Identification of the lysine and histidine transporter family in Camellia sinensis and the characterizations in nitrogen utilization

In plants,the lysine and histidine transporter(LHT)family represent a class of proteins that mediate the uptake,translocation,and utilization of amino acids.The tea plant(Camellia sinensis)is a perennial evergreen with a relatively high level of amino acids.However,systematic identification and molecular characterization of the LHT gene family has rarely been reported in tea plants.In this study,22 CsLHTs were identified from the‘Shuchazao’genome and classified into two groups.The modeled three-dimensional structure and the conserved domains presented a high similarity among the LHTs proteins.Moreover,it was predicted that a few genes were conserved through the analysis of the physiochemical characters,structures and cis-elements in promoters.The expression patterns in tea plants revealed that CsLHT7 was mainly expressed in the roots,and CsLHT4 and CsLHT11 exhibited relatively high expression in both the roots and leaves.Moreover,the expression of all three genes could be induced by organic nitrogen.Additionally,heterogeneous expression of CsLHT4,CsLHT7 and CsLHT11 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the aerial parts biomass compared with that in WT plants while significantly increased the rosette biomass only for CsLHT11transgenic plants versus WT plants.Overall,our results provide fundamental information about CsLHTs and potential genes in N utilization for further analysis in tea plants.

Wetting alternating with partial drying during grain filling increases lysine biosynthesis in inferior rice grain

Lysine content is a criterion of the nutritional quality of rice.Understanding the process of lysine biosynthesis in early-flowering superior grain(SG)and late-flowering inferior grain(IG)of rice would advance breeding and cultivation to improve nutritional quality.However,little information is available on differences in lysine anabolism between SG and IG and the underlying mechanism,and whether and how irrigation regimes affect lysine anabolism in these grains.A japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field and two irrigation regimes,continuous flooding(CF)and wetting alternating with partial drying(WAPD),were imposed from heading to the mature stage.Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis,and levels of brassinosteroids(BRs)were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grainfilling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages.WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes,BR levels,and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG,but not SG relative to CF.Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD,but neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG.WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG.Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG.

Effects of Supplemental Glutamine and Lysine on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

The optimum levels of Lysine and Glutamine needed for growth performance and maintenance of the chicken broilers were evaluated in a randomized 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The battery cages measured 99 × 66 × 25 cm that can be sufficient for 5 birds. Day old Chicken broilers totaling 180 were assigned to dietary treatments comprising of 3 concentrations of Lysine (0.85, 1.14, and 1.42) each in combination with 4 concentrations of Glutamine (0, 1, 2, and 3). Each dietary treatment was replicated 3 times and each replication had 5 birds. The birds were given feed and water ad libitum with a 23-hour light regimen for a period of 4 weeks. Then, the experimental birds were evaluated for body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion in order to determine their optimum requirement for dietary Lysine and Glutamine. Based on the findings of this study, the highest performance was observed in birds fed the diet supplemented with 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine, but the highest improvement in feed conversion was observed in diet contain 1.14 and 1.42 with 1% and 3% glutamine, respectively. Birds fed 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine had the highest total body weight gain and feed consumption. The lysine requirements in the diet for Chicken are between 1.14 and 1.42 with glutamine level of 1%.

Feeding Practices and Use of Lysine and Methionine in Pigrationing on Intensified Pig Breeding in the West Center and Hauts Bassins Regions of Burkina Faso

The aim of the study was to assess feeding practices and the use of lysine and methionine in pig rationing on intensified and semi-intensive pig breeding in the Koudougou and Bobo-Dioulasso areas. To this end, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 87 breeding in these towns. A Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) confirming a k-means classification of the data collected was used to retain 71 breeding divided into three breeding classes: Class A (32.4% of breeding), Class B (14.08%) and Class C (53.52%). The results show that the majority of pig breeders were men between the ages of 36 and 59. Average herd sizes were 35 ± 28;79 ± 42 and 89 ± 21 pigs for Classes A, B and C respectively. The main breeds of pig found on the breeding were crossbred, Large white, local, Landrace and Duroc. Class A (26.1%), B (30%) and C (15.8%) breeders were familiar with both lysine and methionine. Class A breeders distributed feed staggered (65.2%) and in rations (34.8%). Lysine (13%) and methionine (8.7%) were purchased at 5250 FCFA/kg. Those in class B distributed feed staggered (50%) and in the form of rations (50%), in which they incorporated lysine (30%) and methionine (30%) purchased at a cost of 2500 FCFA/kg and 3000 FCFA/kg respectively. Rationing and staggered feeding were practiced by 23.7% and 76.3% of Class C breeders respectively. Only lysine purchased at 3400 FCFA/kg was incorporated into rations by 10.5% of breeders. The high cost of lysine and methionine was incriminated by Class A (100%), B (33.3%) and C (50%) breeders. In conclusion, intensive pig breeding, the practice of rationing and the incorporation of the amino acids lysine and methionine are of ascending importance from classes C, A to B. The high cost of feedstuffs, particularly lysine and methionine, compromises their use in rations, which could have a negative impact on expected breeding performance. The screening and use of feeds rich in and/or enriched with these amino acids, through the development or adaptation of technologies, could improve the efficiency of rations and the productivity of intensive pig breeding in Burkina Faso.

