Next Generation Lubricants and Their Potential Use in Fertility Treatment

While generally recognized as a potential source of contamination during the collection process, lubricants are often used at the preference of the male partner to prevent irritation. While older lubricants have been studied, there is currently no conscience within programs as to what constitutes a “safe” lubricant. The object of the current study was designed to evaluate chemically unique “next generation” lubricants in comparison to lubricants currently in use in fertility treatment and/or recognized as fertility safe;the first was a silicone-based lubricant, the second is a water-based, plant-based organic compound, in comparison to two established medical lubricants and a control. Twelve deidentified semen samples from the clinical andrology laboratory were used to test the lubricants following semen analysis. In order to enter the study, the sample had to have a minimum of 30 × 106 motile cells. Samples were then processed using a simple sperm wash modified to reconstitute the pellet into a final volume of 7 mL. Half-milliliter aliquots were then transferred into 13 wells of a standard 24-well culture plate. One well was used as a control. The remaining wells received one of the four lubricants at one of three volumes (10, 50, or 100 uL), producing 12 treatment combinations (four lubricants + 3 concentration levels) and the control. The samples were then cultured at room temperature for 24 hours. At times 0, 1, 3, 12, and 24 hrs, the plate was agitated to remix the sample, and a 4 uL aliquot of each well was analyzed for standard semen parameters using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. Results indicated the expected decrease in semen parameters over time in all treatments (P < 0.001). There was also a dose-dependent drop in most of the lubricants. However, samples contaminated with the newer lubricants appeared to maintain semen parameters similar to the controls at all but the 100 ul level of contamination, while the older lubricants caused decreases in sperm function at much lower concentrations. While semen parameters alone should not be the only criteria for the selection of a lubricant, the present study suggests newer formulations of lubricant are less likely to interfere with sperm function.

Vegetable Oil-Based Nanolubricants in Machining:From Physicochemical Properties to Application

Cutting fluid is crucial in ensuring surface quality and machining accuracy during machining.However,traditional mineral oil-based cutting fluids no longer meet modern machining’s health and environmental protection require-ments.As a renewable,pollution-free alternative with excellent processing characteristics,vegetable oil has become an inevitable replacement.However,vegetable oil lacks oxidation stability,extreme pressure,and antiwear proper-ties,which are essential for machining requirements.The physicochemical characteristics of vegetable oils and the improved methods’application mechanism are not fully understood.This study aims to investigate the effects of viscosity,surface tension,and molecular structure of vegetable oil on cooling and lubricating properties.The mechanisms of autoxidation and high-temperature oxidation based on the molecular structure of vegetable oil are also discussed.The study further investigates the application mechanism and performance of chemical modification and antioxidant additives.The study shows that the propionic ester of methyl hydroxy-oleate obtained by epoxidation has an initial oxidation temperature of 175℃.The application mechanism and extreme pressure performance of conventional extreme pressure additives and nanoparticle additives were also investigated to solve the problem of insufficient oxidation resistance and extreme pressure performance of nanobiological lubricants.Finally,the study discusses the future prospects of vegetable oil for chemical modification and nanoparticle addition.The study provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the industrial application and scientific research of vegetable oil in the field of lubrication and cooling.It is expected to promote sustainable development in the manufacturing industry.

Synthesis and mechanism of environmentally friendly high temperature and high salt resistant lubricants

With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drilling speed.Meanwhile,the high temperature and high salt problem in deep formations is prominent,which poses a major challenge to the lubricity of drilling fluids under high temperature and high salt.This paper reports an organic borate ester SOP as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant.The performance evaluation results show that when 1%lubricant SOP is added to the fresh water-based mud,the lubrication coefficient decreases from 0.631 to 0.046,and the reduction rate of lubrication coefficient is 92.7%.Under the conditions of 210℃ and 30%NaCl,the reduction rate of lubricating coefficient of the base slurry with 1%SOP was still remain 81.5%.After adding 1%SOP,the wear volume decreased by 94.11%compared with the base slurry.The contact resistance experiment during the friction process shows that SOP can form a thick adsorption film on the friction surface under high temperature and high salt conditions,thus effectively reducing the friction resistance.Molecular dynamics simulation shows that lubricant SOP can be physically adsorbed on the surface of drilling tool and borehole wall through hydrogen bond and van der Waals force.XPS analysis further shows that SOP adsorbs on the friction surface and reacts with metal atoms on the friction surface to form a chemically reactive film.Therefore,under high temperature and high salt conditions,the synergistic effect of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film effectively reduces the frictional resistance and wear of the friction surface.In addition,SOP is non-toxic and easy to degrade.Therefore,SOP is a highly effective and environmentally friendly lubricant in high temperature and high salt drilling fluid.

