Light matters:Nest illumination alters egg rejection behavior in a cavity-nesting bird

Egg discrimination by cavity-nesting birds that build nests under dim light conditions was presumed to depend on nest luminance,although this hypothesis has rarely been tested.Tests of egg discrimination ability by cavity-nesting tits under dim light conditions may reveal the selection pressure from brood parasitism that they encounter under natural interactions.We manipulated the intensity of luminance of nests of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus),a potential cuckoo host that possesses a strong discrimination ability of non-mimetic foreign eggs.We performed experiments to test their egg discrimination ability under different light conditions.Our results showed that Green-backed Tits discriminate against non-mimetic foreign eggs under normal light conditions in nest boxes,and this ability persisted at nest luminance as low as 4.78±1.31 lux that is several times lower than normal luminance(38.11±24.02 lux).However,egg discrimination by Green-backed Tits disappeared when nest luminance was reduced to a minimum of 0.35±0.15 lux.The latter value represents total darkness for humans.The present study shows that nest luminance plays a key role in egg discrimination by Green-backed Tits that build nests under dim light conditions.This study provides strong experimental evidence for nest illumination altering egg rejection behavior in cavity-nesting birds.

乳腺癌分子亚型多参数MRI特征的临床研究

目的探讨乳腺肿瘤的多参数MRI特征(T_(2)-WI、ADC值和DCE)以及乳腺密度和背景实质增强(BPE)特征在不同乳腺癌(BC)分子亚型中的差异,以期为临床诊断提供重要参考。方法本研究为回顾性研究,纳入344例患者。所有患者均接受了多参数乳房MRI(T_(2)WI、ADC和DCE序列),并根据最新的BIRADS提取特征,使用ROI之间的类内系数(ICC)来评估读者间协议。结果研究人群分为:luminal A 89例(26%),luminal B HER2阳性39例(11.5%),luminal B HER2阴性168例(48.5%),三阴性(TNBC)41例(12%),HER2富集7例(2%)。Luminal内A肿瘤与特殊的组织学类型、最小的肿瘤大小和持续的动力学曲线相关(P均<0.05)。Luminal B HER2阴性肿瘤与最低ADC值相关(0.77×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s^(2)),其预测BC分子亚型的准确性为0.583。TNBC与不对称和中度/显著BPE,圆形/椭圆形肿块,边缘受限和边缘增强相关(P均<0.05)。HER2富集的BC与最大肿瘤大小相关(平均37.28mm,p值=0.02)。结论BC分子亚型与T_(2)WI、ADC和DCE MRI特征相关,ADC有助于预测luminal B HER2阴性病例。

血清CA153,CA125水平与老年Luminal型乳腺癌患者内分泌治疗耐药的关系

目的探究老年Luminal型乳腺癌患者血清糖类抗原153(CA153)、糖类抗原125(CA125)水平与内分泌治疗耐药的相关性。方法选取158例2018年6月至2022年6月于甘肃省肿瘤医院接受乳腺癌内分泌治疗后复查的60岁以上已绝经的Luminal型乳腺癌患者,根据是否出现耐药,分为耐药组(n=104)和敏感组(n=54)。对比两组患者的一般资料,Spearman相关性分析血清CA153、CA125水平与临床病理特征的关系,限制性立方样条模型(RCS)分析血清CA153和CA125水平与内分泌耐药的剂量-反应关系,Logisitic回归分析内分泌治疗耐药的危险因素。以危险因素建立临床预测模型,其中模型一不包含CA153,模型二包含全部因素,对两个预测模型进行ROC分析和Hosmer-Lemeshow检验。结果158例患者内分泌治疗耐药率为65.83%,两组患者的年龄、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、T分期、N分期、组织学分级、血清CA153水平、血清CA125水平的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清CA153,CA125水平与年龄、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、T分期、N分期均呈正相关,血清CA153,CA125水平与组织学分级呈负相关。调整混杂因素后,血清CA153水平>171.28 U/mL、CA125水平>186.32 U/mL与内分泌治疗耐药具有强相关性。Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄、肿瘤较大、T分期较高、N分期较高、组织学分级G3、血清CA153水较高、血清CA125水较高均是内分泌治疗耐药的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。模型一的ROC曲线下面积为0.823(95%CI:0.702~0.862),模型二的ROC曲线下面积为0.884(95%CI:0.783~0.891)。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示预测模型一P=0.763,预测模型二P=0.975,均提示拟合优度良好。结论血清CA153,CA125水平具有对内分泌治疗耐药的预测价值,血清CA153,CA125水平越高则内分泌治疗耐药风险越高。