中华乌塘鳢NK-lysin基因的克隆鉴定、表达分析及抗菌功能研究

NK-lysin是一种具有广谱抗菌活性和免疫调节功能的阳离子抗菌肽。通过分子克隆方法获得中华乌塘鳢的NK-lysin基因(BsNKL)cDNA序列。BsNKL编码152个氨基酸,包含1个信号肽、1个SapB结构域和6个保守半胱氨酸残基。基因表达分析表明,BsNKL在主要器官组织中均有表达,副溶血弧菌感染能够引起BsNKL表达量在脾脏、头肾和鳃中发生显著变化。中华乌塘鳢BsNKL抗菌肽对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌等4种细菌均具有较好的抑菌活性。腹腔注射BsNKL能够为细菌感染的中华乌塘鳢提供有效的免疫保护并显著提高其存活率。综上所述,BsNKL在中华乌塘鳢抗细菌感染天然免疫应答方面发挥重要作用。

猪重组NK-lysin抑制肝细胞性肝癌的转移:基于下调FKBP3表达、抑制氧化磷酸化和糖酵解

目的应用生物信息学方法探究猪重组NK-lysin(prNK-lysin)抑制肝癌细胞转移潜在的作用靶点和通路。方法将肝癌细胞设置为空白对照组,PBS处理组和prNK-lysin处理组,37℃作用6 h后,应用高效液相色谱串联质谱对肽段进行鉴定,按照Foldchange=1.2倍且P<0.05筛选出差异表达蛋白。基于GO、KEGG等数据库对差异表达蛋白进行GO功能分析和KEGG通路分析。运用RT-qPCR验证细胞中多肽-N-乙酰半乳糖胺基转移酶13(GALNT13)、跨膜蛋白51(TMEM51)和FKBP脯酰异构酶3(FKBP3)的mRNA相对表达量。Western blot验证FKBP3的蛋白表达量。结果蛋白组学表明,与空白对照组相比,prNK-lysin处理组中有1989个差异表达蛋白;与PBS处理组相比,prNK-lysin处理组中有2753个差异表达蛋白;PBS处理组和空白对照组相比,有15个差异表达蛋白。相对于PBS处理组和空白对照组,prNK-lysin处理组中共有1909个差异表达蛋白。GO和KEGG分析表明差异表达蛋白主要参与Viral process、translational initiation、RNAbinding等过程,主要富集于Ribosome、Protein process in endoplasmic reticulum、RNA transport等通路。RT-qPCR表明,与空白对照组相比,prNK-lysin处理组显著升高了细胞内GALNT13(1.54±0.06 vs 1.02±0.17,P<0.05)和TMEM51(1.27±0.07 vs 1.00±0.04,P<0.01)的mRNA相对表达量,显著降低了FKBP3(0.43±0.06 vs 1.02±0.24,P<0.05)的mRNA相对表达量。Western blotting表明prNK-lysin处理组与空白对照组相比显著降低了细胞内FKBP3(0.68±0.02 vs 1.02±0.03,P<0.001)的蛋白表达量。结论prNK-lysin处理后肝癌细胞SMMOL/LC-7721的蛋白质组与空白组相比发生显著变化,prNK-lysin作用于FKBP3蛋白,并能通过影响细胞内氧化磷酸化和糖酵解等通路发挥其抑制作用。

Lipid metabolism and m^(6)A RNA methylation are altered in lambs supplemented rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a low-protein diet

