Lower Bounds of Decay Rates for Solution to the Single-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model

In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of solutions of the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model arising from geophysical fluid dynamics. We obtain the lower bound of the decay estimate of the solution. Utilizing the Fourier splitting method, under suitable assumptions on the initial data, for any multi-index α, we show that the solution Ψ satisfies .

Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin desert-oasis zone

By measuring the sand-dust flux,vertical deposition,and the wind velocity throughout 19 sandstorms in the Minqin region,we quantitatively analyzed the horizontal distribution and vertical variation in sandstorm characteristics under different land cover conditions.The effect of different land cover on mitigating sandstorms was also investigated.The results indicated that,in the surface layer ranging from 0-50 m,the intensity of sand-dust horizontal flux and concentration of sand-dust decreased with the increase of the height in the desert and the edge of oasis,whereas the two physical quantities increased slightly with the increase of the height in the oasis.The two physical quantities obey power function well under all three cover conditions.Moreover,in the desert and at the edge of oasis,the sand-dust vertical deposition decreased with the increase of the height.But a partial unimodal distribution at the oasis site and the maximum deposition occurred at the height of 9 m,which corresponds to the middle height of farmland protection forest.The annual flux that passed through a section of 1 m in width and 50 m in height was 9169 kg in the desert,5318 kg at the edge of oasis,and 2345 kg in the oasis.And the annual fluxes at the edge of oasis and in the oasis are 42% and 74% less,respectively,than that in the desert.This implies that the wind break forest significantly reduced the intensity of sandstorms.

SEASONAL VARIATION OF LIDAR-DERIVED AEROSOL CONTENT IN THE LOWER LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Results of the study of seasonal variation of total column content of aerosols in the 50—1100 m height region are presented,The columnar content of aerosols is computed by integrating the height profiles of nighttime aerosol number density estimated from the Argon ion lidar observations collected at the ⅡTM, Pune for the one year period from October 1986 to September 1987.The results of the study indicated that the aerosol content was higher during winter than during monsoon months by over 78% with an annual mean columnar aerosol content of 1.66×10~8 cm^(-2).The observed seasonal variaticn of aerosol content was found to be associated with that of surface wind,temperature,relative humidity(R.H.)and rainfall data recorded for the above one year period at the station.

Differences of Hydrocarbon Enrichment between the Upper and the Lower Structural Layers in the Tazhong Paleouplift

The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers, bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock. The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number, type and reserves, but the mechanism was rarely researched before. Therefore, an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift. After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift, it is concluded that the evolution in late Caledonian, late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers. It is also defined that in the upper structural layer, structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by oil reservoirs, while for the lower structural layer, lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by gas reservoirs, and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers, the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained. The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer, which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former. The differences in the carrier system types, trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution. An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift. For the upper structural layer, the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift, while for the lower structural layer, the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top, the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin, the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.

Hydrocarbon test in lower-layer atmosphere to predict deep-sea petroleum or hydrate in the Okinawa Trough: an example

Light hydrocarbon (methane, ethane, propane, butane and CO2) test and C isotopic analysis of CO are conducted for over 100 lower-layer atmospheric samples from the East China Sea slope and the Okinawa Trough. The results show that the lower-layer atmosphere mainly consists of CO2 and then of CH4, and the CO2 concentrations are calculated to have a high average value of 0.87 omega/10(-2) about three times that of the regional background (0-3 omega/10(-2)). The result also shows that the average value of C isotope - 20.8 x 10(-3) is given to the CO2, inferring that it is inorganic gas. Thus, for the future 's work in the Okinawa Trough, special attention should be paid to CO2 hydrate, which is very possibly an important hydrate type.

