Hydrocarbon test in lower-layer atmosphere to predict deep-sea petroleum or hydrate in the Okinawa Trough: an example

Light hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, propane, butane and CO2) test and C isotopic analysis of CO are conducted for over 100 lower-layer atmospheric samples from the East China Sea slope and the Okinawa Trough. The results show that the lower-layer atmosphere mainly consists of CO2 and then of CH4, and the CO2 concentrations are calculated to have a high average value of 0.87 omega/10(-2) about three times that of the regional background (0-3 omega/10(-2)). The result also shows that the average value of C isotope - 20.8 x 10(-3) is given to the CO2, inferring that it is inorganic gas. Thus, for the future 's work in the Okinawa Trough, special attention should be paid to CO2 hydrate, which is very possibly an important hydrate type.

Hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin

The paper systematically analyzes the hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin, based on the geochemical data of mudstone and sandstone in the main hydrocarbon-generating sags. (1) The source rocks in K1ba and K1bt1 are estimated to be the mature ones, their hydrocarbon expulsion ratio can reach 32%-72%. The Type-I sags in oil windows possess good hydrocarbon generation and expulsion conditions, where commercial reservoirs can be formed. (2) According to the curves of the mudstone compaction and evolution of clay minerals, the rapid compaction stage of mudstones is the right time of hydrocarbon expulsion, i.e., primary migration. (3) The timing between hydrocarbon generation and expulsion is mainly related to the accordance of the oil window and the rapid compaction stage of mudstones in the hydrocarbon generation sags of Type-I. That forms the most matching relation between hydrocarbon generation and migration. (4) The faults and unconformities are the important paths for the secondary hydrocarbon migration. Especially, the unconformity between K1ba and K1bt1 has a favorable condition for oil accumulation, where the traps of all types are the main exploration targets. (5) Hydrocarbon migration effect, in the Uliastai sag, is most significant; that in the Saihan Tal and Anan sags comes next, and that in the Bayandanan and Jargalangt sags is worst.

Control of hydrocarbon accumulation by Lower Paleozoic cap rocks in the Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin, West China

Despite the absence of regional cap rocks in the Lower Paleozoic for the entire Tazhong Low Rise,several sets of effective local cap rocks are well preserved on the Northern Slope.Of these the best is the Ordovician mudstone of the Sangtamu Formation; the second is the Silurian Red Mudstone Member of the Tatairtag Formation and the marl of the Ordovician Lianglitag Formation; and the third is the gray mudstone of the Silurian Kepingtag Formation.The dense limestone of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation and the gypsum of the Middle Cambrian have shown initial sealing capacity.These effective cap rocks are closely related to the distribution of Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbons in the Tazhong Low Rise.With well-preserved Sangtamu Formation mudstone and its location close to migration pathways,rich Lower Paleozoic hydrocarbon accumulation can be found on the Northem Slope.Vertically,most of the reserves are distributed below the Sangtamu Formation mudstone; areally,hydrocarbons are mainly found in the areas with well-developed Sangtamu Formation mudstone and Lianglitag Formation marl.Burial history and hydrocarbon charging history show that the evolution of Lower Palaeozoic cap rocks controlled the accumulation of hydrocarbon in the Tazhong Low Rise.Take the Red Mudstone Member of the Tatairtag Formation and Sangtamu Formation mudstone for examples：1） In the hydrocarbon charging time of the Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian,with top surfaces at burial depths of over 1,100 m,the cap rocks were able to seal oil and gas; 2） During the intense uplifting of the Devonian,the cap rocks with top surfaces at burial depths of 200-800 m and 500-1,100 m respectively were denuded in local areas,thus hydrocarbons trapped in earlier time were degraded to widespread bitumen; 3） In the hydrocarbon charging time of the Late Hercynian and Himalayan,the top surfaces of the cap rocks were at burial depths of over 2,000 m without intense uplifting and denudation thereafter,so trapped hydrocarbons were preserved.Based on cap rocks,the Ordovician Penglaiba Formation and Lower Cambrian dolomite could be potential targets for exploration on the Tazhong Northern Slope,and combined with hydrocarbon migration,less risk would be involved.

The Discovery of Retene in Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic Marine Formations

Microscopic and SEM observations of thin sections and kerogens and GC-MS analyses of aromatic fractions in sediment extracts and pyrolysis products of kerogens provide strong evidence suggesting that in the Lower Yangtze Valley area the Sinian and Lower Paleozoic carbonate formations of marine facies received no higher plant input,but there was produced abundant retene during diagenesis and abietic acid substances are still its precursors.

