Atomic layer deposition in advanced display technologies:from photoluminescence to encapsulation

Driven by the growing demand for next-generation displays,the development of advanced luminescent materials with exceptional photoelectric properties is rapidly accelerating,with such materials including quantum dots and phosphors,etc.Nevertheless,the primary challenge preventing the practical application of these luminescent materials lies in meeting the required durability standards.Atomic layer deposition(ALD)has,therefore,been employed to stabilize luminescent materials,and as a result,flexible display devices have been fabricated through material modification,surface and interface engineering,encapsulation,cross-scale manufacturing,and simulations.In addition,the appropriate equipment has been developed for both spatial ALD and fluidized ALD to satisfy the low-cost,high-efficiency,and high-reliability manufacturing requirements.This strategic approach establishes the groundwork for the development of ultra-stable luminescent materials,highly efficient light-emitting diodes(LEDs),and thin-film packaging.Ultimately,this significantly enhances their potential applicability in LED illumination and backlighted displays,marking a notable advancement in the display industry.

In situ luminescence measurements of GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) film under different energy proton irradiations

Ion beam-induced luminescence(IBIL) experiments were performed to investigate the in situ luminescence of GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) at varying ion energies,which allowed for the measurement of defects at different depths within the material.The energies of H^(+)were set to 500 keV,640 keV and 2 MeV,the Bragg peaks of which correspond to the GaN film,GaN/Al_(2)O_(3) heterojunction and Al_(2)O_(3) substrate,respectively.A photoluminescence measurement at 250 K was also performed for comparison,during which only near band edge(NBE) and yellow band luminescence in the GaN film were observed.The evolution of the luminescence of the NBE and yellow band in the GaN film was discussed,and both exhibited a decrease with the fluence of H^(+).Additionally,the luminescence of F centers,induced by oxygen vacancies,and Cr^(3+),resulting from the ^(2)E →^(4)A_(2) radiative transition in Al_(2)O_(3),were measured using 2 MeV H^(+).The luminescence intensity of F centers increases gradually with the fluence of H^(+).The luminescence evolution of Cr^(3+)is consistent with a yellow band center,attributed to its weak intensity,and it is situated within the emission band of the yellow band in the GaN film.Our results show that IBIL measurement can effectively detect the luminescence behavior of multilayer films by adjusting the ion energy.Luminescence measurement can be excited by various techniques,but IBIL can satisfy in situ luminescence measurement,and multilayer structural materials of tens of micrometers can be measured through IBIL by adjusting the energy of the inducing ions.The evolution of defects at different layers with ion fluence can be obtained.

Recent advances of organic long persistent luminescence:Design strategy and internal mechanism

Organic afterglow materials have drawn increasing attention for their great potential in practical applications.Until now,most of them just show the lifetimes in milliseconds or seconds,while the realization of long persistent luminescence(LPL)lasting for minutes or even hours is difficult.In 2017,Adachi and Kabe successfully realize the LPL with a duration longer than 1 hour in a purely organic system,which can be even comparable to some excellent inorganic materials.However,partially for the unclear structure-property relationship,organic LPL materials are still rather scarce,especially for the stable ones in air or aqueous solution.In this review,we present the recent progress in organic LPL,mainly focusing on the material design strategy and internal mechanism.It is anticipated that the deep understanding can be beneficial for the further development of organic LPL materials with good stability in air and even aqueous phase.

Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of Lu_2O_3:Yb^(3+),Tm^(3+) nanocrystals

Lutetium oxide nanocrystals codoped with Tm3＋ and Yb3＋ were synthesized by the reverse-like co-precipitation method, using ammonium hydrogen carbonate as precipitant. Effects of the Tm3＋, Yb3＋ molar fractions and calcination temperature on the structural and upconversion luminescent properties of the Lu2O3 nanocrystals were investigated. The XRD results show that all the prepared nanocrystals can be readily indexed to pure cubic phase of Lu2O3 and indicate good crystallinity. The experimental results show that concentration quenching occurs when the mole fraction of Tm3＋ is above 0.2%. The optimal Tm3＋ and Yb3＋ doped molar fractions are 0.2% and 2%, respectively. The strong blue （490 nm） and the weak red （653 nm） emissions from the prepared nanocrystals were observed under 980 nm laser excitation, and attributed to the 1G4→3H6 and IG4→3F4 transitions of Tm3＋, respectively. Power-dependent study reveals that the 1G4 levels of Tm3＋ can be populated by three-step energy transfer process. The upconversion emission intensities of 490 nm and 653 nm increase gradually with the increase of calcination temperature. The enhancement of the upconversion luminescence is suggested to be the consequence of reducing number of OH- groups and the enlarged nanoerystal size.