乳腺X线特征在不同Luminal型乳腺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨乳腺X线特征与不同Luminal型乳腺癌的相关性。方法回顾性分析371例Luminal型乳腺癌的临床病理及乳腺X线特征,根据Luminal型乳腺癌的分型标准,将患者分成Luminal A型和Luminal B型两组。分析两组患者中的临床病理、乳腺X线特征的差异,用二元logistic回归分析Luminal B型乳腺癌的独立影响因素,用受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积(AUC)评价其诊断效能。结果371例乳腺癌患者中73例(19.7%)Luminal A型,298例(80.3%)Luminal B型;病理SBR分级高、合并脉管侵犯者多出现在Luminal B型乳腺癌中(P<0.05)。征象类别、腋窝淋巴结肿大在不同Luminal型乳腺癌中的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);肿块、钙化及肿块合并钙化的病灶多出现在Luminal B型乳腺中(P=0.028、0.034、0.007),结构扭曲的病灶多出现在Luminal A型乳腺癌中(P=0.005)。logistic回归表明病理SBR 2级、SBR 3级、伴钙化及腋窝淋巴结肿大是Luminal B型乳腺癌的独立影响因素(OR=3.912、31.687、2.498、4.210),而结构扭曲征象则是Luminal B型乳腺癌的保护因素(OR=0.155);临床病理特征、乳腺X线征象及两者联合预测Luminal B型乳腺癌的AUC为0.661、0.691和0.758。结论不同Luminal型乳腺癌与乳腺癌的临床病理、X线特征有一定的相关性,有助于Luminal型乳腺癌的分型诊断。

肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞在不同分子分型乳腺癌患者预后中的预测价值

肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TILs)是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分,在乳腺癌的抗肿瘤免疫应答中发挥着重要的作用。乳腺癌根据基因表达分析或免疫组织化学标记物雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的表达可以分为三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)、HER2阳性乳腺癌、Luminal型乳腺癌,TILs对不同亚型的乳腺癌预后的预测价值不同。TILs对乳腺癌预后的不同不仅是因为TILs的浸润水平不同,也是因为TILs中同时存在有抗肿瘤和促肿瘤的亚群,不同患者中TILs的各种亚群也存在差异。

Luminal B型男性乳腺癌1例并文献复习

乳腺癌是女性常见恶性肿瘤,男性相对少见[1]。男性乳腺癌(male breast carcinoma,MBC)在所有乳腺癌患者占比<1%,在男性所有癌症中占比<1%,但发病率呈缓慢上升趋势[2],临床上以中老年患者多见[3]。MBC发病率较低,发现时往往分期较晚,恶性程度较高[4],缺乏特定治疗手段,预后较差[5]。临床上对于MBC的治疗建议通常参考女性乳腺癌的临床试验结果。本文报告1例Luminal B型MBC的诊治,并复习相关文献,为临床诊疗MBC提供参考。

DDHD2 is involved in the malignant progression of early luminal A breast cancer by changing cell membrane proteins and immune responses functionality