Geochemistry of Platinum Group and Rare Earth Elements of the Polymetallic Layer in the Lower Cambrian,Weng'an,Guizhou Province

The black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Weng＇an, on the Yangtze platform of south China, contain voluminous polymetallic sulfide deposits. A comprehensive geochemical investigation of trace, rare earth, and platinum group elements （PGE） has been undertaken in order to discuss its ore genesis and correlation with the tectono-depositional setting. The ore-bearing layers enrich molybdenum （Mo）, nickel （Ni）, vanadium （V）, lead （Pb）, strontium （Sr）, barium （Ba）, uranium （U）, arsenic （As）, and rare earth elements （REE） in abundance. High uranium/ thorium （U/Th） ratios （U/Th〉I） indicated that mineralization was mainly influenced by the hydrothermal process. The 8U value was above 1.9, showing a reducing sedimentary condition. The REE patterns showed high enrichment in light rare earth elements （LREE） （heavy rare earth elements （HREE） （LREE/HREE=5-17）, slightly negative europium （Eu） and cerium （Ce） anomalies （δEu=0.81- 0.93）, and positive Ce anomalies （δCe=0.76-1.12）. PGE abundance was characterized by the PGE-type distribution patterns, enriching platinum （Pt）, palladium （Pd）, ruthenium （Ru） and osmium （Os）. The Pt/Pd ratio was 0.8, which is close to the ratios of seawater and ultramafic rocks. All of these geochemical features suggest that the mineralization was triggered by hydrothermal activity in an extensional setting in the context of break-up of the Rodinian supercontinent.

远距离下保护层开采卸压增透效应及瓦斯抽采方案

针对深部远距离下保护层开采后上覆被保护层卸压及瓦斯治理难的问题,以朱仙庄煤矿Ⅲ1031工作面工程条件为背景,采用相似模拟和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了远距离下保护层开采过程中覆岩的应力演化规律、变形破坏特征和卸压增透效果。结果表明:保护层开采,产生延伸至被保护层的纵贯式穿层裂隙,基本顶发生平均步距15 m左右的周期破断,煤层压力先减小,采空区中部重新压实后,应力开始逐渐恢复;在围岩内形成应力增高区域,而应力在向采空区中部演化时,则以近似于弧状的应力递减圈形态发育。因煤层采动在采空区两侧形成离层裂隙发育区,为瓦斯流动提供通道,被保护层也因此得到卸压,其卸压率达到0.91,增透率增幅为5%~20%,被保护层出现明显卸压增透效应。为解决保护层开采后瓦斯需卸压抽采的问题,设计了穿层钻孔、顺层钻孔、高位钻孔配合拦截钻孔和采空区埋管的瓦斯抽采方案。

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥中塔下横梁施工关键技术

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥Z4号中塔采用空间四肢A形钢-混组合塔,横向两塔肢间设下横梁,下横梁间设3道系梁,纵向两塔肢间不设置横梁。下横梁采用支架法分层浇筑施工。下横梁施工支架采用落地式钢管支架配套模板体系,受力性能满足要求;通过有限元计算比选下横梁混凝土分层浇筑方案并进行优化,采取(5.5+2.5)m分层方案,上、下层混凝土分别分为2块、3块分层分块浇筑;通过低温升、易泵送、高抗裂的C60混凝土研制、下横梁与塔柱倒弧结合面抗裂措施优化、分块间接缝构造形式及施工工艺优化、下横梁与系梁混凝土浇筑施工组织优化、混凝土温度智能化监控、预应力束张拉时机控制等混凝土防裂措施,有效解决了下横梁大体积混凝土易开裂的难题。

下保护层开采扰动卸压效应及瓦斯与煤自燃协同治理技术

为提高深部高瓦斯易自燃煤层灾害治理水平,探索合理的下保护层开采条件下瓦斯与煤自燃协同治理方法,以平煤十二矿己18煤层为研究对象,分析开采扰动被保护层的移动破坏特征,阐明扰动效应对被保护层煤岩体及瓦斯渗流产生的影响规律,制订相应的瓦斯治理与煤自燃防治协同技术。结果表明:在己18煤层开采扰动影响下,被保护层卸压效应显著,煤层沿垂直方向膨胀变形量大于0.300%,煤层透气性增大,突出危险性降低;矿井采用的穿层仰孔、顺层长钻孔、高抽巷穿层钻孔、采空区埋管等下保护层工作面立体全覆盖瓦斯抽采技术能够有效解决矿井瓦斯问题;同时配合通风管理优化、预测预报、隔离降温的综合防灭火技术,可以有效控制煤层自然发火危险性。