Effect of Lattice Mismatch on Luminescence of ZnO/Si Hetero-Structure

The photoluminescence （PL） and Raman spectra of undoped ZnO films deposited directly on Si substrate （sample A）,on Si substrate through a SiC buffer layer （sample B）,and on a ZnO crystal wafer （sample C） are investigated. There are emission peaks centered at 3.18eV （ultraviolet,UV） and 2.38eV （green） in these sampies. Comparing the Raman spectra and the variation of the PL peak intensities with annealing atmosphere, we conclude that the luminescence of the samples is related to the tensile strain in the ZnO film due to the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate. In particular, the tensile strain reduces the formation energy of OZn antisite oxygen defects,which generate the green emission center. After annealing in oxygen-rich atmosphere, many OZn defects are generated. Thus, the intensity of green emission in ZnO/Si hetero-structure materials increases due to tensile strain in ZnO films.

Effects of Magnetic Stress on the Delayed Luminescence of Mung Bean Leaves

[Objective] The research aimed to study the effects of magnetic stress on the delayed luminescence of mung bean leaves.[Method]With mung bean leaves as the experimental materials,the delayed luminescence curve of mung bean leaves under the same magnetic field intensity at different processing time was measured by using BPCL-type weak luminescence measuring instrument.[Result] The absorption of the magnetic field stimulation within the leaves had its own rules.A certain magnetic field intensity and a certain...

Preliminary Studies on High-performance Liquid Chro-matography Chemiluminescence Determination of theSaturated Fatty Acids(C_(16) C_(18))in Human Serum

The peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence(CL)detection of fatty acids in human se- rum combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)is described.Some fatty acids in serum were extracted with a 1 :1(v/v)mixture of chloroform-n-heptane.2-(4-Hydrazinocarbonyl- phenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (HCPI) was used as a fluorescent labelling reagent of the fatty acids. The labelling reaction was carried out at 30℃ for 1 h at pH 6.5 and the resulting reaction mixture was sudjected to HPLC. The labelled fatty acid C_(17)(P-C_(17))was used as the internal standard. The la- belled fatty acids C_(16) and C_(18) were separated within 18 min on an ODS-8OTM column (150 mm× 6 mm ID,5μm,Tosoh Japan).The calibrlation curves of fatty acids from the spiked control serum were Y_1=-0.003 7 + 0.0028X_1,r=0.994 for FA C_( 16) and Y_2=0.00 1 2 + 0.00098X_2,r=0.999 for FA C_( 18),respectively.The average recoveries of facids from the spiked contrl serum were 107.2%(n=8,RSD=4.3%)for FA C_(16) and 97.35%(n=8, RSD=4.0%)for FA C_(18),respectively.The lower detection limits of fatty acids after reaction were 12μmol per 20μl injection for FA C_(16) and 18 μmol per 20μl injection for FA C_(18),respectively(signal to noise ratio, S/N=2).The HPLC/CL method was applied to the determination of FA C_(16) and FA C_(18) in normal human serum and the results showed that the concentrations of fatty acids in normal human serum were 0.134 ± 0.009 μ mol/ml serum(n=5) for FA C_(16) and 0.052±0.028 μmol/ml serum(n=5)for FA C_(18),respectively.

The Luminescence of The Phosphor Sr_2ZrO_4 with One-dimensional Chains Structure

A new type of phosphor Sr2ZrO4 with one-dimensional structure was prepared bysolid reaction and its luminescence is seen at room temperature. The excitation and emissionspectra were measured and display broad maximum at 354 nm and 386 nm respectively. Themechanism of this luminescence is ascribed to charge transfer.