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

Geological conditions of natural gas accumulation and new exploration areas in the Mesoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic of Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on field outcrop investigation,interpretation and analysis of drilling and seismic data,and consulting on a large number of previous research results,the characteristics of ancient marine hydrocarbon source rocks,favorable reservoir facies belts,hydrocarbon migration direction and reservoir-forming law in the Ordos Basin have been studied from the viewpoints of North China Craton breakup and Qilian-Qinling oceanic basin opening and closing.Four main results are obtained:(1)Controlled by deep-water shelf-rift,there are three suites of source rocks in the Ordos Basin and its periphery:Mesoproterozoic,Lower Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician.(2)Controlled by littoral environment,paleo-uplift and platform margin,four types of reservoirs are developed in the area:Mesoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian littoral shallow sea quartz sandstone,Middle-Upper Cambrian–Ordovician weathering crust and dolomitized reservoir,and Ordovician L-shape platform margin reef and beach bodies.(3)Reservoir-forming assemblages vary greatly in the study area,with"upper generation and lower storage"as the main pattern in the platform,followed by"self-generation and self-storage".There are both"upper generation and lower storage"and"self-generation and self-storage"in the platform margin zone.In addition,in the case of communication between deep-large faults and the Changchengian system paleo-rift trough,there may also exist a"lower generation and upper reservoir"combination between the platform and the margin.(4)There are four new exploration fields including Qingyang paleo-uplift pre-Carboniferous weathering crust,L-shape platform margin zone in southwestern margin of the basin,Ordovician subsalt assemblage in central and eastern parts of the basin,and Mesoproterozoic–Cambrian.Among them,pre-Carboniferous weathering crust and L-shape platform margin facies zone are more realistic replacement areas,and Ordovician subsalt assemblage and the Proterozoic-Cambrian have certain potential and are worth exploring.

中非乍得Bongor盆地北部斜坡下白垩统油气成藏期次

基于流体包裹体均一温度测试和磷灰石裂变径迹分析,对乍得Bongor盆地北部斜坡下白垩统油气成藏时间和期次开展研究。研究表明,下白垩统Kubla组和Prosopis组储集层样品中与油气共生的盐水流体包裹体均一温度总体上表现为高、低温两组峰值区间,低温峰值区间和高温峰值区间分别为75~105℃和115~135℃;Kubla组和Prosopis组样品均经历了5个构造演化阶段,即早白垩世发生快速沉降,晚白垩世晚期发生构造反转,古近纪发生小幅沉降,古近纪与新近纪之交抬升,中新世以来则处于沉降阶段;其中晚白垩世剥蚀厚度约1.8km,古近纪与新近纪之交剥蚀厚度约0.5 km,两期剥蚀叠加厚度约2.3 km。与油气包裹体共生的盐水包裹体的均一温度用以作为油气捕获温度,结合磷灰石裂变径迹热演化史模拟研究,结果表明Bongor盆地北部斜坡下白垩统Kubla组和Prosopis组具有一致的油气成藏时间和期次,均在距今80~95 Ma和65~80 Ma分别经历了两期油气充注。第1期充注对应于油气初始运移,为早白垩世快速沉积末期,第2期充注处于晚白垩世构造强烈反转阶段。

天然气运移轻烃地球化学示踪--以鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田为例

基于天然气中轻烃化合物组成分析和区域性对比,结合组分和甲烷碳同位素组成特征,揭示轻烃地球化学特征对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田上古生界天然气运移和水溶及逸散等示踪作用,探讨运移作用对特定轻烃指标的关联效应。研究表明:①东胜气田二叠系下石盒子组天然气C5−7异构烷烃含量高于正构烷烃,C6−7轻烃组成呈链烷烃优势分布且芳香烃含量明显偏低(小于4.0%),C7轻烃主体呈甲基环己烷优势分布,整体表现出煤成气特征且受到了水溶等作用影响;②东胜气田天然气经历了自南向北的游离相运移,并在充注后发生不同程度的水溶作用,其中泊尔江海子断裂以北什股壕地区天然气在聚集后具有明显的散失;③长距离的游离相运移导致天然气C7轻烃中甲基环己烷相对含量和甲苯/正庚烷值降低、正庚烷/甲基环己烷值和庚烷值增大,水溶作用导致轻烃异庚烷值增大,天然气散失导致什股壕地区天然气中C5−7正构烷烃相对异构烷烃含量增加。

