Diversity of Insect Flower Visitors on Macadamia within a Monoculture Orchard in Murang’a County, Central Kenya

Macadamia is cultivated for its nutritious edible kernel. In Kenya, the crop is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers mainly for export markets. Macadamia trees also enhance agro-forestry conservation, in the East African farmlands, by providing habitat and floral resources to beneficial arthropods such as insect pollinators. Allogamy of macadamia flowers is largely dependent on insects that pollinate and consequently influence the nut set, retention and yield. However, there is limited information on macadamia insect flower visitors in Kenya. This article assessed the diversity of insects that forage flowers of macadamia crop, and further evaluated their temporal distribution, in Murang’a county, central Kenya. Insect flower visitors were sampled weekly using a butterfly net for twelve consecutive months, from January 2021 to December 2021. Sixty-one insect species were recorded foraging macadamia flowers in Murang’a county, central Kenya. There was a statistical difference in the Simpson diversity index among weather seasons, dry, long rain, cold and short rain (p Apis mellifera), a key pollinator species, being the most abundant flower visitor. This study provides strong baseline information, to scientists and farmers, on probable macadamia pollinator species, in central Kenya. .

Effects of Cooking Temperature and Storage Time on the Quality of Macadamia Nut Oil

The purpose is to study the influence of cooking and storage habits on the quality of macadamia nut oil,so as to provide reference for macadamia nut processingenterprises and consumers.Macadamia oil was treated at 100℃,200℃,300℃,microwave heating,45℃constant temperature storage,natural light for different times,and its acid value,peroxide value,squalene,sterol and fatty acid content were detected according to the national standard method.The results showed that the acid value and peroxide value increased with time.The acid value and peroxide value of macadamia oil cooked at 300℃and stored under natural light were higher than those heated by microwave and stored at 45℃,and increased rapidly with the increase of cooking and light time.The acid value was as high as 0.77 mg/g,with an increase of 63.8%,and the peroxide value was as high as 6.18 mg/g,with an increase of 43.7%.As for squalene,it decreased in varying degrees with heating time and storage time.Squalene in macadamia oil cooked at 300℃and stored under natural light were lower than those heated by microwave and stored at 45℃constant temperature,respectively,and decreased rapidly with the increase of cooking and light time,with the reduction ranges of 38.6%and28.4%respectively;Stigmasterol was not detected in macadamia oil.But in macadamia oil the content ofβ-sitosterol was 0.132 g/100 g,and the content did not change significantly in each treatmentgroup.In the experimental treatment group,the content of fatty acids in macadamia oil had different trends.After treatment at 300℃for 20 minutes,the content of oleic acid decreased by 75.66%,the content of palmitic acid decreased by 75.28%,and thecontent of palmitic acid decreased by 74.12%.In conclusion,low temperature heating,microwave heating and storage away from light can better preserve the quality of macadamia oil,this study will provide a theoretical basisfor the rational utilization of macadamia oil as cooking oil.

Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Macadamia Nuts (<i>Macadamia integrifolia</i>) Cultivated in Venezuela

Macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) grown in Venezuela have showed an average total fat content of 70%. Oleic acid (18:1) was the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (51.3%), followed by palmitoleic acid (16:1, 22.6%). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), C18:2 and C18:3 represented 5.4%. Thus, MUFAs and PUFAs together constituted more than 80% of the total fatty acids present. Trans-vaccenic acid was also present (3%). As regards to other phytochemical compounds, tocopherols and tocotrienols were not found in the sample, but the presence of squalene was detected.The antioxidant activity (44.2%) of the extract was produced by the phytochemicals present.

Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Macadamia Nutshell Fibers

The use of natural fibers as an additive in polymeric matrices has attracted interest of the automotive industries,for its low cost,mechanical properties,biodegradability and lightness.However,the hydrophilic nature of the fiber makes polymer compatibility difficult.Fiber surface treatments can be used to enhance the fiber/matrix interface.In the present work,polypropylene(PP)composites reinforced with fibers from macadamia nutshell were obtained and characterized.Macadamia nutshell fibers were treated by an alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide(NaOH 4%)to improve adhesion between fibers and matrix.Fibers were characterized by techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD).The PP was mixed with the macadamia fibers(treated and untreated),in proportions of 5 and 10%(wt/wt)using a thermokinetic mixer.Furthermore tensile,flexural and impact specimens(Pure PP and composites)were prepared by an injection molding process and tested for evaluation of mechanical properties.The results showed that the insertion of treated fibers in the PP matrix increased the stiffness of the composites.However,the composites reinforced with untreated fibers presented higher impact energy absorption when compared to composites reinforced with treated fibers.