Background:Luminal A breast cancer has the best prognosis of all malignant breast cancer types.In clinical practice,some patients with luminal A breast cancer present with small tumors(usually<20 mm)but with lymph node metastases or even distant organ metastasis.Owing to their insensitivity to chemotherapy and the lack of conclusive clinical evidence,there is a significant gap in research on luminal A breast cancer with high invasiveness.This study aimed to identify genes that drive the invasiveness of luminal A breast cancer and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:In this study,we first utilized bioinformatics techniques to analyze differentially expressed mRNAs and enrich common functional pathways to identify the target gene DDHD domain containing 2(DDHD2).We then evaluated the association between DDHD2 expression and patient prognosis,genetic material changes,and transcriptional,translational,and immune responses in luminal A breast cancer.We also conducted experiments at the molecular and cellular levels to validate these biochemical mechanisms.Results:The expression of DDHD2 varied between patients with low-grade luminal A breast cancer with and without lymph node metastases.Our findings demonstrated that DDHD2 exerted carcinogenic effects through various pathways by altering cell adhesion and migration,regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis cycles,and suppressing immune responses.Moreover,a pathway through which DDHD2 inhibited immunity was preliminarily verified.Conclusions:The results revealed a novel role for DDHD2 in promoting the malignant transformation and invasiveness of luminal A breast cancer.Considering its effects on the tumor microenvironment and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition,DDHD2 is proposed as a reliable direction for future immunotherapy and a potential target in luminal A breast cancer immune resistance.

Identifying microRNA-Target Gene Pairs in Luminal B Breast Cancer Using Integrated Analysis of miRNA and Transcriptome Profiles

Dysregulation of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression has been found to influence various human disorders. Aberrant miRNA-based regulation of gene expression has been found to be associated with different cancers, including breast cancers. Very little information is available on the effect of dysregulation of miRNA-mediated regulation on luminal B breast cancer. This study was aimed at comprehending the regulation of gene expression through miRNA in luminal B breast cancers by comprehensive analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression data together. Negatively regulated miRNA-target gene pairs were identified, and the target genes were functionally enriched to identify critical pathways associated with luminal B breast cancer. Further, the prognostic significance of these miRNAs and target gene pairs was assessed to identify genes with prognostic value in luminal B breast cancer. A total of 266 differentially expressed miRNAs and 164 dysregulated miRNA-target gene pairs were identified. Four genes, including SRP9, DSN1, RACGAP1, and SLC10A6, and one miRNA, hsa-mir-421, showed significant influence on the prognosis of patients with luminal B breast cancer. Through additional experimental examination of these findings, a deeper comprehension of miRNA-based post-transcriptional regulation in luminal B breast tumors will be possible.

体素内不相干运动定量参数评估浸润性乳腺癌Luminal分型研究

目的探讨体素内不相干运动(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)定量参数鉴别Luminal型与非Luminal型浸润性乳腺癌的价值。方法收集经病理证实为浸润性乳腺癌患者148例,其中Luminal型乳腺癌86例,非Luminal型乳腺癌62例。测量感兴趣区的IVIM参数值[真扩散系数(slow ADC,D)、假扩散系数(fast ADC,D^(*))和灌注分数(perfusion fraction,f)],比较两组间各参数的差异,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价各参数及两者联合对Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌的鉴别效能。结果Luminal型乳腺癌组的D值[(0.71±0.09)×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s vs(0.84±0.10)×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s]和f值[18.56(16.00,23.94)vs 24.90(21.01,32.98)]均低于非Luminal型组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05),而D^(*)值在两组间差异无统计学意义。ROC结果显示联合D及f值的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)、特异性及敏感度分别为0.866、81.4%、79.0%。结论体素内不相干运动定量参数D值和f值可帮助鉴别Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌,两者联合诊断效能更佳。

FMHADP:Design of an Efficient Pre-Forensic Layer for Mitigating Hybrid Attacks via Deep Learning Pattern Analysis

Network attack detection and mitigation require packet collection,pre-processing,feature analysis,classification,and post-processing.Models for these tasks sometimes become complex or inefficient when applied to real-time data samples.To mitigate hybrid assaults,this study designs an efficient forensic layer employing deep learning pattern analysis and multidomain feature extraction.In this paper,we provide a novel multidomain feature extraction method using Fourier,Z,Laplace,Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT),1D Haar Wavelet,Gabor,and Convolutional Operations.Evolutionary method dragon fly optimisation reduces feature dimensionality and improves feature selection accuracy.The selected features are fed into VGGNet and GoogLeNet models using binary cascaded neural networks to analyse network traffic patterns,detect anomalies,and warn network administrators.The suggested model tackles the inadequacies of existing approaches to hybrid threats,which are growing more common and challenge conventional security measures.Our model integrates multidomain feature extraction,deep learning pattern analysis,and the forensic layer to improve intrusion detection and prevention systems.In diverse attack scenarios,our technique has 3.5% higher accuracy,4.3% higher precision,8.5% higher recall,and 2.9% lower delay than previous models.

