Luminescence enhancement of rare earth ions by metal nanostructures

Well-ordered metal structures, i.e. arrays of nanosized tips on silver surface for studies of the luminescence enhancement of absorbed media with rare earth ions were used. These arrays were prepared by the metal evaporation on track membranes. Calculations of reso- nanee frequencies of tips regarded as semispheroids were done taking into account the interaction between dipoles of tips. They were used to discuss experimental results for media with Eu（NO3）3·6H2O salt basing on data for bulk silver dielectric function.

Enhanced Luminescence of InGaN-Based 395 nm Flip-Chip Near-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes with Al as N-Electrode

High-reflectivity Al-based n-electrode is used to enhance the luminescence properties of InGaN-based 395nm flip-chip near-ultraviolet （UV） light-emitting diodes. The Al-only metal layer could form the Ohmic contact on the plasma etched n-GaN by means of chemical pre-treatment, with the lowest specific contact resistance of 2.211 × 10^-5 Ω. cm2. The AI n-electrodes enhance light output power of the 395 nm flip-chip near-UV light-emitting diodes by more than 33% compared with the Ti/AI n-electrodes. Meanwhile, the electrical characteristics of these chips with two types of n-electrodes do not show any significant discrepancy. The near-field light distribution measurement of packaged chips confirms that the enhanced luminescence is ascribed to the high refleetivity of the Al electrodes in the UV region. After the accelerated aging test for over 1000 h, the luminous degradation of the packaged chips with Al n-electrodes is less than 3%, which proves the reliability of these chips with the Al-based electrodes. Our approach shows a simplified design and fabrication of high-refleetivity n-electrode for flip-chip near-UV light emitting diodes.

Fast Diagnosis of Gonorrhea With Enhanced Luminescence Enzyme Immunoassay

Objective:To evaluate the value of enhanced luminescence enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhea(NG) infection. Methods: Anti-catalase antibody for Neisseria gonorrheae combined with enhanced luminescence enzyme immunoassay were used to test for N. gonorrhea. Results: A minimum of 1×10^4/CFU of GC in genital tract secretions or urine could be detected with the technique of luminescence enzyme immunoassay. Conclusion : The enhanced luminescence enzyme immunoassay has the advantage of high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing NG from genitourinary tract secretion and urine.

Enhanced red luminescence of Ca_(3)Si_(2−x)M_(x)O_(7):Eu^(3+)(M=Al,P)phosphors via partial substitution of Si^(4+) for applications in white light-emitting diodes

A red-emitting phosphor Ca_(2.91)Si_(2)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) with partial Al^(3+)/P^(5+) substitution on Si^(4+) was synthesized via a simple solid-state method,and the effects of the introduction of the M^(3+/5+)(M=Al,P)ions on the crystal structure and photoluminescence performance of Ca_(2.91)Si_(2−x)M_(x)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) phosphors were investigated.The X-ray diffraction(XRD),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results revealed that the structure of Ca_(3)Si_(2)O_(7) remained the same after the introduction of Al^(3+) and P^(5+) ions.The characteristic emission of Eu^(3+)-doped Ca_(3)Si_(2−x)M_(x)O_(7) phosphors exhibited two main peaks at 617 nm(red)and 593 nm(orange)under excitation at 394 nm,which originated from the^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2)and^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(1) electron transitions of Eu^(3+) ions.After the partial substitution of Al^(3+) and P^(5+),the red emission intensities of the Ca_(2.91)Si_(2)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) phosphors were significantly enhanced by 1.88-and 1.42-fold,respectively,which is attributed to the crystal-field effect around Eu^(3+).Meanwhile,the luminescence intensities of the Ca_(2.91)Si_(1.96)Al_(0.04)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) and Ca_(2.91)Si_(1.94)P_(0.06)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) phosphors at 210℃ were 79.36%and 77.53%of those at 30°C,respectively,indicating their excellent thermal stability.Moreover,the as-prepared Ca_(2.91)Si_(1.96)Al_(0.04)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+)and Ca_(2.91)Si_(1.94)P_(0.06)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) red-emitting phosphors were combined with a near-ultraviolet chip of 395 nm to fabricate red-light-emitting diode(LED)and white(w)-LED devices with excellent chromaticity features.In summary,Al^(3+)/P^(5+)-substituted Ca_(2.91)Si_(2)O_(7):0.09Eu^(3+) can serve as red-emitting phosphors for applications in w-LEDs.

