity. Therefore, subsoiler with a shank space of 60 cm is recommended for application in dry land soils of our type.

陇东旱地冬小麦品种抗旱性鉴定

为研究陇东特殊干旱气候条件下抗旱育种的进展与现状,选取近20 a陇东旱地选育的14个冬小麦新品种(系)为材料,以籽粒产量抗旱指数等为全生育期抗旱性鉴定指标,在旱棚进行全生育期干旱胁迫试验。结果表明,陇育4号和宁麦5号抗旱指数在1.100~1.299范围内,抗旱级别为2级;陇育7号和陇鉴387抗旱指数在0.700~0.899范围内,抗旱级别为4级;其余10个材料抗旱指数在0.900~1.099范围内,抗旱级别为3级。抗旱性级别在2~3级的材料占85.7%。产量性状主因子分析发现,抗旱级别为2级的陇育4号和宁麦5号,在干旱胁迫下有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重无明显变化;抗旱级别为4级的陇育7号和陇鉴387,在干旱胁迫下有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均减幅较大;抗旱级别为3级的其余10个材料在干旱条件下,其产量性状三要素有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重中只有一项发生变化,没有两项叠加变化。

芸苔素内酯与吡唑醚菌酯协同使用对提高盐碱地小麦产量效果初探

在盐分质量分数为3‰的滨海盐碱地,以捷麦19、济麦22、京麦188为试验品种,在小麦返青拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期分别施用1次芸苔素内酯+吡唑醚菌酯药剂组合,研究药剂施用对盐碱地小麦产量的影响。试验结果表明:施用药剂后小麦产量平均提升11.2%,穗粒数和千粒质量分别提高5.19%和6.17%,一定程度上增加了小麦的生物量和抗病性。药剂对不同试验品种产量提升效果济麦22高于京麦188高于捷麦19,这与品种自身抗性和产量水平有关。

粪肥部分替代氮肥对盐碱地冬小麦产量与土壤养分的影响

为探讨不同种类粪肥部分替代氮肥对中度盐碱地上冬小麦产量与土壤养分的影响,本试验在山东省东营市河口区试验地上设置不施肥(CK)、施用化肥[CON:常规施肥处理,氮磷钾(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O)用量=267-252-0 kg/hm^(2);OPT:优化施肥处理,氮磷钾(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O)用量=210-105-105 kg/hm^(2)]和优化施肥基础上粪肥替代15%或30%氮肥(牛粪肥替代处理代号:DM15和DM30;羊粪肥替代处理代号:SM15和SM30;鸡粪肥替代处理代号:CM15和CM30)共9个处理,研究其对中度盐碱地土壤理化性质、氮肥偏生产力、养分含量和小麦产量效益的影响。结果表明:相比对照(CK)各施肥处理显著增加小麦产量,相比CON,DM15、DM30和SM15处理小麦产量分别提高21.5%、17.7%和1.7%。相比CON,OPT和各粪肥部分替代氮肥处理能增加氮肥偏生产力。相比CON,各粪肥部分替代氮肥处理降低土壤容重和pH值,且土壤有机质含量增幅达32.7%~74.2%,但羊粪肥和鸡粪肥部分替代氮肥会增加土壤EC值。与CON相比,各粪肥部分替代氮肥处理土壤速效氮含量显著增加,速效钾含量均有提高且大多差异显著,土壤有效磷含量除DM30和SM15处理有一定幅度升高外其他处理均降低但差异均不显著,均提高土壤氮钾养分活化系数。DM15、DM30和SM15处理可以提高小麦经济收益,其中DM15处理相比CON增收57.03%,效果最好。综上看出,牛粪肥部分替代氮素化肥(DM15、DM30)可以较大幅度增加小麦产量,提升土壤养分水平,增加经济效益。