不同分子亚型乳腺癌的超声表现和病理特征

目的:探讨不同分子亚型乳腺癌的超声表现与病理特征情况。方法:选取我院2022年1月至12月收治的130例乳腺癌患者,包括4组,分别为三阴型29例、HER-2过表达型22例、Luminal A型38例、Luminal B型41例。进行超声诊断分析,对比4组乳腺癌患者超声表现情况以及病理学特征情况。结果:130例不同分子亚型乳腺癌患者在回声类型、形态、血流信号等层面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。4组分型在淋巴结转移情况、组织学分级、肿瘤直径层面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对乳腺癌患者进行超声诊断,有利于促进乳腺癌患者分子亚型的判断,以此辅助临床治疗。

Classical Cosmology II. The Einstein Ring

The Einstein ring is usually explained in the framework of the gravitational lens. Conversely here we apply the framework of the expansion of a superbubble (SB) in order to explain the spherical appearance of the ring. Two classical equations of motion for SBs are derived in the presence of a linear and a trigonometric decrease for density. A relativistic equation of motion with an inverse square dependence for the density is derived. The angular distance, adopting the minimax approximation, is derived for three relativistic cosmologies: the standard, the flat and the wCDM. We derive the relation between redshift and Euclidean distance, which allows fixing the radius of the Einstein ring. The details of the ring are explained by a simple version of the theory of images.

Renal Transplant Artery Stenosis: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment

Introduction: Renal transplant artery stenosis (RTAS) is a common and early complication of renal transplantation, which can lead to severe post-transplant hypertension, as well as significant morbidity and mortality, particulary graft loss. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, clinico-radiological characteristics and evaluate the outcomes of luminal angioplasty as a first-line treatment for RTAS, through the analysis of medical records of 27 kidney transplant patients. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, and descriptive study conducted at the Nephrology department of the Ibn-Sina Hospital in Rabat, including 27 renal transplant patients with RTAS during the period from 1998 to 2023. All patients with clinically suspected RTAS and confirmed by Doppler ultrasound of the transplanted renal artery were included in the study. Results: The mean age of donors was 48.66 ± 13.55 years, with a female predominance (65%). The donor was deceased in 15% of cases. The mean age of the recipients was 39 ± 16 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4.4. The median onset of RTAS was 3.6 ± 3.4 months after renal transplantation. Seven patients (26%) had high blood pressure (HBP) before their transplantation. Six patients (22%) had hypertriglyceridemia and 7 patients (26%) had pure hypercholesterolemia. The main clinical signs were worsening of preexisting HBP, de novo HBP and acute renal failure (ARF). Stenosis was confirmed by renal Doppler ultrasound in all patients. It was severe in 63%, with a stenosis degree greater than 70%. Six patients underwent angioplasty, resulting in the stabilization of graft function with a nadir of 15 mg/l creatinine and blood pressure control with dual therapy in 5 patients. No graft loss cases were noted. Conclusion: RTAS is a significant vascular complication of renal transplantation that predicts unfavorable outcomes for both the patient and the graft. Early diagnosis is crucial to successfully restore graft function and prevent complications.