Defect elimination to enhance photoluminescence and optical transparency of Pr-doped ceramics for self-calibrated temperature feedback windows

Pr-doped metal oxide polycrystalline transparent ceramics are highly desirable for photothermal window systems served in extreme environments;however,obtaining efficient photoluminescence(PL)together with high transparency in these ceramics is still posing serious challenges,which undoubtedly limits their applications.Here,Pr-doped Y_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)(YZO)transparent ceramics,as an illustrative example,are prepared by a solid-state reaction and vacuum sintering method.Owing to the elimination of defect clusters[Pr_(Y)^(4+)-O^(2-)Pr_(Y)^(4+)]and[Pr_(Y)^(4+)-e′]without the introduction of impurities and additional defects,the fabricated YZO:Pr ceramics exhibit high transparency(74%)and efficient PL(39-fold enhanced)after air annealing plus vacuum re-annealing treatment.Moreover,upon 295/450 nm excitation,the emission bands(blue,green,red,and dark red)from YZO:Pr ceramics present different temperature-dependent properties due to the thermalquenching channel generated by the intervalence charge transfer(IVCT)state between Pr_(Y)^(4+)and Zr^(4+)ions.Furthermore,a self-calibrated temperature feedback window with the same fluorescence intensity ratio(FIR)model(I_(613)/I_(503),where I represents the intensity)under different excitation light sources(295 and 450 nm)is designed.The developed photothermal window operated in a wide temperature range(303-663 K)shows relatively high sensitivities(absolute sensitivity(Sa)and relative sensitivity(S)reach 0.008 K^(-1)at 663 K and 0.47%K^(-1)at 363 K,respectively),high repeatability(>98%),and low temperature uncertainty(T<3.2 K).This work presents a paradigm for achieving enhanced PL along with elevated transparency of lanthanide(Ln)-doped ceramics through vacuum re-annealing treatment engineering and demonstrates their promising potential for photothermal window systems.

Tunable multicolor luminescence in vanadates from yttrium to indium with enhanced luminous efficiency and stability for its application in WLEDs and indoor photovoltaics

The preparation of high-efficiency phosphor is the key to the construction of white light-emitting diode(WLED)devices and their application in indoor photovoltaics.Compared with YVO_(4),InVO_(4)is not suitable as the host material of lanthanide ions because of its strong self-luminescence.Here,the work focused on combining the broadband emission from InVO_(4)and the red luminescence from YVO_(4):Eu^(3+)to obtain enhanced and stable multicolor luminescence.The band structure,density of state,and optical properties were studied by density functional theory.The spectral configuration of YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)with(112)surface appears to be broadening and redshifts with increasing layer number.When the In^(3+)concentration is 3.5 mol%,the YVO_(4):30%Eu^(3+)/In^(3+)emits the strongest light.The Judd-Ofelt parameterΩ2 of YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)increases with increaing In^(3+)concentration,indicating that the symmetry decreases.By adjusting In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)contents,the YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)not only can emit white light with a color rendering index of 95,but also can be used as high-efficiency red phosphor to build WLED devices with blue emitting N/Tb codoped carbon quantum dots(CQDs-N:Tb^(3+))and green emitting MOF:Tb^(3+)(MOF=metal organic framework),for which the color rendering index can also reach 95 and the color temperature is 5549 K.The manufactured WLED devices were further used to excite the silicon solar cell and make it show good photoelectric characteristics.