宁夏卫宁平原土壤锌地球化学特征与富锌小麦种植区预测

研究目的大部分粮食作物锌含量较低,人体难以从正常的膳食结构中获取足够的锌元素。通过开展土地质量地球化学调查,探寻种植富锌作物的适宜区域,是基于自然途径使作物达到富锌标准的最优方案。研究方法本研究以宁夏卫宁平原农业用地为研究区,基于土地质量地球化学调查所获取的农用地表层土壤、小麦籽实及其根系土中元素地球化学数据,研究了表层土壤、小麦籽实Zn地球化学特征,探究了小麦籽实富集Zn的影响因素;以中国健康膳食营养结构与居民膳食营养素参考摄入量为基准,推算出富锌小麦锌含量区间值。研究结果研究区表层土壤Zn含量范围25.1~102.0 mg/kg,背景值61.4 mg/kg;研究区小麦籽实Zn含量范围13.34~37.78 mg/kg,平均值24.72 mg/kg,生物富集系数(BCF)平均值0.41;富锌小麦Zn含量取值范围为26.5~50.0 mg/kg,研究区小麦籽实的富锌比例为36.7%;基于神经网络模型预测出卫宁平原适宜种植富锌小麦的农用地面积为242.86 km^(2)。结论研究区表层土壤Zn空间分布较为均匀且主要受到成土母质控制;小麦籽实富集Zn的能力为中等,土壤Zn、Fe_(2)O_(3)、K_(2)O、SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)与小麦籽实Zn具有显著相关关系;神经网络模型能构建出可靠的预测模型,可以作为基于地球化学调查数据探寻有益微量元素富集作物种植适宜区的方法。

牛粪与脱硫石膏配施对滨海盐碱土壤及小麦生长的影响

为探究畜禽粪便与脱硫石膏配施改良滨海盐碱土的作用,本文以天津静海地区滨海盐碱土为试验对象,通过设置田间小区试验,分析牛粪和脱硫石膏的不同用量在配施处理下对土壤pH、全盐、土壤离子组成以及小麦株高、千粒重、穗粒数、产量的影响,以期为滨海盐碱地治理提供技术参考。结果表明:9种不同脱硫石膏和牛粪组合均可以降低土壤pH,LDLG、LDMG、LDHG处理效果最好,pH下降2%~5%。相交于CK的离子组成,在相同牛粪施用量的情况下,LDLG、LDMG、LDHG的Na+、HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl-含量均明显降低,K^(+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+)的含量有上升趋势。Na+较CK降低15.71%~24.21%;Ca^(2+)较CK增加110.69%~880.67%。Mg^(2+)则增加133.41%~525.31%;HCO_(3)^(-)降低幅度为22.91%~59.01%;Cl-降低幅度35.51%~48.22%;K^(+)的上升幅度为16.41%~70.02%;SO_(4)^(2-)的上升幅度为123.21%~351.19%,SAR值降低65.59%~89.81%。施用脱硫石膏和牛粪可显著提高小麦株高、产量,株高提高幅度为4.78%~14.79%,HDLG处理株高达最大值为64.67 cm;产量增产幅度为-11.37%~19.55%,并在LDMG达到最大值。研究表明,脱硫石膏用量与土壤全盐量呈显著正相关,脱硫石膏和牛粪用量与土壤pH呈显著负相关。在牛粪定量的情况下,土壤全盐会随着脱硫石膏的用量增加呈上升趋势;在脱硫石膏用量一定的情况下,土壤的全盐含量由于牛粪施用量的增加而降低。