盐构造活动对油气成藏的控制作用:以下刚果盆地为例

盐构造对油气藏成藏具有重要的控制作用,很多富油气盆地都发育丰富的盐构造。本论文以南大西洋东海岸下刚果盆地为研究对象,从含油气盆地分析的角度,以构造地质学、沉积学和成藏动力学系统理论为指导,旨在明确盐岩构造变形特征及演化过程的基础上,分析盐岩构造变形对盐相关油气成藏的控制作用。基于二维和三维地震资料解释成果,识别出下刚果盆地发育盐滚、盐底辟、盐蓬/盐盖、厚层盐岩4种主要盐岩构造样式,明确了各类盐构造的变形特征及其上覆地层构造特征。最后,在分析盐构造变形对源、储、圈闭等静态成藏要素,以及圈闭演化过程、油气运移、保存等动态成藏过程影响的基础上,建立下刚果盆地油气动态成藏模式,以期指导该盆地下一步油气勘探。

断盖配置组合下、中、上部油气运聚空间纵向分布刻画方法及其应用

为了搞清含油气盆地断裂与盖层配置(简称断盖配置)组合下、中、上部油气纵向分布规律,在断盖配置组合封闭特征及其下油气运聚空间纵向分布研究的基础上,通过油源断裂输导油气部位和油源断裂与上中下区域性泥岩盖层配置封闭和不封闭部位叠合,建立了一套断盖配置组合下、中、上部油气运聚空间纵向分布的刻画方法,并利用其刻画了渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷港东断裂与沙河街组一段中亚段(简称沙一中亚段)、东营组二段(简称东二段)和明化镇组区域性泥岩盖层配置组合油气运聚空间纵向分布,结果表明:港东断裂与沙一中亚段、东二段和明化镇组区域性泥岩盖层配置组合沙一下亚段油气运聚空间纵向分布主要在其东部和西部,港东断裂与沙一中亚段、东二段和明化镇组区域性泥岩盖层配置组合东三段和馆陶组油气运聚空间纵向分布主要在其中部。港东断裂与沙一中亚段、东二段和明化镇组配置组合沙一下亚段油气运聚空间纵向分布相对发育,有利于油气运聚成藏,港东断裂与沙一中亚段、东二段和明化镇组配置组合东三段和馆陶组油气运聚空间纵向分布相对不发育,不利于油气运聚成藏,与目前港东断裂处沙一下亚段、东三段和馆陶组内已发现油气分布相吻合,表明该方法用于刻画断盖配置组合下、中、上部油气运聚空间纵向分布是可行的。

页岩油微运移识别、评价及其石油地质意义

以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组页岩为例,综合岩心观察、测试分析、地质剖析和数值模拟等方法,识别页岩层系石油微运移现象,采用自主研发的排烃潜力法定量评价页岩油微运移烃量并进行了可靠性验证,指出页岩油微运移评价的石油地质意义。研究表明:页岩层系富有机质纹层和贫有机质纹层之间存在明显的页岩油微运移,富有机质纹层生烃能力强,生成烃类的重质组分优先与干酪根溶胀或吸附滞留,轻组分以游离态运移到与其互层的长英质或碳酸盐贫有机质纹层富集;玛页1井风城组69%的页岩存在外来运移烃的充注,31%的页岩发生了排烃作用。综合基于地质色层效应的族组分、二维核磁共振以及无机锰元素在烃类运移过程中的地球化学行为等分析,验证了微运移评价结果的可靠性;微运移是连接页岩层系各个油气聚集要素的桥梁,贯穿页岩油从生成、排出到富集的全过程,影响页岩油的含量和组分。页岩油微运移识别与评价结果,将为揭示页岩油动态差异富集机制、建立页岩“多级生油高峰”模式提供新视角。

Hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of deepwater shelf shales of Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, China

As the hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of high quality shales of Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation– Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation remain unclear, based on geological conditions and experimental modelling of shale gas formation, the shale gas generation and accumulation mechanisms as well as their coupling relationships of deep-water shelf shales in Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin were analyzed from petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry. The high quality shales of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin are characterized by high thermal evolution, high hydrocarbon generation intensity, good material base, and good roof and floor conditions;the high quality deep-water shelf shale not only has high biogenic silicon content and organic carbon content, but also high porosity coupling. It is concluded that:(1) The shales had good preservation conditions and high retainment of crude oil in the early times, and the shale gas was mainly from cracking of crude oil.(2) The biogenic silicon(opal A) turned into crystal quartz in early times of burial diagenesis, lots of micro-size intergranular pores were produced in the same time;moreover, the biogenic silicon frame had high resistance to compaction, thus it provided the conditions not only for oil charge in the early stage, but also for formation and preservation of nanometer cellular-like pores, and was the key factor enabling the preservation of organic pores.(3) The high quality shale of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation had high brittleness, strong homogeneity, siliceous intergranular micro-pores and nanometer organic pores, which were conducive to the formation of complicated fissure network connecting the siliceous intergranular nano-pores, and thus high and stable production of shale gas.