Structure and Luminescent Enhancement Effect of Na_5Eu(MoO_4)_4 by Doping(WO_4)^(2-)

The luminescent enhancement effect of Na_5Eu(MoO_4)_4 by doping(WO_4)^(2-) has been studied. When the value x in Na_5Eu(Mo_(1-x)W_xO_4)_4 is in 0<x<0.21,its photoluminescent spectrum is near to that of Na_5Eu(MoO_4)_4,but its luminescent intensity increases.When x=0.033,the intensity is increased by about 30%.According to the X-ray diffraction analysis,W ions get into the lattice and occupy the sites of the Mo ions.The change of crystal environment of Eu^(3+) may result in the luminescent enhancement.

Unexpected luminescence enhancement of upconverting nanocrystals by cation exchange with well retained small particle size

Highly luminescent upconversion nanoparticles （UCNPs） with small sizes are highly desirable for bioapplications. A facile in situ cation exchange strategy has been developed to greatly enhance the UC luminescence of hexagonal phase NaYF4 NPs while maintaining their small particle size and shape. Via a cation exchange treatment by hot-injecting Gd3＋ precursors into the as-prepared NPs solution without pre-separation, the naked-eye visible UC emission of the NPs was enhanced about 29 times under 980 nm near infrared （NIR） excitation with unchanged particle size. The cation exchange process was further demonstrated for the case of NaYF4 nanorods （NRs）. After the cation exchange, the nanorod was broken into two NPs with stronger emission. The cation exchanged hydrophobic UCNPs were further encapSulated with poly（amino acid） and successfully applied for targeted cancer cell UC luminescence imaging.

Confinement and antenna effect for ultrasmall Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+) nanocrystals supported by MOF with enhanced near-UV light absorption thereby enhanced luminescence and excellently multifunctional applications

A novel host-guest luminous system with enhanced near-UV light absorption thereby enhanced luminescence are designed based on the synergism of quantum confinement,spatial confinement,and antenna effect,where ultrasmall Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)nanocrystals are fixed inside MOF(Eu/Y-BTC)as supporting structure.The Eu/Y-BTC not only limits the size and leads to lattice distortion of Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)nanocrystals and controls the distance between nanocrystals,but also promotes the light absorption and emission.The significantly red-shifted and broadened charge transfer band of Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)leads to the excellent applications of Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)in white light-emitting diodes(LEDs).Our results show that white light with superior color quality(CRI>90)and extremely high luminous efficacy(an LER of 335 lm/W)could be achieved using Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)as red phosphor.The Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)also improves the photoelectric performance of dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs),not only because Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)has a large specific surface area and the adsorption amount of the dye is increased,but also because the valence band position of Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)is 2.41 eV,which can provide an additional energy level between the TiO2 and dye,promoting electron transfer.For these advantageous features,the multifunctional Y_(2)O_(3):Eu^(3+)/(Eu/Y-BTC)composite product will open new avenues in white LEDs and DSSCs.

The density of surface ligands regulates the luminescence of thiolated gold nanoclusters and their metal ion response

The fascinating luminescence properties of gold nanoclusters(AuNCs) have drawn considerable research interests,and been widely harnessed for a wide range of applications.However,a fundamental understanding towards ligand density’s role in the luminescence properties of these ultrasmall AuNCs remains unclear yet.In this communication,through systematic investigation of surface chemistries of glutathione-protected Au NCs(GSH-Au NCs) with diffe rent density of GSH as well as other thiolates,it is discovered that the density of surface ligands can significantly regulate the luminescence properties of AuNCs.Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that AuNCs with a higher density of electron-rich ligands facilitate their luminescence generation.Moreover,differences in the surface coverage of AuNCs can also affect their interactions with foreign species,as illustrated by significantly different fluorescence quenching capability of GSH-AuNCs with different ligand density towards Hg^(2+).This study provides new insight into the intriguing luminescence properties of metal NCs,which is hoped to stimulate further research on the design of metal NCs with strong luminescence and sensitive/specific responses for promising optoelectronic,sensing and imaging applications.