我国主要粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响

中量元素钙、镁、硫对农业生产的作用日益突出,研究土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响,可为全国和区域尺度耕地土壤中量元素管理和合理施肥提供理论依据。基于覆盖全国697个耕地质量监测点的监测数据,对比分析2016和2021年全国及六大粮食产区(东北区、华北区、西北区、西南区、长江流域和华南区)的土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的变化特征及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响。与2016年相比,2021年697个监测点的土壤交换性钙和交换性镁平均含量变化不显著,有效硫平均含量显著下降了27.3%,全国交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硫主要与土壤pH和有机质(OM)相关。六大粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的年际变化特征有所不同。与2016年相比,2021年东北区交换性钙和镁含量分别显著增加了25.5%和52.4%,主要与pH相关;有效硫含量显著下降了47.8%,主要与速效钾相关。华北区交换性钙含量显著下降了11.8%,主要与pH相关。西北区交换性钙、镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了64.0%、54.0%和30.4%,钙主要与总钾相关,镁主要与全磷相关,硫与土壤其他理化性质不存在显著相关。西南区有效硫含量显著下降了30.0%,主要与pH和OM相关。长江流域交换性镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了52.0%和15.7%,主要与pH和OM相关。华南区3种有效态中量元素含量变化不显著,三者主要与pH和OM相关。在全国尺度下,水稻产量与土壤交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,玉米产量与交换性镁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关,小麦产量则与3种中量元素不存在显著相关性;当pH≤7.0时,小麦产量与交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,当pH>7.0时则不存在显著相关性;无论土壤呈酸性还是碱性,小麦产量均与有效硫含量不存在显著相关性。综上,2016—2021年的5年间,我国耕地土壤交换性钙、镁含量变化不显著,有效硫含量显著降低,这些中量元素主要与土壤pH和OM相关。六大粮食产区中量元素含量变化特征和影响因素及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响存在较大差异,针对性施用中量元素肥料有助于提升区域粮食产量。

荧光假单胞杆菌拌种在旱地小麦种植中的应用效果研究

为探讨沧州地区旱地冬小麦种植中荧光假单胞杆菌拌种技术应用的可行性,以沧麦6005为试验材料开展田间比较试验,探究荧光假单胞杆菌拌种对旱地冬小麦生长、产量与经济效益的影响。结果表明,荧光假单胞杆菌拌种可促进旱地冬小麦冬期前根系发育,有效防治小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病等。用3000~6000 mL/hm^(2)荧光假单胞杆菌拌种300 kg/hm^(2),小麦产量较清水拌种(300 kg/hm^(2))增加31.68%~33.76%,增产效果优于4500 mL/hm^(2)噻虫·咪鲜胺拌种300 kg/hm^(2),投入产出比较高,经济效益较大。荧光假单胞杆菌拌种可提高旱地冬小麦的产量与经济效益,建议在以沧州生态类型区为代表的黑龙港东部旱地冬小麦种植中推广应用。

氮肥减量配施生物有机肥对春小麦增产及土壤培肥的影响

【目的】研究氮肥减量配施生物有机肥对春小麦增产及土壤培肥的影响。【方法】在新疆昌吉回族自治州(简称昌吉州)呼图壁县五工台镇十户村农场进行培肥试验,研究有机肥对土壤有机质和养分的影响。以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置1个常规施肥(CF)处理,2个氮肥减量水平T_(1)D_(1)、T_(1)D_(2)(氮肥减量15%,氮肥减量30%)和2个生物有机肥施肥量T_(2)D_(1)、T_(2)D_(2)(1125、2250 kg/hm^(2)),共6个处理,每个处理4次重复。【结果】与常规施肥CF相比,各氮肥减量配施生物有机肥处理的春小麦LAI和SPAD值均有提高,春小麦理论产量增加了9.03%~28.84%;各氮肥减量处理降低了0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的土壤pH值和土壤电导率,增加了土壤有机质。氮肥减量相同时,施用2250 kg/hm^(2)生物有机肥的处理比施用1125 kg/hm^(2)生物有机肥的处理增加土壤养分含量更高;当生物有机肥施量相同时,各土层氮肥减量15%处理比氮肥减量30%处理的土壤养分含量更高。与不施肥处理CK与常规施肥处理CF相比,各氮肥减量配施生物有机肥处理的土壤细菌数量和放线菌数量呈上升趋势,土壤真菌数量呈下降趋势。【结论】氮肥减量15%时配施生物有机肥是实现肥料资源合理利用和改善土壤环境的良好施肥模式,促进盐碱地春小麦生长发育,降低土壤pH值和电导率,增加土壤养分含量,调节土壤可培养微生物数量结构的效果最佳。