中非裂谷系走滑盆地构造演化及其控油作用--以乍得Doseo盆地为例

近年来,乍得Doseo盆地油气勘探相继获得重要发现,已成为中国石油海外油气勘探的重点盆地之一。文章在前人研究的基础上,利用中国石油在Doseo盆地的最新钻完井和地震资料,对Doseo盆地构造演化特征和油气成藏的基本条件进行系统分析,明确了下一步有利勘探领域。Doseo盆地主要经历了早白垩世早期断陷期(Mangara组沉积期)、早白垩世中期断坳过渡期(Kedeni组沉积期)、早白垩世晚期—第四纪坳陷期(Doba组沉积期—第四纪)3个演化阶段,发育了下白垩统Doba组、Kedeni组和Mangara组3套有利烃源岩,其中以Kedeni组湖相暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩,其有机质类型好、成熟度高,厚度大,分布广。盆地发育下白垩统多套储盖组合,受多期构造活动影响,构造圈闭类型多样,形成自生自储、下生上储及上生下储3类成藏组合。通过对盆地构造演化及其对油气控制作用分析,认为Doseo盆地下步有利勘探领域主要是盆地北部陡坡带和南部缓坡带及盆地早期沉积的Mangara组新层系。

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩特征及热演化史模拟

基于钻井、录井、测井及烃源岩分析测试等资料,对准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩的生烃潜力和热演化史进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩主要为深灰色、灰黑色泥岩,颜色深且厚度普遍较大,自东北部斜坡区向凹陷中部厚度逐渐增大,并向西部莫索湾凸起逐渐减小,最大泥岩厚度可达536 m。(2)研究区平地泉组烃源岩有机质丰度综合评价为中等—极好,纵向上以平一段有机质丰度最高,平面上以凹陷东北部滴南7井区和滴南19井区最高;平地泉组有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(2)—Ⅲ型,少部分为Ⅱ_(1)型,纵向上以平二段有机质类型最好,平面上凹陷区烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(1)—Ⅱ_(2)型。(3)热演化史模拟结果显示,凹陷区和斜坡区烃源岩分别在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世达到生烃高峰,现今分别处于高成熟阶段和成熟阶段。(4)研究区发育“下生上储”和“自生自储”2类油气藏,其中平地泉组烃源岩与上乌尔禾组储集层形成“下生上储”油气藏,平二段和平一段的优质烃源岩与湖盆边缘的小型扇三角洲沉积在平地泉组内部形成“自生自储”油气藏,二者油气勘探潜力均较大。

川中地区大安寨段页岩热演化史及油气地质意义

下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段为四川盆地陆相页岩油开发的最有利层段,页岩油勘探潜力巨大,然而对该地层的热演化史缺乏系统研究。利用含油气盆地模拟系统,对比分析了川中地区北部与中部大安寨段页岩热演化及生烃差异,并探讨其对页岩油富集的影响。研究区大安寨段页岩现今热演化程度由西南向东北逐渐增高,平面上可分为高成熟区和成熟区。高成熟区位于研究区北部,镜质体反射率为1.3%~1.7%,主要发育Ⅲ型有机质,在晚侏罗世早期进入早期生油阶段,晚侏罗世末达到生烃高峰,存在2期生烃作用;成熟区位于研究区中—南部,镜质体反射率为0.9%~1.3%,主要发育Ⅱ1型—Ⅱ2型有机质,侏罗系沉积厚度相对较小,有机质成熟时期较晚,晚侏罗世末进入早期生油阶段,早白垩世进入生烃高峰,仅有1期生烃过程。相较于北部地区,中部地区沉积了大套的富有机质页岩,是大安寨段页岩油坚实的物质基础,但古近纪以来的构造抬升与地层剥蚀,对该区的油气保存具有一定的破坏作用。

源外层系油气运聚关键环节研究与评价方法——以渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷明化镇组下段为例

