Modeling of liquid film thickness around Taylor bubbles rising in vertical stagnant and co-current slug flowing liquids

The hydrodynamic study of the liquid film around Taylor bubbles in slug flow has great significance for understanding parallel flow and interaction between Taylor bubbles.The prediction models for liquid film thickness mainly focus on stagnant flow,and some of them remain inaccurate performance.However,in the industrial process,the slug flow essentially is co-current flow.Therefore,in this paper,the liquid film thickness is studied by theoretical analysis and experimental methods under two conditions of stagnant and co-current flow.Firstly,under the condition of stagnant flow,the present work is based on Batchelor's theory,and modifies Batchelor's liquid film thickness model,which effectively improves its prediction accuracy.Under the condition of co-current flow,the prediction model of average liquid film thickness in slug flow is established by force and motion analysis.Taylor bubble length is introduced into the model as an important parameter.Dynamic experiments were carried out in the pipe with an inner diameter of 20 mm.The liquid film thickness,Taylor bubble velocity and length were measured by distributed ultrasonic sensor and intrusive cross-correlation conductivity sensor.Comparing the predicted value of the model with the measured results,the relative error is controlled within 10%.

RESEARCH OF FILM THICKNESS DURING DRAWING PROCESS LUBRICATED WITH O／W EMULSIONS~＋

Based on analysis of rheology of oil-in-water emulsions during lubrication process. we have established the mathematical model of film thickness lubricated with emulsions during drawing process, The film thickness calculated with the model under general c

Unsteady lubrication modeling of inlet zone in metal rolling processes

An unsteady lubrication model of inlet zone in metal rolling was established. The simulation computations show that for the variation amplitude of the inlet film thickness, the variation of the inlet angle contributes the largest, the surface mean speed contributes the second and the back tension stress the least. The higher the input frequency is, the smaller the amplitude output of the inlet film thickness will be. For a sinusoidal input, the inlet film thickness varies periodically but is not a sine wave because the system is not linear.

Three-dimensional modeling of effect of surface intermetallic phase on surface defects of Al-Fe-Si aluminum foils during twin-roll casting

Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrum analysis show that the clusters of intermetallic AlFeSi particle are distributed on or near the aluminum foil stock surfaces heterogeneously. 3D finite element modeling shows that these clusters of hard particles induce the fracture of the nano-scale lubricant oil film at first and further lead to severe deformation in the nearby aluminum foil substrate along the rolling direction. Consequently, the optical property in this region differs from that in the surroundings, resulting in surface defects.

Parametric analysis of mixed lubrication characteristics in work zone of strip rolling

A theoretical model for mixed lubrication with more accurate contact length has been developed based on the average volume flow model and asperity flattening model,and the lubricant volume flow rate and outlet speed ratio are determined by integrating differential equations based on rolling parameters.The lubrication characteristics at the roll-strip interface with different surface roughness,rolling speed,reduction and lubricant viscosity are analyzed respectively.Additionally,the average volume flow rates of lubricant under different rolling conditions are calculated and used to explain the change rule of lubrication characteristics.The developed scheme is able to determine the total pressure,lubricant pressure,film thickness and real contact area at any point within the work zone.The prediction and analysis of mixed lubrication characteristics at the interface is meaningful to better control the surface quality and optimize the rolling process.

Analysis of lubrication performance for internal meshing gear pair considering vibration

The thermal elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the internal meshing gears in a planetary gear train under vibrations were examined considering the influence of the modification coefficient and time-varying meshing stiffness.Based on dynamic theory of the gear system,a dynamic model of the planetary gear train was established.The lubrication performances of modified gear systems under vibrations and static loads were analyzed.Compared with other transmission types,the best lubrication effect could be produced by the positive transmission.A thicker lubricating oil film could be formed,and the friction coefficient and oil film flash temperature are the smallest.Increasing modification coefficient improves the lubrication performance continuously but intensifies the engage-in and tooth-change impact.For the planetary and inner gears,the increase in the modification coefficient also leads a decrease in the oil film stiffness.

Thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of modified gear system considering vibration

The thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a modified gear system under a dynamic load were investigated,including the influence of the modification coefficient and vibrations.Based on the dynamic theory of gear systems,a six-degree-of-freedom tribo-dynamics model was established.Thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a modified gear system under vibrations and a static load were analyzed.The results showed that the positive transmission gear system exhibited the better lubrication effect compared with other transmission types.A thick lubricating oil film could be formed,and the friction coefficient between the teeth and the oil film flash temperature were the smallest.As the modification coefficient increased,the lubrication condition was continuously improved,and the scuffing load capacity was enhanced.The increment of the modification coefficient increased the meshing stiffness of the gear system but reduced the stiffness of the oil film.

Molecular Dynamics of Ultra-thin Lubricating Films under Confined Shear

The molecular dynamics simulation of ultra-thin films under confined shear was performed to investigate the relation between dynamic properties of ultra-thin films and their microstructure. The solid walls were modelled using an Au crystal and the fluid molecules were modeled using decane. The simulation results indicate that the microstructure of ultra-thin films is a kind of solid-like layering structure. The density and velocity profiles of the fluid molecules are symmetric. The slip and shear thinning behavior was founded and interpreted.A mathematic model was set up according to the results of the simulation and experiments.

An Improved Dynamic Modelling for Exploring Ball Bearing Vibrations from Time-Varying Oil Film

Bearings are key components in rotating machinery,which is widely used in many fields,such as CNC machines,wind turbines and induction machines.The increasingly harsh operation environment can lead to wear and tear on raceways and reduce the precision and reliability of bearing or even machinery.Lubrication could relieve the wear to some degree,which is benefit to prolong the bearing’s life.Thus,investigation on the vibration responses under the influence of oil film is of great significance.However,for mechanism analysis,how to include the oil film into the bearing dynamic model affects the result and efficiency of solution.To address this problem,this study proposed a fast algorithm through load distribution and interpolation when calculating oil film stiffness and thickness during the solution of bearing vibration model.Analysis of oil film on vibration is carried out and a bearing test rig is designed to verify the proposed model.Numerical simulation result shows that rotational speed and load have vital effect on oil film and vibration.The experimental result is consistent with the simulation,which shows that the proposed model has a better performance on modeling bearing vibration and the method of considering oil film is reasonable.

Mixed Lubrication Analysis and Experiment Validation of Internal Combustion Piston Skirt

A mixed lubrication model was established for piston skirt lubrication. The mathematical model developed in this paper incorporates governing equations of motion with average Reynolds equation. This model considers the surfaceroughness and profile. The corresponding computer program can be used to calculate oscillatory motion of piston during the entire trajectory, which has the excellent convergence.In addition, a set of equipment, which adopt the laser induced fluorescent method, was developed to measure the oil film thickness between the piston and the bore.

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

考虑弹流润滑效应的三点接触球轴承刚度特性分析

为获得润滑状态下三点接触球轴承更为准确的刚度特性,应考虑弹流润滑效应对轴承刚度的影响。文中基于拟静力学模型考虑高速离心力和陀螺力矩效应,根据给定轴承的结构参数和工况,计算滚动体与内外圈的法向接触载荷和各部件的运动速度。将拟静力学模型的计算结果和润滑介质参数代入弹流润滑模型,求解出滚动体与内外圈之间的压力分布和油膜厚度分布。进一步研究了转速、轴向载荷和润滑油的初始黏度对油膜压力和最小油膜厚度的影响。基于弹流润滑理论分析了转速和轴向载荷对轴承接触刚度、油膜刚度及综合刚度的影响。结果表明:转速的提高会大幅增加润滑油膜的整体厚度;润滑油初始黏度的增大会增加油膜厚度;随着轴承转速的提高,轴承的整体轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度减小;随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度增大,且差值变化不大。