Luminescence enhancement of CaMoO_(4):Eu^(3+) phosphor by charge compensation using microwave sintering method

CaMoO_(4):Eu^(3+)and CaMoO_(4):Eu^(3+),A+(A=Li,Na,K)phosphors for light-emitting diode(LED)applications have been prepared by microwave sintering method(MSM),and their structure and luminescence properties are investigated.The influences of microwave reaction time and concentration of different kinds of charge compensation A+and Eu^(3+)on luminescence have also been discussed.The samples emit a red luminescence at 615 nm attributed to the^(5)D0→^(7)F2 transition of Eu^(3+)under 464 nm excitation.It is observed that adding charge compensation A+in the sample synthesis increases luminescence intensity.The optimized sample made with 32 mol%Li+and 32 mol%Eu^(3+)has an enhancement factor of 4 in photoluminescence compared to the sample made without charge compensation.The CIE(Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage)coordinates of Ca0.36MoO_(4):0.32Eu^(3+),0.32Li+are x=0.661 and y=0.339,which indicate that the obtained phosphor can be a promising red color candidate for white LED fabrications.

Solvent induced shape change in CePO_4:Dy^(3+) nanophosphors and effect of metal ions: A photoluminescence study

The influence of different solvents and metal ions （Li^＋, Ba^2＋, Bi^3＋） on the crystallization behaviour, morphology and enhancement in photoluminescence intensity of Dy^3＋ doped CePO4 were investigated. Highly crystalline luminescent nanophosphors of CePO4：DY^3＋ re-dispersible in polar solvents were successfully prepared via a simple polyol route at 140 ℃. As-prepared Dy^3＋ doped CePO4 nanophosphors prepared in EG and DMF appeared to have crystalline monoclinic phase but exhibited hexagonal phase when prepared in water and water mixed solvents, The hexagonal phase transformed to monoclinic phase after heating at 900 ℃. TEM study revealed different shapes of the synthesized nanophosphors with change of solvents. The luminescence intensity of 4F9/2→6H15/2 at 478 nm （blue） was found to be more prominent than 4F9/2→6H13/2 at 572 nm （yellow）. The introduction of metal ions （Li＋, Ba2＋ and Bi3＋） in CePO4：Dy3＋ led to considerable luminescent enhancement. The nanophosphors were subsequently incorporated in polymer films of PVA which showed the characteristic emissions of Dy3＋. It also served as an effective method to improve the performance of polymer materials and brought about novel properties in them.

A new strategy to achieve enhanced upconverted circularly polarized luminescence in chiral perovskite nanocrystals

Achieving large luminescence dissymmetry factors(pium)is challenging in the research field of circularly polarized luminescence(CPL).While various approaches have been developed to construct organic systems with CPL activity,there is still a lack of effective methods for fabricating CPL active inorganic materials.Herein,we propose an approach for endowing upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)and perovskite nanocrystal(PKNC)hybrid nanomaterials with upconverted circularly polarized luminescence(UC-CPL)activity.Chiral cesium lead bromides(CsPbBr_(3))PKNCs were synthesized by a chiral-ligand-assistant method.Meanwhile,UCNP could be embedded into the chiral PKNC,enabling a photon upconvesion feature to the PKNC.The embedded UCNPs in PKNCs were confirmed by electron tomography.Consequently,various CPL activities,including prompt CPL,UC-CPL,and energy transfer enhanced circularly polarized luminescence(ET-CPL),were realized.The chiral perovskite nanocrystals could reabsorb the chiral energy generated from UCNPs,showing energy transfer enhanced CPL activity with four times magnification of the circular polarization.These findings provide a meaningful strategy for designing chiral photon upconversion inorganic nanomaterials with highly efficient UC-CPL activity.