Design and Implementation of Drying Device in Macadamia Nut Digital Management

Macadamia,as the main industry of rural revitalization in Guangxi,has high economic value and good ecological benefits.However,the traditional way of drying macadamia nuts after harvest is very extensive.It cannot guarantee the quality and can cause mildew easily,thereby seriously restricting the industrial development.This paper introduced a device with a weighing device,which allows operators to understand the drying effect in time and thus reduces the loss of nutrition.The device solves the problem of relying on the weather to harvest,and ensures the drying effect of macadamia nuts.

Impact of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Amino Acids Composition of Macadamia Protein: Approached Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography

In the present context, the objective of this study was to synthesize and analyze the content of AA of macadamia protein and the impact of hydrogen ion concentration (pH) on AA composition. The determination of AA mainly by cation-exchange chromatography was also investigated. Reproducible and reliable techniques for quantification and identification of AA usually require derivatization. However, techniques such as AA analyzer are composed of cation-exchange chromatography and other components can sideline the derivatization with significant accuracy. The present analysis revealed a higher concentration of essential amino acids especially acidic AA, Glu and Asp and basic AA, Arg than other AA in macadamia protein. The study constitutes first report of use of bubble chart for evaluation of AA and explaination of AAS. The results may elaborate that the degradation of AA of macadamia protein for extraction of pH 11 is caused by the impact of pH. Moreover, the nutritional values of AA present in macadamia protein could change for the better by adjusting pH of extraction.

Novel Antioxidant Peptides Derived from Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Macadamia Protein

In the present work, macadamia protein was enzymatic hydrolyzed to produce peptides which had abundant antioxidant activities. The relative antioxidant capacity was investigated through some in vitro models such as scavenging activity of DPPH radical, scavenging of ABTS+ radical and evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity assay. Macadamia protein was characterized by methods of DEAE cellulose cation-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Besides, method of price graph was used to compare the difference and to investigate the connection between the actual and ideal antioxidant value of the hydrolysates, aiming to reduce this difference.

Design and Implementation of Automatic Control Drip Irrigation Device in Macadamia Digital Management

Macadamia has the highest economic value and has always enjoyed the reputation of"king of dried fruits".In the process of digital management,irrigation is the most widely used.This paper designs the automatic control drip irrigation device in the digital management of macadamia nuts,including drip irrigation pipe,soil moisture sensor,motor,water storage chamber,water pump and central controller,and then gives an implementation scheme.The device is not only convenient for laying and positioning,but also convenient for controlling the overall irrigation water consumption during each drip irrigation and accurate use and improving the level of digital management.

响应面法优化澳洲坚果真空油炸工艺及品质分析

以澳洲坚果果仁为原料,制备真空油炸产品。采用单因素实验和响应面Box-Behnken试验进行真空油炸工艺优化;以原料果仁为对照,测定真空油炸果仁含油率、酸价、过氧化值、色差与感官品质指标。结果表明:冷冻温度、真空油炸温度、真空油炸时间和真空度对澳洲坚果果仁的口感和风味品质影响差异极显著(P<0.01),澳洲坚果果仁真空油炸最佳工艺条件:冷冻温度−24℃、真空油炸温度113℃、真空油炸时间58 min、真空度−0.095 MPa,在该工艺条件下制得的澳洲坚果果仁香味浓郁、口感酥松,感官评分为95.90分,酸价、过氧化值分别为0.23 mg/g、0.14 g/100 g,在低水平范围内,符合LY/T 1963-2018的标准要求。因此,真空油炸工艺极显著提高了澳洲坚果果仁的品质。

云南西双版纳澳洲坚果开花与结实特性

【目的】对云南西双版纳地区的澳洲坚果开花结实特性展开观测及分析,为澳洲坚果高产优质提供理论依据。【方法】以12个澳洲坚果品种为观测对象,采用挂牌记录法观察其开花物候及坐果规律,以坐果率、坐果花序率、每果序平均坐果数、落果率等参数为评价指标,分析澳洲坚果不同品种的结实特性。【结果】不同澳洲坚果品种的开花物候复杂多样,品种D4、O.C、863、820和842花期较长,分2批次开花;品种A16、A4、Special、828、816、508和246的花期较短且较集中。受花期和品种特性共同影响,澳洲坚果不同品种的坐果率、坐果花序率、每果序平均坐果数及落果率存在明显差异,品种O.C、828、863和D4的第2批次末花期花序几乎没有坐果能力。所有参试品种的最终坐果率与最终坐果花序率呈正相关,可使用坐果花序率代替坐果率评价产量。花期对不同品种每果序最终平均坐果数量的影响不大,每个果序上仅1~2个果实。所有参试品种均存在严重的落果现象,但同一花期不同品种的落果率差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】根据开花物候决定采收模式,花期长的品种D4、O.C、863、820和842需分批次采收,花期短的品种A16、A4、Special、828、816、508和246可集中采收。根据第2批次末花期花序几乎无坐果能力的结实特性,可疏除2批次开花品种O.C、863、828和D4的第2批次末花期刚萌发的花序,节约母树资源。