Background:Methionine or lysine has been reported to influence DNA methylation and fat metabolism,but their combined effects in N6-methyl-adenosine(m^(6)A)RNA methylation remain unclarified.The combined effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine(RML)in a low-protein(LP)diet on lipid metabolism,m^(6)A RNA methylation,and fatty acid(FA)profiles in the liver and muscle of lambs were investigated.Sixty-three male lambs were divided into three treatment groups,three pens per group and seven lambs per pen.The lambs were fed a 14.5%crude protein(CP)diet(adequate protein[NP]),12.5%CP diet(LP),and a LP diet plus RML(LP+RML)for 60 d.Results:The results showed that the addition of RML in a LP diet tended to lower the concentrations of plasma leptin(P=0.07),triglyceride(P=0.05),and non-esterified FA(P=0.08).Feeding a LP diet increased the enzyme activity or m RNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and decreased lipolytic enzymes compared with the NP diet.This effect was reversed by supplementation of RML with a LP diet.The inclusion of RML in a LP diet affected the polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),n-3 PUFA,and n-6 PUFA in the liver but not in the muscle,which might be linked with altered expression of FA desaturase-1(FADS1)and acetyl-Co A carboxylase(ACC).A LP diet supplemented with RML increased(P<0.05)total m^(6)A levels in the liver and muscle and were accompanied by decreased expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)and alk B homologue 5(ALKBH5).The m RNA expressions of methyltransferase-like 3(METTL3)and methyltransferase-like 14(METTL14)in the LP+RML diet group were lower than those in the other two groups.Supplementation of RML with a LP diet affected only liver YTH domain family(YTHDF2)proteins(P<0.05)and muscle YTHDF3(P=0.09),which can be explained by limited m^(6)Abinding proteins that were mediated in m RNA fate.Conclusions:Our findings showed that the inclusion of RML in a LP diet could alter fat deposition through modulations of lipogenesis and lipolysis in the liver and muscle.These changes in fat metabolism may be associated with the modification of m^(6)A RNA methylation.

Novel insights into histone lysine methyltransferases in cancer therapy:From epigenetic regulation to selective drugs

The reversible and precise temporal and spatial regulation of histone lysine methyltransferases(KMTs)is essential for epigenome homeostasis.The dysregulation of KMTs is associated with tumor initiation,metastasis,chemoresistance,invasiveness,and the immune microenvironment.Therapeutically,their promising effects are being evaluated in diversified preclinical and clinical trials,demonstrating encouraging outcomes in multiple malignancies.In this review,we have updated recent understandings of KMTs'functions and the development of their targeted inhibitors.First,we provide an updated overview of the regulatory roles of several KMT activities in oncogenesis,tumor suppression,and immune regulation.In addition,we summarize the current targeting strategies in different cancer types and multiple ongoing clinical trials of combination therapies with KMT inhibitors.In summary,we endeavor to depict the regulation of KMT-mediated epigenetic landscape and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of cancers.

Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine promotes lipid uptake of macrophage via cluster of differentiation 36 and receptor for advanced glycation end products

BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)are diabetic metabolic toxic products that cannot be ignored.Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine(CML),a component of AGEs,could increase macrophage lipid uptake,promote foam cell formation,and thereby accelerate atherosclerosis.The receptor for AGEs(RAGE)and cluster of differentiation 36(CD36)were the receptors of CML.However,it is still unknown whether RAGE and CD36 play key roles in CML-promoted lipid uptake.AIM Our study aimed to explore the role of RAGE and CD36 in CML-induced macrophage lipid uptake.METHODS In this study,we examined the effect of CML on lipid uptake by Raw264.7 macrophages.After adding 10 mmol/L CML,the lipid accumulation in macrophages was confirmed by oil red O staining.Expression changes of CD36 and RAGE were detected with immunoblotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.The interaction between CML with CD36 and RAGE was verified by immunoprecipitation.We synthesized a novel N-succinimidyl-4-18Ffluorobenzoate-CML radioactive probe.Radioactive receptor-ligand binding assays were performed to test the binding affinity between CML with CD36 and RAGE.The effects of blocking CD36 or RAGE on CML-promoting lipid uptake were also detected.RESULTS The study revealed that CML significantly promoted lipid uptake by macrophages.Immunoprecipitation and radioactive receptor-ligand binding assays indicated that CML could specifically bind to both CD36 and RAGE.CML had a higher affinity for CD36 than RAGE.ARG82,ASN71,and THR70 were the potential interacting amino acids that CD36 binds to CML Anti-CD36 and anti-RAGE could block the uptake of CML by macrophages.The lipid uptake promotion effect of CML was significantly attenuated after blocking CD36 or RAGE.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the binding of CML with CD36 and RAGE promotes macrophage lipid uptake.