EVALUATION OF LUBRICANTS FOR COLD ROLLING ALUMINUM STRIPS

Various kinds of base oils were applied to cold rolling aluminum strips on a test mill for evaluationof the influences of these base oils,aromatics contents and viscosity of base oils on their lubricating performances and surface reflectivity of rolled strips at annealing. Results showed that low friction coefficient androlling force were obtained by using the normal paraffins,whereas their contaminations on the annealed stripsurface were the same as those of other saturated hydrocarbons. Aromatics in base oil affected the stir face reflectivity of annealed strips, but the decrease of aromatics in base oil was ineffective to improve rolled stripssurface quality when it is less than 1 %. Base oil viscosity has the great influences on the lubricating performances and surface reflectivity of annealed strips just in this condition.

Research on Friction Properties of Mineral Lubricants in Thin-Film-Lubricating Regime

On the basis of thin film lubrication theory, the influence of fluid film(disordered film), ordered film and adsorbed film on tribological behavior of lubricating oil in thin-film lubrication(TFL) regime was studied. The μ-L(friction coefficient versus load) curves of different oil viscosity and additive dosage were obtained by a high frequency reciprocating test rig and the adsorption capacity of additive on steel surface were measured by QCM-D. Based on the Stribeck curve and thin film lubrication theory model, some conclusions can be drawn up, namely:(1) The μ-L curves and the parameters of L0 and μ0, obtained from the high frequency reciprocating test rig with ball-disc contact, can be used to study tribological behaviors of lubricating oil under TFL conditions.(2) In comparison with the high viscosity base fluid, the lower one can enter into TFL regime under lower load and keeps a lower friction coefficient in TFL regime.(3) The polar molecules in additive formulation produce ordered adsorbed layer on steel surface to reduce friction coefficient. And in TFL regime, the molecule's polarity, layer thickness and saturation degree on steel surface probably can influence lubricant's tribological behaviors between the moving interfaces. Moreover, the further study would be focused on the competitive adsorption of different additives, the formation of dual- and/or tri-molecular adsorption layers, and other aspects.

Genetic Function Approximation Based QSPR Models for Predicting the Wetting Ability of Lubricants onto Rolled Copper Foil Surface

The contact angle phenomena and wetting behavior of fatty acids,alcohols and ester used as additives in lubricants onto the rolled copper foil(RCF)surface were studied by the static sessile drop method.Semi-empirical quantum-chemical method studies on the contact angle of these compounds onto surface using several structural parameters were carried out.Molecular refractivity as well as several structural parameters were adopted in the development of quantitative structure-property relationships(QSPR)using genetic function approximation(GFA)statistical analysis method.The results show that quantum parameters are a better choice when predicting the contact angle and wettability of lubricants onto the RCF surface.Contact angle of the compounds serves as a function of their viscosity,interfacial tension,and physicochemical parameters.Alog P,molecular refractivity,molecular flexibility,total molecular mass,solvent surface area,element count,total energy and dipole are the most sensitive ones among the major contributing parameters.Notably,studies of lubricants on the RCF surfaces allow wetting theories to be tested down to the microcosmic scale,which can bring about new insight to predict wettability of lubricants onto RCF surface.

纺织助剂──Lubricants的综合分析

本文对纺织助－Ｌｕｂｒｉｃａｎｔｓ，采用溶剂萃取、化学分解、红外光谱、气相色谱分子量测定等方法进行系统分离与鉴定及分析，作了详细的介绍。

PetroChina Continues to Restructure Lubricants Assets

PetroChina has recently separated the lubricants assets of the two oil refining enterprises at Liaohe Oil Field and Yumen Oil Field and transferred them to PetroChina Lubricating Oil Company. As a result,the lubricating oil company has currently nine regional lubricants production plants nationwide with six regional sales centers and two research centers,forming a large-scale lubricants complex with integration of production, marketing and technical development.