澳洲坚果新害虫——脊胸露尾甲生物学习性观察

在云南省西双版纳澳洲坚果种植区发现为害澳洲坚果的新害虫——脊胸露尾甲,为准确掌握其生物学习性,在室内以澳洲坚果果仁为食料饲养该虫,观察各虫态形态、成虫交配习性、产卵习性,测定卵孵化率及各虫态存活率。结果表明,脊胸露尾甲发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个虫态,其中幼虫分为3个龄期,随着龄期增长,幼虫体长、体宽和头壳宽度逐渐增加。成虫羽化后不会立即交配,交配前期(4.65±0.04)d,交配时长不等,初次交配时长(13.78±0.29)min,雄成虫存在争夺交配权行为。雌成虫产卵前期(8.65±0.03)d,初次产卵量(1.94±0.06)粒,一天中15:00—18:00产卵量/h最高;雌成虫对产卵位置具有选择性,背光面着卵率极显著高于向光面。卵孵化率随着相对湿度增加而不断提高。常规饲养条件下,卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、蛹的存活率分别为(86.50±0.69)%、(83.31±2.99)%、(94.85±0.71)%、(97.09±1.46)%、(98.77±1.23)%。

澳洲坚果种质资源耐热性调查与分析

随着全球气候变暖,在夏季持续高温干燥天气下,我国广东、广西澳洲坚果产区不耐热的澳洲坚果种质新梢叶片出现黄化现象,直接或间接影响光合作用,进而影响产量和品质。为了筛选耐热种质应对气候变化,以位于广东省湛江市的国家热带果树种质资源(澳洲坚果)圃内的145份种质资源为试材,调查不同种质的耐热性,分析比较不同程度热敏感种质的生理特性。结果表明,湛江地区6-7月下半昼(12:00-18:00)和上半夜(18:00-24:00)经历了6次较长时间的气温高峰和湿度低谷,导致热敏感种质新梢叶片黄化。不同种质新梢叶片黄化程度因其热敏感程度不同而异,供试145份种质可划分为耐热、轻度热敏感、中度热敏感、重度热敏感种质4类。随着种质热敏感程度的加剧,叶片的叶绿素(叶绿素a+叶绿素b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b)含量均显著下降而呈现褪绿黄化;超氧阴离子自由基(O_(2)^(-))大量积累,脂氧合酶(LOX)活性显著增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,表明由活性氧积累引发的细胞膜脂过氧化加剧。与耐热种质相比,轻度热敏感种质的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增强;随着热敏感程度加剧,中度热敏感种质和重度热敏感种质的SOD活性均显著低于耐热种质,POD活性仍显著增强,而中度热敏感种质和重度热敏感种质的CAT活性无显著性差异,表明细胞抗氧化代谢失调。

澳洲坚果抗菌肽分离纯化及其肽段鉴定与分析

以液压压榨澳洲坚果粕为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶水解制备澳洲坚果多肽(macadamia nut peptide⁃0,MNP⁃0),以对金黄色葡萄球菌与白色念珠菌的抑菌活性为跟踪指标,通过超滤、DA201⁃C型大孔吸附树脂、交联葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G⁃25对其进行逐级分离纯化,获得抑菌活性较强的抗菌肽,并运用液相色谱串联质谱(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC⁃MS/MS)技术对其进行肽段组成与氨基酸序列分析。结果表明:超滤分离的不同分子量澳洲坚果多肽在所有多肽中所占质量分数不同,抑菌活性也有所差异。其中,澳洲坚果多肽组分MNP⁃4占比最高,为29.55%;抑菌活性也最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌与白色念珠菌的抑菌圈直径分别为10.01 mm与9.41 mm。大孔吸附树脂纯化多肽组分MNP⁃4的技术条件为75%乙醇溶液为解吸剂,静态吸附3 h,动态洗脱体积60 mL。经大孔吸附树脂与交联葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G⁃25分离纯化,获得3个澳洲坚果纯化多肽(macadamia nut purified peptide,MPP)组分,其中组分MPP⁃2的抑菌活性最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌与白色念珠菌的抑菌圈直径分别为18.67 mm与16.83 mm,优于多肽MNP⁃0与超滤分离多肽组分。分离纯化的澳洲坚果抗菌活性多肽MPP⁃2含有DDLTDPAPA、VLL、WDY、VPV、WDL、LLW、LWL、FDW 8个肽段,经预测分析,属于抗菌肽的肽段为WDL与FDW,其概率得分a(1.00≥a≥0.50)均为1.00,疏水率均为66.67%,均带有1个负电荷,等电点分别为0.69与0.67,并具有较好的溶解性。研究结果表明澳洲坚果可通过酶法制备具有抗菌活性的肽类成分。