厚壳贻贝M7lysin分子的克隆与表达

M7 lysin位于贻贝精子顶体中,是溶解卵黄膜、促进受精作用的重要蛋白质,决定了贻贝种间精卵识别的特异性。采用同源克隆法得到厚壳贻贝M7 lysin分子,并在原核生物中对该分子进行重组表达。结果表明,扩增产物为540 bp左右的片段,进一步测序发现其开放阅读框cDNA为543 bp,与贻贝、地中海贻贝、盖勒贻贝具有较高的相似性;在线翻译所得蛋白质片段中含有180个氨基酸,分子量为20 ku,等电点为8.48;通过M7 lysin氨基酸序列构建系统进化树发现,贻贝和地中海贻贝亲缘关系最近,其次为盖勒贻贝,最后是厚壳贻贝;将M7lysin分子在E.coli Rosseta(DE3)中融合表达,得到包括载体氨基酸序列在内的25 ku蛋白质,符合预期分子质量。

Expression of a Lysine-rich Gene in Bacillus subtilis 168

Lysine-rich protein gene （lys） was cloned from winged bean （Psophocarpus tetragonolobus （L.） DC）, and cloned into prokaryotie expression vector pHT43, the recombinant plasmid pHT43/lys were constructed and then transferred into Bacillus subtilis168, upon IPTG induction, the recombinant protein was expressed, and the content of lysine was detected by HPLC. The result showed that lysine content increased by 9.85%. It was suggested that introducing lys gene into Bacillus subtilis 168 was an effective way to improve its nutrition quality.

Degradation kinetic study of lysine in lysine hydrochloride solutions for injection by determining its main degradation product

A limited number of researches have been reported to apply the Arrhenius equation to study the relationship between drugs and its degradation products so far.In the present work,the thermal degradation kinetics of lysine hydrochloride solutions for injection,the special solvent for ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate(SAM)for injection,was investigated at selected temperatures and pH values.The main degradation product of lysine was separated,purified,and confirmed as lysine lactam.A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic(RP-HPLC)method without derivation was developed for the simultaneous determination of lysine and lysine lactam.The results confirmed that both the lysine degradation and lysine lactam generation followed zero-order reaction kinetics.The degradation and generation rate constants increased with increasing temperatures and decreasing pH values.The temperature-dependent degradation and generation reaction could be sufficiently modeled on the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of 80.14 and 83.22 kJ/mol,respectively.Meanwhile,a linear relationship existed between the amount of lysine degradation and lysine lactam generation since the approximate activation energy.Considering there could be other side effects,we established an upper limit of lysine lactam(500 mg/ml),as the acceptable criteria for stability to estimate the shelf life together with lysine,which made the prediction more accurate and credible.Extrapolation data demonstrated that the lysine hydrochloride solutions for injection could be stable for two years stored at room temperature.

团头鲂NK-lysin基因鉴定和表达分析

为研究抗菌肽NK-LYSIN在团头鲂免疫系统中的可能功能,本实验从团头鲂转录组中钓取到2个NK-lysin基因(nkla和nklb),通过PCR扩增并测序验证其ORF序列。通过荧光定量PCR检测其在健康组织和嗜水气单胞菌感染后免疫组织中的表达,并构建其原核表达体系。结果显示,团头鲂nkla和nklb分别编码122和136个氨基酸,NKLA和NKLB均属于鞘脂激活蛋白样蛋白家族成员,各含有6个高度保守的半胱氨酸及1个Sap B结构域。在健康团头鲂各组织中,nkla在脾脏中表达量极高,在肌肉和血液中表达量极低;而nklb则在肠中表达量较高,在头肾中表达量较低,在其他组织均有表达。nkla和nklb不同的表达模式暗示它们可能存在功能上的分化。经嗜水气单胞菌感染后,团头鲂nkla与nklb表达变化模式相似,头肾中,表达量在4 h时显著下降;肝脏中,表达量在4 h达到最高,而后回落到正常水平;在脾脏和肠中4 h时开始下降,72 h时达到峰值,暗示NK-lysin可能在团头鲂抗嗜水气单胞菌感染过程中发挥重要作用。另外,本实验对nkla和nklb进行了原核表达,为进一步研究NK-lysin的功能奠定了基础。