Enhancement of up-conversion luminescence properties in Yb^(3+)/Tm^(3+)/Er^(3+) tri-doped transparent oxyfluoride tellurite glass ceramics

Optically transparent Er3＋/Tm3＋/Yb3＋ tri-doped oxyfluoride tellurite based nano-crystallized glass ceramics with the batching composition of 73TeO2-15ZnO-7ZnF2-3YF3-1.5YbF3-0.3ErF3-0.2TmF3 （mol%） is prepared by a conventional melting quenching and the subsequent heat treatment processes. The sizes of grown nano-crystals in glass matrix appear to be smaller than 100 nm from the scanning electron mi- croscope measurement. Visible up-conversion luminescence of the as melted glass and glass ceramics is investigated. The three-color up-conversion luminescence intensities by 980-nm pumping are increased significantly due to the heat treatment, and the blue intensity increases with a higher magnitude than other wavelengths after heat treatment.

Enhancement of the upconversion luminescence in Y_2O_3:Er^(3+) powders by codoping with La^(3+) ions

Infrared-to-visible upconverted luminescent spectra of Er3 t and La3 t codoped Y2O3 powders are investigated.By introducing La3 t ions, the upconversion green radiation is found to be greatly enhanced when compared with the powders with La3 t absent. Such enhancement can be attributed to the modification of the local symmetry surrounding the Er3 t ion, which benefits the intra-4f transitions of Er3 t ion, and the decreasing interaction between Er3 t ions, which suppresses the energy transfer process4F7∕2t 4I11∕2→ 4F9∕2t 4F9∕2.

One-pot synthesis of hexagonal NaLuF_(4):Yb,Er microcrystals with enhanced upconversion emission and high production yield

In this work,monodisperseβ-NaLuF_(4):Yb,Er microcrystals with intense upconversion emission were synthesized via a modified hydrothermal method.With the increase of reactant concentration,their production yield is increased obviously,and the upconversion emission intensity inβ-NaLuF_(4):Yb,Er microcrystals is also enhanced significantly.The luminescence enhancement should be attributed to minimal internal OH defects,validated by a combination of analytical X-ray diffraction(XRD),energy dispersive spectrum(EDS),and Eu^(3+)structural probe measurements.We also reveal that high Na^(+):RE~(3+)ratio in theβ-NaLuF_(4):Yb,Er microcrystals prepared under Na^(~)+-rich reaction will arouse the increased repulsive energy ofβ-NaLuF_(4)microcrystals between F^(~)-and OH^(~)-anions and then facilitate the substitution of large OH^(-)ions by small F^(~)-ions under F^(~)--rich reaction conditions.Minimal OH^(-)concentrations can limit nonradiative relaxation and promote excitation energy harvesting for high upconversion efficiency.The presented results not only offer a facile method for the simultaneous production yield and luminescence intensity increase ofβ-NaREF_(4)microcrystals,but also uncover a better insight into the upconversion emission alterations,which is favorable to broaden their practical applications.

Ultralong afterglow and unity quantum yield from a transparent CsCdCl_(3):Mn crystal

Transparent afterglow crystals are keenly desired for three-dimensional information storage.Herein,CsCdCl3 perovskite crystals were grown by a programmable cool-ing procedure in a hydrothermal reactor.The pristine crystal showed an abnormal optical behavior where the absorption increased by 2.3 folds at high temperature,leading to a fourfold boost of photoluminescence(PL)intensity.After Mn2+dop-ing,the PL quantum yield was improved to nearly unity.Importantly,the doped crystals exhibited an ultralong afterglow up to 12 h after ceasing UV excitation and a high transmittance up to 75%in the visible region.This work brought a new mem-ber to the library of transparent afterglow crystal,opening up many possibilities to advanced applications such as volumetric display and three-dimensional information encryption.

Nanoplasmonic colloidal suspensions for the enhance-ment of the luminescent emission from single-walled carbon nanotubes

Aiming to enhance the luminescence yield of carbon nanotubes, we introduce a new class of hybrid nanoplasmonic colloidal systems （π-hybrids）. Nanotubes dispersed in gold nanorod colloidal suspensions yield hybrid structures exhibiting enhanced luminescence up to a factor of 20. The novelty of the proposed enhancement mechanism relies on including metal proximity effects in addition to its localized surface plasmons. This simple, robust and flexible technique enhances the luminescence of nanotubes with chiralities whose enhancement has never reported before, for example the （8,4） tube.