油气运聚是源外层系规模性成藏的关键之一。利用渤海湾盆地渤中地区丰富的三维地震和钻井数据分析,从断裂带深层垂向输导、馆陶组二次汇聚及明化镇组下段(明下段)侧向分流3个主要运聚环节分析入手,对明下段砂体烃柱高度进行分析。研究认为,烃源超压-断层活动耦合作用是断裂带垂向输导的关键,在烃源充足条件下断裂带分形维数大于0.7时,油气垂向输导能力较强;富砂型层系形成的早期油藏控制油气二次汇聚能力,利用馆陶组圈闭面积和有效幅度等计算汇聚系数,当馆陶组汇聚系数大于700 km3时,对应明下段具备发育大、中型油田的基础;断层的泄压控制浅层砂体侧向分流环节,利用砂体高部位和低部位断-砂接触面积计算泄压系数,当明下段砂体泄压系数大于2.0时,砂体烃柱高度可超过30 m。3个主要运聚环节紧密配合,是富生烃凹陷源外层系高丰度油藏形成的必要条件。

海相镜质体反射率用作早古生代烃源岩成熟度指标研究

中国早古生代烃源岩由于缺乏镜质组，加之成熟度较高，常现成熟度指标较难应用，长期以来，对这套烃源岩成熟度评价一直存在问题。塔里木盆地是中国最大的以早古生代地层为主的含油气盆地，在寒武系和奥陶系生油岩中发育有海相镜质体。应用有机岩石学方法主要对塔里木盆地四口深井岩芯样品进行了研究，发现海相镜质体反射率与孔深呈正相关，且其相关性优于沥青反射率，人工热模拟实验结果进一步表明，海相镜质体成熟作用轨迹不同于镜质组。在R＜1．5％时，其反射率比镜质组低；在R＞1．5％时，其反射率比镜质组高。结合天然剖面与热模拟系列样品研究成果，发现R与Ro的相关性可划分为三个阶段，可分别近似用三个直线方程表示：根据海相镜质体反射率实测结果，应用这些方程计算出等价Ro，可较客观地评价早古生代烃源岩成熟度。

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷下组合油气成藏条件与评价

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷下部成藏组合为白垩系吐谷鲁群及以下地层构成的多个储盖组合。该区发育3套烃源岩,资源量大,工作程度低。储集层发育较好,侏罗纪齐古组及白垩纪清水河组为优质储层。圈闭以构造类型为主,面积较大。断裂切割了烃源层及储层,侏罗—白垩系的不整合面为油气运聚的良好通道。油气成藏匹配关系较好。区域盖层分布广、厚度大,具良好勘探前景。凹陷中部褶皱带为油气勘探突破区,北东挠褶带为油气勘探评价区,山前断褶带及下盘隐伏构造带为油气勘探接替区。

塔里木盆地塔中地区下古生界二次生烃的类型及其特征

塔中地区下古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩中的干酪根、吸附有机质、包裹体有机质和晶包有机质 ,可以成为二次生烃的物质来源。该地区存在两类二次生烃——构造运动二次生烃和碳酸盐岩深埋二次生烃 ,二者所形成的包裹体在类型、数量、大小、气液比、荧光颜色及强度等方面均有明显不同。通过对塔中地区多口探井和人工井的埋藏史和生烃史研究 ,表明塔中北斜坡下古生界碳酸盐岩可以二次生烃 ,面积约 90 0 0 km2 ,生烃时代主要为中新生代。此外 ,还利用逐级升温爆破—气相色谱方法 ,测定了高过成熟碳酸盐岩烃源岩中吸附有机质、包裹体有机质以及晶包有机质的数量和释放过程 ,以评价高过成熟碳酸盐岩烃源岩的生烃能力。研究塔中地区的二次生烃 ,对深部油气勘探有着重要的现实意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地中部地区下古生界碳酸盐岩生烃潜力探讨

下古生界高成熟—过成熟碳酸盐岩的生烃潜力一直是困扰我国海相地层油气评价和勘探的重要问题 ,至今尚未得到很好的解决。本文采用有机岩石学和有机地球化学方法 ,系统剖析了鄂尔多斯盆地中部地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的基本特征及其生烃潜力。结果表明 ,鄂尔多斯盆地中部地区发育下古生界海相碳酸盐岩 ,烃源岩厚度较大 ,有机质丰度较低 ,有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型 ,有机质热演化已达到过成熟阶段。这套烃源岩是该区重要的有效气源岩 ,具有较好的生烃潜力 。