稀土掺杂二氧化硅核壳结构硼酸钇的制备和发光性能的研究

以硼酸盐为基质材料,通过溶胶凝胶-高温固相法制备了比表面积不同的球状、海胆状二氧化硅(SiO_(2))纳米球前驱体,共沉淀法-高温固相法制备单掺杂YBO_(3)∶Eu^(3+)和共掺杂YBO_(3)∶Eu^(3+)、Tb^(3+)包覆SiO_(2)纳米球核壳结构荧光材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、荧光光谱表征和CIE色度计算对制备的荧光材料的形貌及发光性能进行分析。结果表明:掺入Eu^(3+)后,YBO_(3)晶格发生微小畸变且FT-IR谱图中吸收峰发生微小位移,证明Eu^(3+)掺杂到YBO_(3)晶格中;YBO_(3)以块状结构包裹在SiO_(2)核结构表面。在395nm光激发下,单掺杂Eu^(3+)荧光材料的612nm处发射峰强度最强,表现为Eu^(3+)的~5D_0→~7F_2电偶极跃迁;基质材料在456nm光激发下,自激发蓝光;加入发射绿光的Tb^(3+)进行白光的调制。利用275nm激发复合材料SiO_(2)@YBO_(3)∶5%Eu^(3+)、7%Tb^(3+),对应色坐标为(0.3130,0.2936),色温为6834.43K,色纯度为7.4%,是一种近白光核壳结构荧光材料,有望应用于WLED的核壳复合荧光材料。

四线法弱发光样品绝对量子产率的测量

弱发光样品量子产率测量困难,提出了四线法的测量方法,采用荧光光谱仪和积分球附件相结合的测量方式,主要利用衰减片的添加来实现样品荧光发射信号的相对增强,较大程度提高了弱发光样品量子产率测量的准确度。采用该装置测定了标准物质YG晶体的绝对量子产率为42.0%,相对误差0.95%,验证了荧光分光光度计和积分球结合的方式用于绝对量子产率测量的可行性。然后介绍了四线法用于绝对量子产率测量的依据、测量过程及数据处理方法。采用四线法测量了标准样品罗丹明6G和硫酸奎宁的绝对量子产率,结果显示相对误差分别为1.3%和1.1%,远小于5.0%(量子产率允许误差),表明该方法具有较高的准确性。详细探讨了实验条件对四线法绝对量子产率测量结果的影响,发现测试的最佳条件为衰减片放于激发端、衰减后的光源强度达到荧光光谱仪检测器光强线性响应区间的上限。采用不同浓度罗丹明6G溶液模拟弱发光、中强发光以及强发光样品,分别用二线法(常规方法)和四线法测量各溶液的绝对量子产率,将测试结果与文献报导数据对比,发现四线法更适用于弱发光和中强发光样品绝对量子产率的测量,尤其用于弱发光样品测量时,相对误差由二线法的10%降至四线法的0.32%。

Preparation of CaS:Eu^(2+) Phosphor by Microwave Heating Method and its Luminescence

This is the first report of using the microwave heating technique to synthesize calcium sulphide activated by europium whose structure is determined as the face-centered cubic by conventional X-ray powder diffraction method. The phosphor has maximum excitation peaks located at 280 urn and 560 urn and the maximum emission of the phosphor is 630 nm. When the concentration of Eu^(2+) in CaS increases from I .0 × 10^(-5) to l.0 × 10^(-2) mole per mole host, the body colour of the calcium sulphide activated with europium changes from white, through light-red to pink to deep-red. The phosphor obtains the longest afterglow at the concentration of 0.1% Eu^(2+)doped and is a kind of good material excited by sunlight.

发光纤维的研究及应用进展

发光纤维是基于荧光功能材料的新型功能化纤维,因具有柔性可编织、可植入和长距离信号传输等优势而在智能纺织和生物医学等领域备受关注,不仅可用于纺织品的图案显示与警示,还可用于视觉传输和柔性传感显示器。文章概述了制备发光纤维的湿法纺丝、静电纺丝以及微流控纺丝方法,重点阐述了基于有机半导体和钙钛矿两种发光材料的荧光纤维的微纳结构和光学特性,及其在湿度传感、显示/警示和生物医学领域的相关应用,最后总结了发光纤维在有机分子材料和制备方法上所面临的挑战,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下草莓根系呼吸与超微弱发光关系的影响