分形粗糙面的主轴承弹流脂润滑分析

为探究弹性流体动压润滑(弹流润滑)状态下RV减速器主轴承接触表面之间的润滑特性,基于润滑脂的非牛顿特性以及粗糙表面分形理论,提出一种主轴承的点接触弹流脂润滑数值模型。首先,对该模型进行数值求解,得到脂膜压力、脂膜厚度的分布规律;然后,将其分别与其他点接触弹流润滑模型的数值结果和实验结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的正确性;最后,分析了主轴承表面光滑和粗糙状态下流变指数、分形维数、卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对润滑性能的影响。结果表明:润滑脂的非牛顿性越明显,脂膜厚度越小且颈缩现象愈加不明显,接触区附近脂膜压力越符合赫兹压力分布,二次压力峰逐渐消失;考虑主轴承分形粗糙表面的弹流润滑特征更切合实际,增大分形维数,接触区真实接触面积增大,有利于降低脂膜压力,增加脂膜厚度;卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对脂膜厚度分布的影响显著,对脂膜压力分布的影响较小;脂膜厚度以及最小膜厚越大,主轴承接触区脂膜不易破坏且越容易形成动压润滑。

圆管和扁形管的绕管式换热器壳侧流体降膜流动特性

为探究异型管绕管式换热器壳侧流体降膜流动和分布特性,建立了绕管式换热器三维物理模型,并基于流体体积(VOF)法多相流模型进行了数值模拟,对比分析了圆管和扁形管的管外流体降膜流动特性。结果表明:圆管和扁形管的管外轴向降膜流动分布均呈现“波谷-波峰-波谷”形状;扁形管的管外流体降膜流动速度明显大于圆管;圆管的管外液膜最薄处为圆周角120°处,扁形管的管外液膜最薄处在90°~120°之间;随着管间距的增加,圆管和扁形管的管外液膜平均厚度均呈下降趋势,扁形管周向液膜平均厚度比等周长圆管小10%~29%;随着缠绕角的增加,扁形管的管周向液膜平均厚度比等周长圆管小4%~28%。因此,推荐使用扁形管替代圆管作为绕管式换热器的缠绕管。

动车组锥齿轮箱飞溅润滑特性及箱体结构改进

为了分析动车组齿轮箱的润滑机理,以某型螺旋锥齿轮传动齿轮箱为研究对象,运用移动粒子半隐式(MPS)法建立高精度的流场仿真模型.引入薄膜流动模型,对无滑移壁面边界条件进行改进,使移动粒子半隐式法具有预测液膜流动特性的功能.研究输入齿轮转速、初始润滑油量对箱体内壁和齿轮表面的润滑油覆盖率、油膜分布特性及功率损失的影响.结果表明,箱体内壁面的润滑油覆盖率和液膜厚度主要受润滑油飞溅效应的影响,齿轮表面受到润滑油飞溅效应和自身运动的共同影响.功率损失分析显示,功率损失与输入齿轮转速和初始润滑油油量均呈正相关关系,对高转速更敏感.对箱体结构进行改进,消除箱体凸台,扩大与输出齿轮的距离,该措施可以显著改善齿轮箱的润滑条件.

滚动轴承润滑膜厚及保持架转速的超声测量

滚动轴承的运行稳定性与钢球和内外圈之间的润滑状态密切相关,膜厚则是表征轴承润滑性能的重要参数。基于超声弹簧模型建立了膜厚测量模型并搭建了试验台,通过试验台模拟球轴承的运行状态并测量钢球周围以及沿滚动方向的膜厚分布,分析了转速对最小膜厚的影响;同时,根据连续2个钢球通过探头正下方的时间间隔计算保持架转速,分析得到了不同重复频率所能测量的保持架转速范围。试验结果表明,膜厚的实际测量值与理论值吻合较好,保持架转速的实际测量值与纯滚动条件下的理论转速一致性良好,可用于轴承打滑状态的评估。