斑点叉尾NK-lysin成熟肽在毕赤酵母中的表达

NK-lysin是毒性T淋巴细胞和自然杀伤细胞产生的具有抗菌作用的多肽,在机体免疫系统中发挥重要作用,被认为是抗生素的理想替代品。NK-lysin的生物学功能主要由其成熟肽(m NK-lysin)决定。本文在已有斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)NK-lysin成熟肽原核重组表达载体p ET-32a(+)-m NK-lysin的基础上,通过PCR在m NK-lysin的5’端和3’端分别添加EcoRI和Xba I酶切位点,并在3’端添加6×His标签以便于纯化;扩增到的片段与表达载体p PICZαA连接构建重组表达载体p PICZαA-m NK-lysin,转化至毕赤酵母X-33细胞中,通过博来霉素筛选以及对酵母转化子基因组的PCR鉴定得到高拷贝酵母转化子;在29℃,250 rpm,采用0.5%甲醇进行诱导表达;表达产物经固化金属离子亲和层析(IMAC)获得纯化的重组体m NK-lysin。经Tricine-SDS-PAGE分析,其分子量约为11.5 k D;经Western blot分析,证明m NK-lysin在毕赤酵母中成功表达。

斑点叉尾鮰NK-lysin基因的cDNA克隆及融合表达质粒构建

以斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)NK-lysin-type1的成熟肽为研究目标,首先通过RT-PCR和巢式PCR从斑点叉尾鮰的鳃中克隆到编码NK-lysin成熟肽的基因,该基因编码由92个氨基酸残基组成的成熟肽;6个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基位于成熟肽内,它们被推测与NK-lysin的抗菌活性有关。为了进一步构建原核表达系统用于成熟肽的表达,pET-32a(+)被选择作为融合表达质粒,该质粒含有1个trxA融合头基因,与目的片段mNK-lysin连接后形成融合基因trxA-mNK-lysin,进而有助于在工程菌E.coliBL21(DE3)中的可溶性融合表达。通过PCR、EcoR I和HindⅢ双酶切处理以及DNA测序鉴定,证明pET-32a-mNK-lysin重组融合表达质粒已经被成功构建;将其转化至工程菌E.coliBL21(DE3)后的测序结果表明该重组质粒未发生任何DNA变异。

小球藻病毒PBCV-1特异性溶壁酶(Lysin)的溶壁活性

从PBCV 1感染小球藻NC6 4A的细胞裂解液中提取了Lysin的粗制剂 ,酶活底物范围分析表明 ,几丁质酶、壳聚糖酶和 β 1 ,3 葡萄糖苷酶是Lysin活性的主要组成部分 ,并与小球藻细胞壁的组成成分相吻合。其中几丁酯酶和壳聚糖酶 ,特别是几丁酯酶在裂解小球藻细胞壁的过程中发挥了重要的作用。Lysin粗制剂经FPLC分离纯化得到分子量分别为 5 2kD、5 6kD的两个几丁质酶 (Chil和Chi2 )和一个分子量为 3

不同浓度脂多糖诱导绵羊免疫器官中NK-Lysin基因表达的研究

为研究病原体侵染动物机体时抗菌肽NK-Lysin在机体反应过程中所起到的防御作用及作用机理,本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR检测NK-Lysin在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)不同诱导条件下及不同免疫器官中的相对表达量,探讨绵羊抗菌肽NK-Lysin在免疫器官的生成和应答反应。构建目标基因NK-Lysin和内参基因GAPDH的克隆载体,绘制出标准曲线,检测NK-Lysin的表达量。结果显示,在LPS浓度为0.01、0.1、1、10μg/mL时,NK-Lysin mRNA表达量均在8h内达到最大值,NK-Lysin基因的表达量与LPS的浓度不存在正相关性;NK-Lysin mRNA在肩前淋巴结、脾脏及血液中均有不同程度的表达,脾脏中表达量与其他组织中的表达量相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。免疫器官能在较短时间内表达出抗菌肽NKLysin,使其参与机体先天性免疫应答反应。

Effects of Dietary Net Energy Density and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine: Net Energy Ratio on the Performance and Carcass Characteristic of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Low Crude Protein Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids Diets