Luminal型乳腺癌中PD-L1、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的表达特点及预测价值

目的 讨论Luminal型乳腺癌中PD-L1、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的表达特点及预测价值。方法 收集2022年1月至2023年10月于本院治疗的Luminal型乳腺癌病例共54例。收集患者临床资料(年龄、家族史、合并症等),病理资料(TNM分期、PR%、病理学分级等),使用Cox生存分析判断生存的独立因素。结果 Luminal型乳腺癌患者CD8^(+)T表达在绝经状态、肿瘤分期、Ki-67方面有统计学差异,肿瘤细胞中程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达与TNM分期、TIL评分、PR%、Ki-67、分子分型相关,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)中PD-L1的表达TNM分期、TIL评分、PR%、Ki-67、分子分型、ER%相关,CD8^(+)T表达与肿瘤细胞、TILs中PD-L1的表达有统计学差异,Luminal型乳腺癌患者生存的独立危险因素包括PR%、IC评分、Ki-67和病理学分级。结论 CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞抑制Luminal型乳腺癌的增殖和转移,PD-L1在TILs中的表达、PR%、Ki-67和病理学分级对Luminal型乳腺癌患者的生存预后具有一定的预测价值。

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1]. JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST’s findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe. In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the “Initial Singularity” and “Inflation”, offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST’s discoveries, WUM’s achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics. The present paper is a continuation of the published article “JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions” [2] and a summary of the paper “Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society” [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification;interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.

MRI预测乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌Luminal分型的临床价值

目的:探讨乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌Luminal分型的MRI表现,为乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌的诊疗提供更优的选择。方法:回顾性分析2018年10月8日—2021年12月1日经样本医院手术病理证实为乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌的119例女性患者的临床及影像学资料。比较Luminal型和非Luminal型的临床特征及MRI影像特征。绘制ROC曲线,计算ROC曲线下的面积及截断点。结果:119例乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌中,Luminal型72例,非Luminal型47例。患者有无淋巴结转移、肿瘤的最大径、肿瘤形态、TIC曲线、最小表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值和平均ADC值比较,差异统计学意义(P<0.05)。当最小ADC值和平均ADC值分别为0.851×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s、0.849×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s时,其特异度和敏感度分别为0.553、0.806和0.681、0.750,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.745、0.761。结论:MRI可以提高乳腺非特殊型浸润性导管癌的诊断效能,其ADC值可作为其临床及预后的重要指标,更有利于临床进行更精准的治疗。

GATA3与FOXA1在luminal亚型乳腺癌细胞中相互作用的研究

目的:探讨GATA3与FOXA1在luminal亚型乳腺癌细胞中的相互作用。方法:基于cBioportal For Cancer Genomics公共数据库中乳腺癌临床病例数据集,分析luminal A、luminal B和basal-like亚型乳腺癌组织中GATA3与FOXA1mRNA表达水平的相关性;利用蛋白-蛋白相互作用数据库STRING和分析工具Cytoscape预测GATA3与FOXA1的相互作用。以luminal亚型的MCF-7和T-47D乳腺癌细胞以及basal-like亚型的MDA-MB-231和SUM-149PT乳腺癌细胞为研究对象,采用RT-qPCR和Western印迹检测GATA3和FOXA1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;细胞免疫荧光检测GATA3和FOXA1的细胞定位;蛋白质免疫共沉淀验证GATA3与FOXA1之间的相互作用。结果:临床病例数据分析显示GATA3与FOXA1在luminal A、luminal B和basal-like亚型乳腺癌组织中mRNA的表达均呈正相关(r=0.4047、0.4761、0.5876,均P<0.0001)。蛋白质相互作用预测显示GATA3与FOXA1存在潜在的相互作用关系。Luminal乳腺癌细胞中GATA3和FOXA1的mRNA(t=80.95、79.73、33.84、33.60,均P<0.0001;t=15.24、5.21、14.95、14.93,均P<0.001)和蛋白(t=29.63、28.48、36.60、35.60,均P<0.0001;t=34.06、35.30、75.01、74.32,均P<0.0001)表达水平显著高于basal-like细胞。GATA3与FOXA1在MCF-7和T-47D细胞核中共定位。GATA3与FOXA1存在蛋白相互作用。结论:GATA3与FOXA1可能通过相互作用维持luminal亚型乳腺癌表型稳态,抑制肿瘤恶性进展。