SWOT-AHP hybrid model for vehicle lubricants from CNPCLC,China

In recent years, owing to the strong increase in demand for lubricants, China is ranked second in the global lubricant market. With the rapid development of China＇s automobile industry, there is an increasing demand for vehicle lubricants and an increasing requirement for higher quality lubricants. While the demands for vehicle lubricants are increasing year by year in China, the quality grade of vehicle lubricant will be improved by leaps and bounds, and the high standard lubricant for automobile will be directly brought in line with international practice. At present, the market share of most high-end vehicle lubricant has been occupied by foreign lubricant brands. So for China National Petroleum Corporation Lubricant Company （CNPCLC）, the urgent issue is that strategies must be made to respond to the stern challenges and to occupy more market share. In this paper, by using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） technique that has the advantage of combining quantitative with qualitative analysis, a SWOT-AHP model for CNPCLC vehicle lubricants is developed, presenting a good tool for studying the competitive factors domestic and overseas for vehicle lubricants. Finally a strategic plan for CNPCLC vehicle lubricants is suggested.

Size effects on flow stress of C3602 in cylinder compression with different lubricants

Micro parts are more difficult to be formed than macro parts because of size effects. The size effects on the flow stress of copper alloy C3602 with different lubricants were studied. Specimens were heat treated at 350℃ for 1 h and 700℃ for 3 h in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. The initial diameters of the specimens were varied from 5 to 1 mm with a height-to-diameter ratio h0/D0 = 1.5. Cylinder compression was carried out in the lubrication condition with talc powder, without lubricant, with petroleum jelly, and with vegetable oil. The experiment was carried out at room temperature on a universal testing machine INSTRON 5569 with a strain rate of ε = 0.0025 A. The results show that with the same lubricant, the yield strength decreases with a decrease in specimen size for the specimens annealed at 350℃ for 1 b; however, it increases with a decrease in specimen size for the specimens annealed at 700℃ for 3 h. The yield strength decreases with an increase in grain size. The influences of lubricants on yield strength become larger with miniaturization of the specimens.

The Friction and Wear of Sleeve-ring Pair Lubricated by Active Lubricants in the Presence of Magnetic Field

The effect of magnetic field on the tribological process of sleeve-ring pair lubricated by WRL lubricants was investigated by means of a NG-x wear tester and a PS5013 video microscope. The friction coefficient(f) and the wear weight(W) in lubricating test with WRL lubricant were decreased with the increase in the magnetic field vertical to the rubbing surface, and an almost zero wear lubricating situation was gained in a magnetic field of 1000A/m. The captured wear micro particles on the rubbing surface were observed in the testing process, and the theoretical analysis of magnetic effects was completed. It is indicated that the magnetic field has not only a capturing action of wear micro particles on the worn surface, but also a inducing polarization of magnetic anisotropy of lubricant molecular. The actions promote the absorption of WRL lubricant into the wear surface as well as wear micro-particles, so that a good tribological effect is obtained when both magnetic field and WRL present.

Test on Evaluation Method for Biodegradability of Lubricants

Using carbon tetrachloride （CCl4） as extraction agent, the activated sludge from Tianjin Jizhuangzi Sewage Treatment Plant as inoculum, the test study on biodegradability of lubricants was carried out. The test flasks containing the mineral medium, the test oil and the inoculum were placed in incubation together with flasks containing poisoned blanks for periods of 0 and 21 days, respectively. Flasks containing the reference materials in place of the test oil were run in parallel. At the end of the incubation period, the contents of the flasks were subjected to sonic vibration, and were acidified and extracted by using CCI4. The extracts were then analysed by infra-red （IR） spectrometer to measure the maximum absorption of the C-H stretch of CH2-CH3 band at wavelength of 2 930 cm^-1. The absorption values were used to calculate the residual oil contents of the poisoned and test flasks. Consequently the biodegradability of the test oil was calculated. The test results indicate that the differences in the biodegradability of test materials in different tests are within 5.5%, and consistent with the data described in Coordinating European Council （CEC） L-33- A-93. The biodegradability of lubricants can be evaluated by this method effectively.