Two 3×3 factorial design trials with 1 080 of Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc barrows were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary net energy （NE） density and standardized ileal digestible （SID） lysine：NE ratio on the performance of growing- finishing pigs and carcass characteristic of finishing pigs fed low crude protein （CP） supplemented with crystalline amino acids （CAA） diets. Low CP corn-soybean meal basal diets （14% for Exp. 1 and 11% for Exp. 2） supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were formulated. Nine treatments with increasing NE density and SID lysine：NE ratio were used in each trial （Exp. 1： 9.66, 9.87, and 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.89, 0.96, and 1.03 g MJ-1 SID lysine： NE; Exp. 2： 9.83, 10.04, and 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE）. In Exp. 1, we observed that the average daily gain （ADG） for barrows that received the diet containing 9.87 MJ kg-1 NE was significantly higher than that of barrows fed a 9.66 MJ kg-1 NE diet （P0.05）, but no difference was observed when compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE （P0.05）. The ADG was affected both linearly （P0.05） and quadratically （P0.05） as the SID lysine：NE ratio increased. The NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake （ADFI） and serum urea nitrogen （SUN） （P0.05）. The feed to gain ratio （F：G） decreased （linearly, P0.05; quadratically, P0.05） as the NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio increased, but no interaction of NE density and SID lysine： NE ratio on the F：G. In Exp. 2, the dietary NE density both linearly （P0.05） and quadratically （P0.05） affected the ADG and F：G. Barrows that received a diet containing 10.04 MJ kg-1 NE had a greater ADG （P0.05） than barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet, but there was no difference （P0.05） as compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE. F：G was significantly higher （P0.05） for barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet when compared with barrows that received the other two diets. The ADG was significantly decreased （P0.05） for pigs that received a diet containing 0.69 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE ratio when compared with pigs fed a diet containing 0.76 or 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine：NE ratio. The NE density or SID lysine：NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake, SUN, and carcass characteristic for finishing barrows （P0.05）. The overall results of the two experiments indicated that barrows that received the diet with the dietary CP level reduced 4 percentage units compared the NRC （1998） recommendations. Maximized the best performance with NE density and SID lysine：NE ratio were 9.87 MJ kg-1, 1.03 g MJ-1 NE for 20-50 kg pigs, and 10.04 MJ kg-1, 0.76 g MJ-1 NE for 60-100 kg pigs, respectively.

Study on Lysine and Methionine Content Promotion of Soybean Meal by Probiotic Fermentation Process

Soybean meal （SBM） is commonly used for livestock feeds, but its application in diets for livestock is limited due to some antinutritional factors. The contents of methionine and lysine of soybean meal were promoted by Bacillus natto and Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation, benefial for the livestock feeds. It was crude protein （CP） 56.8%, methionine 43.56 mg · g^-1, and lysine 74.87 mg · g^-1, cows fed a diet with FSBM milk yield raised 14.2%, the change in the milk protein, the lactose and the dry matter content had also obvious increase. This convenient technique offers helpful exploration for industrialization of soybean meal fermentation.

Lysine, Methionine and Tryptophan Requirements of Beijing Ducklings of 0-2 Weeks of Age

A feed trial was conducted with a total of 1 134 Beijing ducklings to study the optimum level of dietary lysine （Lys） （0.95, 1.10, 1.25%）, methionine （Met） （0.26, 0.46, 0.66%） and tryptophan （Trp） （0.20, 0.30, 0.40%） for those ducklings during a phase of 0-2 weeks. Ducklings were randomly allotted to 27 groups according to a 3 × 3× 3 factorial arrangement and fed a basal corn-soybean-peanut meal diet containing 20.26% CP, 12.45 MJ kg^-1 ME. The results from this study indicate that Lys affected body weight （P〈0.01）, feed intake （0-14 d） （P〈0.01）, but had no effect on feed/gain （0-14 d） （P〉0.05）, uric acid concentration （P 〉 0.05）. Methionine influenced body weight （P 〈 0.01）, feed/gain （P 〈 0.05）, and feed intake （P 〈 0.01）. Tryphtophan had no effect on indices measured. The requirement of the Lys and Met for Beijing ducklings of 0-2 weeks of age were 1.10 and 0.46%. The requirement of Trp for Beijing ducklings of 0-2 weeks of age was not more than 0.20%.