LuminalB型乳腺癌原发灶和同侧腋窝淋巴结转移灶中CD147和MMP-2的表达差异及其临床意义

研究细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(CD147)和基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)在luminal B型乳腺癌原发灶和同侧腋窝淋巴结转移灶中的表达差异及其临床意义,探讨CD147及MMP-2在该分型乳腺癌的表达与预后的关系。方法 提取luminal B型的乳腺癌数据,分别对CD147及MMP2进行单基因分析。选取了2013年06月至2018年01月在贵州医科大学附属医院乳腺外科的67名接受手术治疗的女性luminai B型乳腺癌患者。检测其中原发灶与淋巴结转移灶的雌激素受体(ER)、孕酮受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)、Ki-67、CD147和MMP-2的表达。电话随访调查其生存情况。结果 1相关性分析结果表明,MMP-2在淋巴结转移灶中的表达差异与临床分期有关(p<0.05),但与年龄、家族遗传史和肿瘤大小无关(p>0.05);CD147和MMP-2在原发灶和腋窝淋巴结中的表达被分为四个亚组进行分析,CD147和MMP-2的OS(overall survival)总体差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。

Eye on the Sky: A UAP Research and Field Study off New York’s Long Island Coast

A ten-month field research study was meticulously conducted at Robert Moses State Park (RMSP) on the south shore of Long Island, NY. The objective was to determine if aerial phenomena of an unknown nature exist over a coastal location and to characterize their properties and behaviors. Primary and secondary field observation methods were utilized in this data-centric study. Forensic engineering principles and methodologies guided the study. The challenges set forward were object detection, observation, and characterization, where multispectral electro-optical devices and radar were employed due to limited visual acuity and intermittent presentation of the phenomena. The primary means of detection utilized a 3 cm X-band radar operating in two scan geometries, the X- and Y-axis. Multispectral electro-optical devices were utilized as a secondary means of detection and identification. Data was emphasized using HF and LF detectors and spectrum analyzers incorporating EM, ultrasonic, magnetic, and RF field transducers to record spectral data in these domains. Data collection concentrated on characterizing VIS, NIR, SWIR, LWIR, UVA, UVB, UVC, and the higher energy spectral range of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, and X-ray) recorded by Geiger-Müller counters as well as special purpose semiconductor diode sensors.

表观扩散系数术前区分Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌及其与Ki-67增殖指数的相关性研究

目的 探讨表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)术前区分Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌的效能及其与Ki-67增殖指数之间的相关性。材料与方法 回顾性分析经病理证实为Luminal型乳腺癌88例和非Luminal型乳腺癌30例,并检测其Ki-67增殖指数。在ADC图上测量病灶实质的最小ADC值(the minimum ADC, ADCmin)、平均ADC值(the mean ADC, ADCmean)和相应对侧正常乳腺腺体组织的ADC值,计算相对ADCmin (relative ADCmin, rADCmin)和相对ADCmean(relative ADCmean, rADCmean)。比较Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌组间ADC值差异,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线,分析ADC值对Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌的鉴别效能及其与Ki-67增殖指数间的相关性。结果 Luminal型乳腺癌组的ADCmin、ADCmean、rADCmin和rADCmean值均低于非Luminal型乳腺癌组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。ROC结果显示各ADC值均能对Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌进行有效区分,其中,rADCmin鉴别效能最佳,最佳截止值为0.599,相应的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)、敏感度、特异度分别为0.796 [95%(confidence interval, CI):0.712~0.864]、90.91%(95%CI:82.90%~96.00%)和63.33%(95%CI:43.90%~80.10%)。乳腺癌ADCmin、ADCmean、rADCmin和rADCmean与Ki-67增殖指数间均呈不同程度的负相关关系[r=-0.343(95%CI:-0.493~-0.173)、 r=-0.474 (95%CI:-0.603~-0.321)、 r=-0.325 (95%CI:-0.478~-0.154)、 r=-0.322 (95%CI:-0.475~-0.150),P均<0.05]。结论 ADC值可用于鉴别Luminal型与非Luminal型乳腺癌,可以在一定程度上评估肿瘤细胞增殖活性。