【目的】探究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对盐胁迫下草莓根系呼吸与超微弱发光(ultraweak luminescence,UWL)的影响,分析接种AMF后根系呼吸和相关酶活性及UWL强度的变化规律与相关性,为探究AMF改善盐胁迫下草莓根系呼吸的机制提供理论参考。【方法】选用红颜草莓(Benihoppe)盆栽苗作为试验材料,摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)作为接种菌种,盐胁迫选用90 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)复合盐溶液处理,测定草莓根系呼吸速率、呼吸相关酶活性、根系和叶片UWL强度。【结果】盐胁迫严重抑制了草莓根系呼吸作用的强度和酶活性,表现为根系呼吸速率和呼吸相关酶活性降低。UWL与氧化应激过程有关,呼吸过程被抑制,根系发散的光子数目受到影响,UWL强度随之下降。而接种AMF可以使草莓根系呼吸速率、相关酶活性、UWL强度值升高。草莓根系呼吸强度、相关酶活性与根系、叶片UWL强度均有显著的相关性。【结论】接种AMF能有效缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害,提高呼吸速率和相关酶活性,表明AMF在缓解盐胁迫下根系损伤方面具有重要作用。另外在接种AMF条件下草莓根系呼吸和UWL强度相关性显著,可通过叶片UWL强度反映根系呼吸的胁迫程度。

New Opportunities for Lanthanide Luminescence

Trivalent lanthanide ions display fascinating optical properties. The discovery of the corresponding elements and their first industrial uses were intimately linked to their optical properties. This relationship has been kept alive until today when many high-technology applications of lanthanide-containing materials such as energy-saving lighting devices, displays, optical fibers and amplifiers, lasers, responsive luminescent stains for biomedical analyses and in cellulo sensing and imaging, heavily rely on the brilliant and pure-color emission of lanthanide ions. In this review we first outlined the basics of lanthanide luminescence with emphasis on f-f transitions, the sensitization mechanisms, and the assessment of the luminescence efficiency of lanthanide-containing emissive molecular edifices. Emphasis was then put on two fast developing aspects of lanthanide luminescence： materials for telecommunications and light emitting diodes, and biomedical imaging and sensing. Recent advances in NIR-emitting materials for plastic amplifiers and waveguides were described, together with the main solutions brought by researchers to minimize non-radiative deactivation of excited states. The demonstration in 1999 that erbium tris（8-hydroxyquinolinate） displayed a bright green emission suitable for organic light emitting diodes （OLEDs） was followed by realizing that in OLEDs, 25% of the excitation energy leads to singlet states and 75% to triplet states. Since lanthanide ions are good triplet quenchers, they now also play a key role in the development of these lighting devices. Luminescence analyses of biological molecules are among the most sensitive analytical techniques known. The long lifetime of the lanthanide excited states allows time-resolved spectroscopy to be used, suppressing the sample autofluorescence and reaching very low detection limits. Not only visible lanthanide sensors are now ubiquitously provided in medical diagnosis and in cell imaging, but the feasibility of using NIR emission of ions such as YbⅢ is now being tested because of deeper penetration in biological tissues.

六齿喹啉类铒配合物结构表征及其发光性能研究

应用醛铵缩合反应进行化合物的合成,该反应是一种基础的有机化学技术。先设计合成L(TBS)_(2)前驱体,随后加入Bu_(4)NF脱去保护基团TBS,形成L2(OH)_(2)配体,与Er(hfac)_(3)反应,并在四氢呋喃/正己烷体系中扩散得到化合物[ErFEr]L2(简称[ErFEr])的晶体。通过单晶数据分析确定化合物的配位方式;通过紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及寿命研究配体及配合物在固态与溶液中的光学性质和机理。研究结果表明,在同核铒配合物中存在配体到金属的能量转移(LMCT),使其发光范围延长至近红外区,产生了铒的下转移(DL)特征发射。

Recent Advances of Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles in Bioapplications

Persistent luminescence phosphors are a novel group of promising luminescent materials with afterglow properties after the stoppage of excitation.In the past decade,persistent luminescence nanoparticles(PLNPs)with intriguing optical properties have attracted a wide range of attention in various areas.Especially in recent years,the development and applications in biomedical fields have been widely explored.Owing to the efficient elimination of the autofluorescence interferences from biotissues and the ultra-long near-infrared afterglow emission,many researches have focused on the manipulation of PLNPs in biosensing,cell tracking,bioimaging and cancer therapy.These achievements stimulated the growing interest in designing new types of PLNPs with desired superior characteristics and multiple functions.In this review,we summarize the works on synthesis methods,bioapplications,biomembrane modification and biosafety of PLNPs and highlight the recent advances in biosensing,imaging and imaging-guided therapy.We further discuss the new types of PLNPs as a newly emerged class of functional biomaterials for multiple applications.Finally,the remaining problems and challenges are discussed with suggestions and prospects for potential future directions in the biomedical applications.