厚松散层薄基岩下分层开采覆岩破坏高度研究

以赵固一矿厚松散层薄基岩下分层工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟研究、钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测及钻孔窥视方法对采后覆岩破坏高度进行研究,研究表明:采用经验公式计算得到下分层工作面采后,顶板垮落带发育高度为6.93~27.72 m,导水裂缝带发育高度为22.17~71.73 m;数值模拟结果表明下分层采高2.5 m、累计采高6 m时,最大垮采比为2.61,而累计采厚小于6 m、基岩厚度不小于30 m、黏土层厚度大于5 m时可认为黏土层厚度能够阻隔导水裂缝带向上发育;采用现场实测方法得到累计采厚5.8 m处,垮落带15.26 m,垮采比为2.62,导水裂缝带55.59 m,裂采比为9.58。东一盘区下分层工作面后开采覆岩破坏高度的规律,可以为该矿下分层工作面时确定防水、防砂安全煤(岩)柱厚度提供理论依据。

三层正放四角锥预应力网架稳定性分析

网架以其优良的工程性能成为大跨度结构的首选结构类型之一。为改善传统网架结构在大跨度条件下变形大、用钢量大的缺陷,文中通过对网架施加预应力的方式,达到增强结构整体刚度和承载能力的目的。预应力的施加必然会对网架的稳定性能造成影响,其中支承形式对网架结构的稳定性影响较大。并通过对网架施加不同预应力后进行稳定性分析,得到不同预应力布索方式对网架稳定性影响,为网架的实际工程建设提供参考。

基于改进Transformer模型的多声源分离方法

目前主流的语音分离算法模型都是基于复杂的递归网络或Transformer网络,Transformer网络复杂度高导致训练难度大以及音频的高采样率导致在样本级别上使用超长输入从而获取不完全特征,不能直接对长语音特征序列进行直接建模出现特征丢失问题。对此,该文提出了一种基于Transformer的改进网络模型。首先,在原有Transformer网络模型编码器里新添加下采样块,计算不同时间尺度上的高级特征同时降低特征空间复杂度;其次,在Transformer网络模型的解码器里添加上采样层与编码器下采样层特征融合保证特征不丢失,提高模型分离能力;最后,在模型分离层里引入一种改进的滑动窗口注意力机制,滑动窗口使用循环移位技术,新的特征窗口中包含老的特征窗口特征同时融合特征边缘信息完成了特征窗口之间的信息交互,获得特征编码以及特征位置编码同时提高特征信息之间的相关系数。实验表明,使用SI-SNR评价标准达到13.5 dB,使用SDR评价指标达到14.1 dB,分离效果优于之前的方法。

高速公路路面下封层施工中的稀浆封层技术

以某高速公路建设项目作为案例,总结了稀浆封层原材料的技术要求,介绍了其配合比设计,并对高速公路稀浆封层施工技术和质量控制措施进行分析。经实践发现,在高速公路建设项目中应用稀浆封层技术,可以大幅度提高下封层的密实度和强度,需要特别关注的是,使用稀浆封层技术时,必须保证施工人员严格按照规范要求进行施工,以此保证施工质量。

骨架密实型GAC-25沥青混合料施工关键技术

GAC-25沥青混合料因其良好的骨架效果,具有优良的抗车辙、抗渗、抗疲劳性能,在我国高温多雨的华南地区大范围应用于高速公路下面层的铺筑,但它的骨架密实型结构决定了其性能及使用寿命大幅受到施工工艺的影响。为提高华南地区GAC-25沥青混合料的施工质量,以广东省紫惠高速公路项目为依托,对下面层的原材料控制、配合比设计、施工关键环节开展了研究。