农用柴油机钢活塞销孔-销的摩擦副润滑特性分析

为解决钢活塞销孔-销摩擦副因同种材料摩擦配副问题以及钢材密度大和导热性能差所带来的润滑特性差的问题,该研究以D25TCIF农用柴油机钢活塞为对象,建立钢活塞连杆组传热模型和热弹性流体动力学模型,并开展钢活塞温度场测试试验与仿真验证。结合单因素扫值法和Box-Behnken多因素优化算法分析了销孔轴承间隙、销孔表面粗糙度和销孔指数型线内外半径增量变化对销孔轴承润滑特性的影响。结果表明:销孔结构对轴承的润滑特性有很大影响,销孔指数型线内半径增量的影响最大,而外半径增量的影响较小。最优参数组合为销孔轴承间隙0.021 mm、销孔表面粗糙度0.798μm、销孔指数型线内半径增量0.008 mm、销孔指数型线外半径增量0.010 mm,此时预测的最小油膜厚度为0.979μm;最大粗糙接触压力为249.406 MPa,与该方案下仿真值的相对误差小于5%。该研究优化方法效果好,且预测准确,可为后续的钢活塞销孔结构设计提供理论依据。

几何修形对盾构机主驱动轴承润滑性能的影响分析

以某6 m盾构机实际工况及其主驱动轴承为研究对象,建立主驱动轴承载荷分布模型及等温弹流润滑模型,得到了各工况下的负载受力,分析了几何修形对盾构机主轴承弹流润滑的影响。结果表明:从弹流润滑角度判断,滚子母线凸度及端部圆角半径均存在优化区间,从而使最大滚子负载处的油膜压力显著减小,减小边缘效应;几何修形后的滚子明显比直母线滚子的润滑性能要好,且修形后的滚子在工况变化时,存在自适应性,但极限工况下仍存在油膜压力过大和油膜厚度偏低的情况。因此当极限工况时间占比较大时,应适当增加滚子凸度。综上可知,合理选取几何修形滚子参数可显著提高盾构机主驱动轴承润滑性能。

滚动接触状态下固体润滑薄膜界面损伤失效行为分析

以内聚力模型(CZM)为基础建立薄膜-基体承载系统的有限元分析模型,采用双线性本构关系描述薄膜-基体结合界面的承载及损伤失效行为,通过分析法向和切向载荷作用下界面的承载状态,研究了摩擦因数、薄膜弹性模量、膜厚对薄膜-基体承载系统的界面应力、分离位移、能量释放率的影响,结果表明:摩擦因数增大会导致接触前沿界面承载状态恶化,从而增加界面损伤和脱附失效的风险;薄膜弹性模量增大可以减小接触前沿界面损伤区域和损伤程度,当薄膜弹性模量小于基体弹性模量时界面承载性能急剧恶化;随膜厚增大,界面切向损伤区域和损伤程度先减小后增大,膜厚为0.2倍接触半宽时有利于提升薄膜-基体结合界面的承载性能。

动态膜厚的超声实时测量方法及测量盲区影响因素

基于超声波技术的弹簧模型与共振模型之间存在一段膜厚测量盲区,本文中提出了1种复合模型可覆盖测量盲区.为实现膜厚在线监测,自主搭建了动态膜厚的超声实时测量系统,并研究了配副类型和润滑剂种类对测量盲区的影响.构建了超声测量试验的理论模型,对超声波在介质内的传播规律进行了仿真分析.结果表明,自主搭建的膜厚实时测量系统可精密跟踪不同周期及不同波形的膜厚;提出的复合模型可实现单个探头对宽范围膜厚的全域测量;随着下摩擦副声阻抗和润滑剂声阻抗的增大,膜厚测量盲区逐步缩小;但当润滑剂声阻抗过小时,容易出现无法监测的“测量真空区”.本文工作可为金属摩擦副在实际工况下的动态膜厚在线监测提供理论和技术参考.