Luminescence Properties of Green-Emitting Phosphor (Ba_(1-x),Sr_x_2SiO_4∶Eu^(2+) for White LEDS

The （Ba1- x, Srx ） 2 SiO4 ： EU^2＋ green-emitting phosphors were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction in a CO-reductive atmosphere, and their luminescent properties were investigated. The XRD data show that the Ba/Sr ratio not only affects the lattice parameters, but also influences the emission peak. The excitation spectra indicate that this phosphor can be effectively excited by UV light from 370 to 470 nm. The emission band is due to the 4f^65d^1→4f^7 transition of the Eu^2＋ ion. With an increase in x, the emission band shifts to longer wavelength and the reason was discussed. The emission spectra exhibit a satisfactory green performance under different excitation wavelength（380,398,412,420,460 nm）. （Ba1- x, Srx ） 2 SiO4 ： EU^2＋ is a promising phosphor for green white-lighting-emission diode by ultraviolet chip.

Self-assembly of α-6T Molecule on Ag（100） and Related STM Induced Luminescence

We have investigated the self-assembly and light emission properties of organic α- sexithiophene （α-6T） molecules on Ag（100） under different coverage by scanning tunneling microscopy （STM）. At very low coverage, the α-6T molecules form a unique enantiomer by grouping four molecules into a windmill supermolecular structure. As the coverage is increased,α-6T molecules tend to pack side by side into a denser stripe structure. Further increase of the coverage will lead to the layer-by-layer growth of molecules on Ag（100） with the lower-layer stripe pattern serving as a template. Molecular fluorescence for α-6T molecules on Ag（100） at a coverage of five monolayers has been detected by light excitations, which indicates a well decoupled electronic states for the top-layer α-6T molecules. However, the STM induced luminescent spectra for the same sample reveal only plasmonic-like emission. The absence of intramolecular fluorescence in this case suggests that the electronic decoupling is not a sufficient condition for generating photon emission from molecules. For intramolecular fluorescence to occur, the orientation of the dynamic dipole moment of molecules and the energy-level alignment at the molecule-metal interface are also important so that molecules can be effectively excited through efficient dipolar coupling with local plasmons and by injecting holes into the molecules.

Degradation of dyestuff wastewater using visible light in the presence of a novel nano TiO_2 catalyst doped with upconversion luminescence agent

A new upconversion luminescence agent, 40CdF2·60BaF2·0.8ErO3, was synthesized and its fluorescent spectra were determined. This upconversion luminescence agent can emit five upconversion fluorescent peaks shown in the fluorescent spectra whose wavelengths are all below 387 nm under the excitation of 488 nm visible light. This upconversion luminescence agent was mixed into nano rutile TiO2 powder by ultrasonic and boiling dispersion and the novel doped nano TiO2 photocatalyst utilizing visible light was firstly prepared. The doped TiO2 powder was charactered by XRD and TEM and its photocatalytic activity was tested through the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange as a model compound under the visible light irradiation emitted by six three basic color lamps. In order to compare the photocatalytic activities, the same experiment was carried out for undoped TiO2 powder. The degradation ratio of methyl orange in the presence of doped nano TiO2 powder reached 32.5% under visible light irradiation at 20 h which was obviously higher than the corresponding 1.64% in the presence of undoped nano TiO2 powder, which indicate the upconversion luminescence agent prepared as dopant can effectively turn visible lights to ultraviolet lights that are absorbed by nano TiO2 particles to produce the electron-cavity pairs. All the results show that the nano rutile TiO2 powder doped with upconversion luminescence agent is a promising photocatalyst using sunlight for treating the industry dye wastewater in great force.

Electronic structure of the SrAl_2O_4:Eu^(2+) persistent luminescence material

The electronic structure of the strontium aluminate （SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋） materials was studied with a combined experimental and theo- retical approach. The UV-VUV synchrotron radiation was applied in the experimental study while the electronic structure of the non-optimized and optimized crystal structure were investigated theoretically by using the density functional theory. The structure of the valence and conduction bands as well as the band gap energy of the material together with the position of the Eu2＋ 4f7 85712 ground state were calculated. The calculated band gap energy （6.4 eV） agreed well with the experimental value of 6.6 eV. The valence band consisted mainly of oxygen states whereas the bottom of the conduction band of strontium states. In agreement with the experimental results, the calculated 4f7 8S7r2 ground state of Eu2＋ lies in the energy gap of the host. The position of the 4f7 ground state depended on the Coulomb repulsion strength. The position of the 4f7 ground state with respect to the valence and conduction bands was discussed using theoretical and experimental evidence available.