钢结构楼梯与PC叠合板在低层复杂结构体系中的应用研究

从施工角度出发,对钢结构楼梯、PC叠合板在低层复杂结构体系中的应用分别进行了深入研究。探讨了两种材料在实际施工中的优势和挑战,钢结构楼梯与PC叠合板在低层复杂结构体系中都具有独特的优势和应用价值,淮河行蓄洪区新建王截流和陈郢保庄圩居民迁入安置工程中,房屋快速安全成功建造的实践证明,两者结合运用将为建筑领域带来更多的可能性和创新,为建筑行业的发展贡献更多的智慧和力量。

分层开采下分层沿空留巷围岩控制技术应用研究

为解决留煤柱巷道易发生应力集中后难以控制的问题,以古汉山矿为背景,采用理论分析、现场试验等方法,提出下分层沿空留巷技术。研究表明,下分层工作面假顶上存在完整且较大的块体结构是导致留巷压力大的主因,为此提出密集钻孔切顶技术,并确定切顶高度、角度、孔间距等参数;采用锚索梁对其顶帮结构加强支护;实施后留巷段顶板下沉356 mm、两帮收缩656 mm,滞后采面110 m后基本不再变形,经简单修复后能满足接替工作面开采要求。

上软下硬地层地铁盾构施工地表沉降模拟分析

为了研究上软下硬地层地铁盾构掘进引起的地表沉降规律,以某地铁工程大岭山东站—松山湖站区间盾构掘进项目为依托,通过实测和数值模拟,对比分析上软下硬地层盾构掘进及硬层比对地表沉降规律的影响。结果表明:单双线盾构掘进地表横向沉降规律分别呈V形和W形变化;盾构掘进时对前后地表变形影响的范围约为40 m,其中前方5 m至后方15 m范围内的地表沉降变化率最大;地表沉降随地质硬层比的增加逐渐减小,硬层比为16.7%~83.3%时,地表沉降变化较大,可将硬层比83.3%、16.7%作为上软下硬复合地层研究的上下限。

基于改进粗集料针片状含量的高速公路沥青混合料配合比设计研究

为提高高速公路下面层沥青混合料的路用性能,设计出较优的沥青混合料,以某高速公路下面层试验段为依托,从下面层应具有较好的抗车辙和抗裂性功能出发,针对沥青混合料配合比设计中的技术要点,通过室内试验和现场试验段铺筑情况,对原材料、沥青混合料目标配合比和生产配合比进行研究。提出了减少粗集料针片状含量的改进措施,得出沥青混合料的最佳油石比及矿料掺配比例,为高速公路沥青混合料配合比设计提供参考。

“顶管帷幕+注浆改良+土体冻结”加固技术的应用

为更好地解决在高水位复杂环境中沿海地下工程的开挖难题,分析并总结暗挖段隧道顶管帷幕施工、土体注浆改良、监控量测等环节的关键施工技术及核心工序,旨在对工程的安全、质量、进度、成本、环保等方面进行合理把控,为超浅埋暗挖隧道施工提供参考。

埋藏过程对深层-超深层碎屑岩成岩作用及优质储层发育的影响——以准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统清水河组为例

以准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统清水河组为例,综合利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、稳定同位素组成及流体包裹体等技术手段,开展前陆盆地埋藏过程对深层—超深层碎屑岩成岩作用及优质储层发育影响的研究。研究表明,清水河组依次经历了“缓慢浅埋”、“构造抬升”、“渐进深埋”与“快速深埋”4个埋藏阶段。“缓慢浅埋”与“构造抬升”不仅能够缓解储层颗粒间的机械压实作用,还有利于长期保持开放型的成岩体系;既能够促进大气淡水对储层易溶组分的充分溶解,还能够抑制溶蚀产物的沉淀。晚期“快速深埋”过程促成流体超压的发育,一方面有效地抑制压实、胶结作用对原生孔隙的破坏,另一方面也促进储层微裂缝的大量发育,提高了晚期有机酸充注产生的溶蚀效果。基于孔隙度演化史的定量恢复,证实长期“缓慢浅埋”与“构造抬升”过程对深层—超深层优质碎屑岩储层发育的贡献最大,其次为晚期“快速深埋”过程,“渐进深埋”过程则几乎没有贡献。