RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION METHOD OF FRICTION AND LUBRICATION IN DEEP DRAWING

The deformation characteristic of bland in deep drawing is discussed. It is pointed out that the friction and lubrication conditions in for drawing are different from that in mechanical motion or machine work or other plastic process. The common test methods in laboratories are analyzed. It shows that though all those test methods can test the friction coefficient, the probe test method is most suitable for the research of friction and lubrication and the process in deep drawing, for this method is identical with the actual work condition either from the test principle or deformation status of the blank. Last the successful application in the deep drawing simulator newly developed the the probe method are intro- duced in detail.

EFFECT OF FRICTIONAL FORCE ON GEARING CONTACT FATIGUE STRENGTH

The model for computing frictional coefficient between two teeth faces at the state of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication is established. And then more than 80 sets of numerical calculations and six sets of disc fatigue tests are completed. The results show that when the film thickness ratio λ 〈1.6, frictional coefficient μ is drastically decreased as λ. rises; Thereafter it decreases smoothly until λ=4.5. When λ〉4.5, however, it goes up again with λ, which indicates that the excessive film thickness ratio will deteriorate gearing contact fatigue strength. At the end, the formulae for determining the frictional coefficients are formed.

Fluid-solid Interaction Model for Hydraulic Reciprocating O-ring Seals

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of hydraulic reciprocating seals have significant effects on sealing and tribology performances of hydraulic actuators, especially in high parameter hydraulic systems. Only elastic deformations of hydraulic reciprocating seals were discussed, and hydrodynamic effects were neglected in many studies. The physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect did not be clearly presented in the existing fluid-solid interaction models for hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seals, and few of these models had been simultaneously validated through experiments. By exploring the physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, a numerical fluid-solid interaction model consisting of fluid lubrication, contact mechanics, asperity contact and elastic deformation analyses is constructed with an iterative procedure. With the SRV friction and wear tester, the experiments are performed to investigate the elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the O-ring seal. The regularity of the friction coefficient varying with the speed of reciprocating motion is obtained in the mixed lubrication condition. The experimental result is used to validate the fluid-solid interaction model. Based on the model, The elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal are presented respectively in the dry friction, mixed lubrication and full film lubrication conditions, including of the contact pressure, film thickness, friction coefficient, liquid film pressure and viscous shear stress in the sealing zone. The proposed numerical fluid-solid interaction model can be effectively used to analyze the operation characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, and can also be widely used to study other hydraulic reciprocating seals.

Static/dynamic friction and wear of some selected polymeric materials for conformal tribo-pairs under boundary lubrication conditions

This work is aimed at investigating the friction and wear performance of different polymeric materials having potential for hydraulic system components under lubricated sliding conditions against a steel counter face.A pin-on-disc test configuration was used for the experimental study.The different polymeric materials selected for these studies were commercial polyimides(PI),polyether ether ketone(PEEK),and flouropolymers.Some of these materials were bulk materials whereas others were used as coatings applied on to the cast iron substrate.The tribological characteristics of the polymers were compared with a reference grey cast iron.The frictional characteristics were evaluated in both static and dynamic conditions.The results have shown that by using polymeric materials it is possible to reduce breakaway friction by an order of magnitude compared to grey cast iron.However,the breakaway friction increased significantly after the wear tests.The polymeric materials having lowest breakaway friction have shown the highest wear with the exception of the PEEK-PTFE coating which showed low wear.PI with graphite fillers also showed low wear but it resulted in relatively high friction.The carbon fibre reinforced materials resulted in unstable friction as well as higher wear compared to the PI materials with graphite fillers.

Effect of Cold Deformation on the Friction–Wear Property of a Biomedical Nickel-Free High-Nitrogen Stainless Steel

The microstructural,mechanical and corrosion properties of different cold-rolled biomedical nickel-free highnitrogen stainless steels（NFHNSSs） were investigated to study the effect of cold deformation on its dry wear resistance as well as corrosion–wear behaviors in distilled water and Hank＇s solution. The results indicated that NFHNSS was characterized by stable austenite and possessed excellent work-hardening capacity; due to increasing cold deformation,the corrosion resistance just decreased very slightly and the dry wear rate decreased initially but subsequently increased,while the corrosion–wear resistance was improved monotonically in both distilled water and Hank＇s solution in spite of the presence of corrosive ions. The friction coefficients for different cold-rolled NFHNSSs were very close under the same lubricating condition,but they were the largest in distilled water compared to that in dry wear tests and Hank＇s solution.

Long rectangular box jacking project:A case

Rectangular pipe jacking or box jacking has become more popular in municipal applications because of its better adaptability to shallow overburdens and its higher structural section utilization than the conventional circular pipe jacking.This case study presents a utility tunnel constructed by using rectangular box jacking in Suzhou,China.The utility tunnel,which has a cross section of 9.1 m in width and 5.5 m in height,was jacked 233.6 m,which is the longest known single jacking length of a rectangular box jacking project in China.The box jacking mainly passed through a silty sand layer with high groundwater levels with a minimum depth of cover of only 3.5 m underneath the Yuanhetang River.In this zone,the structures on the surface are sensitive to external disturbance,thus increasing the challenges of construction.A series of measures were taken during the jacking process,and the project was successfully completed.This paper provides an overview of this project and introduces key techniques in the construction of working shafts as well as in the installation and retrieval of the box jacking machine.In addition,the use of lubrication to reduce friction resistance,navigation and application of an anti-buoyancy slab under the Yuanhetang River,and analyses of soil deformation caused by box jacking are described.

Rectification and phase locking of graphite

Rectification phenomena and the phase locking in a two-dimensional overdamped Frenkel-Kontorova model with a graphite periodic substrate were studied. The presence of dc and ac forces in the longitudinal direction causes the appearance of dynamicalmode locking and the steps in the response function of the system. On the other hand, the presence of an ac force in the transverse direction causes the appearance of rectification,even though there is no net dc force in the transverse direction. It is found that whereas the longitudinal velocity increases in a series of steps, rectification in the transverse direction can occur only between two neighbor steps. The amplitude and phase of the external ac driving force affect the depinning force,rectification of the system and particles trajectories.