Lubrication effectiveness of composite lubricants during P/M electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction

The lubrication effectiveness of the composite lubricants, 50wt% ethylene bis-stearamide （EBS） wax ＋50wt% graphite and 50wt% EBS wax ＋ 50wt% BN, during the powder metallurgy （P/M） electrostatic die wall lubrication and warm compaction was studied. The results show that the combination of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% graphite has excellent lubrication performance, resulting in fairly high green densities, but the mixture of 50wt% EBS wax and 50wt% BN has less beneficial effect. In addition, corresponding die temperatures should be applied when different die wall lubricants are used to achieve the highest green densities.

Lubrication performance of rapeseed oil-based nano-lubricants in parallel tubular channel angular pressing process

Due to the biological risks of using the conventional lubricants,the vegetable oils have been considered nowadays.Besides,to improve the tribological properties of the vegetable oils in various applications like metal forming processes,nanoparticles have been used as additives.This research evaluated the lubrication performance of the Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in rapeseed oil during the parallel tubular channel angular pressing (PTCAP) process.The experimental PTCAP tests have been fulfilled under three lubrication conditions and the comparison between the PTCAP processed tubes has been performed in terms of the maximum forming force,surface roughness,and microhardness.The experimental results indicate that adding the mentioned nanoparticles has caused at least a 50% reduction in the maximum deformation load.Moreover,a remarkable decrement in the surface roughness of the formed tubes has been obtained.

A Fuel Economy Study in Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Lubricants

Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.

Green Tribology： Influence of New DLC Coatings-Orientants and Amorphous on Antifriction Properties of Lubricants

Tribological properties of two new DLC--monocrystalline and amorphous nanostructural coating--are studied under conditions of boundary lubrication in inactive oil, as green tribology aspect. The friction tests were carried out by using two test configurations： ＂ball-on-disc＂ and ＂ring-to-ring＂. Friction surfaces were coated by carbon of two types： monocrystalline and amorphous ones. As lubricants some model and commercial oils were used. It is found that the friction coefficient and its temperature dependence differ significantly for carbon films under study. The obtained results were attributed to different orientating effect of these coatings on structural ordering in boundary layers, which structure is considered as a mesophase of liquid crystals. The findings suggest that the carbon coatings with orientating effect on boundary layers are advantageous for improving antifriction characteristics and for governing processes of boundary lubrication.

Tribological Behaviour of GCr15 Steel to Si_3N_4 Ceramic Lubricated by Biphase Liguid Lubricants

ＴｒｉｂｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒｏｆＧＣｒ１５ＳｔｅｅｌｔｏＳｉ_３Ｎ_４ＣｅｒａｍｉｃＬｕｂｒｉｃａｔｅｄｂｙＢｉｐｈａｓｅＬｉｇｕｉｄＬｕｂｒｉｃａｎｔｓＳＯＮＧＢａｏｙｕ；ＷＡＮＧＬｉｑｉｎ；ＱＩＹｕｌｉｎ（宋宝玉），（王黎钦），（齐毓...

Preparation and Characterization of Multiester Derivative from Plant Oil as Base Stock for Biolubricants

As an alternative to petroleum-based lubricants, which are harmful to the environment in excessive amounts, a biodegradable multiester derivative(OFANE) was obtained from plant oil through a chemical modification process with four steps as follows: hydrolysis, esterification, epoxidation, and ring-opening reaction. The physical and chemical properties of OFANE, such as viscosity, acid value, pour point, evaporation loss, and oxidation induction time were measured. Results showed that OFANE had good low-temperature fluidity, thermal-oxidative stability, and tribological properties. The tribological properties of OFANE with dimeric acid additive were evaluated. The final biodegradation experiment indicated that OFANE had excellent biodegradability. The prepared OFANE showed great potential as substitute for petroleum-based lubricating base oils.