小麦腐熟粪肥有机氮同效当量试验分析

为充分发挥腐熟粪肥类有机肥在平衡养分中的作用,提高化学肥料的施用效果,提升耕地质量,更好地就近就地消纳有机粪肥资源,本研究开展了小麦腐熟粪肥有机氮同效当量试验,设置无氮处理(PK)、无机氮处理(N_(1)PK)和等氮量腐熟粪肥100%氮替代(MN_(2)PK)3个处理,明确小麦腐熟粪肥的有机氮同效当量,及其对小麦产量及构成因素、品质、养分吸收利用率及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与无机氮处理相比,腐熟粪肥处理的小麦产量及产量构成因素、氮肥利用率均呈降低的趋势,以鸡粪为主要原料的腐熟粪肥有机氮同效当量为0.89;与无机氮处理相比较,施用腐熟粪肥提高了小麦蛋白含量,增加了土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和pH等肥力指标。综合结果表明,腐熟粪肥类有机肥可以提升小麦品质,改善土壤理化性质,提升耕地质量。

有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤养分及小麦生长的影响

通过试验,对比分析了不同类型有机肥替代部分化肥对小麦生长及土壤养分的影响,结果显示:不同有机肥替代方案对小麦种植土壤pH值没有显著影响但有机质和全氮的含量有所提升,部分有机肥替代方案对小麦产量和肥料利用率有一定的提升效果。

有机肥与无机肥配施对小麦产量及土壤质量的影响

为深入探究有机肥与无机肥配施对小麦生长发育、产量形成以及土壤质量的综合效应,从而为当地小麦生产制订科学合理的施肥策略,在实现化肥减量的同时提高肥料利用效率。本试验设置了5种不同的处理方案:空白对照组(CK)、常规化肥单独施用组、化肥用量减少20%并配合有机肥施用组、化肥用量减少40%并配合有机肥施用组,以及化肥用量减少60%并配合有机肥施用组,通过田间小区试验方法进行对比研究。结果表明,不同比例的有机肥与无机肥配施方式对小麦植株生长特性、最终产量表现及土壤性质均有一定影响。其中,当化肥用量减少20%并配施有机肥的处理条件下,小麦的产量达到较优水平(8910 kg/hm^(2))。相较于单一使用化肥的情况,有机肥与无机肥合理配施不仅能够明显促进小麦的生长与高产,还能有效地改善和优化土壤质量,体现出良好的生态效益和经济效益。

山东省盐碱地小麦机械化生产现状

山东省盐碱地分布广泛,对小麦种植和机械化生产构成了严重挑战。近年来,通过育种技术的进步和智能农机装备的研发,盐碱地小麦生产取得了一定的进展。本文从土壤板结与“返盐”现象、农机设备的适应性以及机械化作业与盐碱地生态环境冲突三个技术难点出发,分析了盐碱地小麦机械化生产的现状。针对这些技术难点,探讨了改进耕作技术、提高农机设备的适应性、加强生态保护与机械化作业相结合等策略,为盐碱地小麦生产提供实践指导。

Nitrate Accumulation in Soil Profile of Dry Land Farming in Northwest China

A long-term fertilizer experiment on dry land of the Loess Plateau, northwestChina, has been conducted since 1984 to study the distribution and accumulation of NO_3-N down to adepth of 400 cm in the profile of a coarse-textured dark loessial soilafter continuous winter wheatcropping. Thirteen fertilizer treatments consisted of four levels of N and P applied alone or incombination. Annual N and P (P_2O_5) rates were 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha^(-1). After 15successive cropping cycles, the soil samples were taken from each treatment for analysis of NO_3-Nconcentration. The results showed that NO_3-N distribution in the soil profile was quite differentamong the treatments. The application of fertilizer N alone resulted in higher NO_3-N concentrationin the soil profile than the combined application of N and P, showing that application of P couldgreatly reduce the NO_3-N accumulation. With an annual application of 180 kg N ha^(-1) alone, a peakin NO_3-N accumulation occurred at 140 cm soildepth, and the maximum NO_3-N concentration in thesoils was 67.92 mg kg^(-1). The amount of NO_3-N accumulated in the soil profile decreased as thecumulative N uptake by the winter wheat increased. Application of a large amount of N resulted inlowerN recoveries in winter wheat and greater NO_3-N accumulation in soil profile. KO_3-N did notenter underground water in the study region; therefore, there is no danger of underground waterpollution. Amount of NO_3-N accumulation can be predicted by an equation according to annual N and Prates based on the results of this experiment.