超声波-微波联合辅助提取澳洲坚果青皮多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为了开发澳洲坚果青皮多糖产品,促进澳洲坚果青皮的综合利用,我们以澳洲坚果青皮为试材,比较澳洲坚果果实不同部位的多糖提取率,并采用超声波-微波联合辅助法,运用单因素与正交试验比较微波功率、提取时间、料液比、超声温度4个因素对多糖提取率的影响,研究其最优提取条件。以维生素C为对照,测定澳洲坚果青皮多糖清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、羟基自由基的能力与还原力,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,澳洲坚果果实不同部位中,青皮多糖提取率最高。青皮多糖超声波-微波联合辅助提取工艺中各因素对提取率的影响力从高到低依次为提取时间>料液比>超声温度>微波功率,且均达到极显著水平(p<0.01),最佳提取工艺条件为提取时间90 min、超声温度65℃、料液比(1∶25)g/mL、微波功率400 W,此条件下提取率达到1.96%。澳洲坚果青皮多糖的抗氧化活性与质量浓度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),相关系数R分别为0.9707、0.9813、0.9912,具有较强的DPPH、羟基自由基清除能力和较高的还原力,其半抑制浓度(IC 50)分别为38.55、20.38、41.51μg/mL,相同浓度下略低于维生素C。

高效多刀位推进式全自动坚果取仁装置应用研究

坚果取仁是坚果加工过程中一道重要工序,取仁装置是该工序的主要设备。传统取仁装置分为人工取仁和人工协同取仁装置取仁,存在费时费力、自动化程度低、进料不均、效率低、质量差、易堵塞、不防滑等缺点。根据坚果取仁工艺存在的问题,研制出了多刀位推进式全自动坚果取仁装置,具有进料均匀、全自动、取仁效率高、取仁质量好、省时省力、不易堵塞和打滑等优点,经济效益和社会效益较好,有显著的推广应用前景。

施硼和赤霉素对澳洲坚果产量及果实品质的影响

以澳洲坚果品种‘HASE695’为试材,研究喷施硼和赤霉素对植株产量及果实品质的影响,为澳洲坚果提质增效栽培技术提供理论依据。通过田间小区试验,测定T1(100 mg/L赤霉素)、T2(0.3%硼)和T3(100 mg/L赤霉素+0.3%硼)处理的植株落果率、单株产量、果实外观品质(鲜果单果重、壳果单果重、壳果纵径、壳果横径、果形指数、出种率、出仁率)和营养品质(粗脂肪、蛋白质、总糖、氨基酸)指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,T1和T2处理单株产量显著提高;T3处理落果率显著降低,单株产量显著提高,果仁中蛋白质、总糖、氨基酸含量显著或极显著增加。研究发现,100 mg/L赤霉素+0.3%硼复配施用效果最佳,可显著提高澳洲坚果的产量和改善果实品质。

云南云县澳洲坚果种植存在的问题及对策初探

通过对云南省临沧市云县澳洲坚果生产的调查,分析了云县澳洲坚果种植方面主要制约因素,其中果园内良种率低是制约澳洲坚果产量的首要因素,其次是科学抚育管理,针对该主要问题,云县林草相关部门采用高接换种为主的低产园改造技术措施在生产中进行实施,取得良好的效果。

澳洲坚果油储藏期间氧化稳定性的研究

以热榨澳洲坚果油为原料,以酸价、过氧化值、K232值、K268值和氧化诱导时间为氧化稳定性指标,采用Schaal烘箱加速法研究60℃下不同储藏阶段澳洲坚果油的氧化稳定性,同时研究储藏期间脂肪酸组成和总酚、总甾醇等脂质伴随物的变化。结果表明:酸价从(0.36±0.05)mg KOH/g升高至(1.78±0.09)mg KOH/g,升高4.94倍;过氧化值从(0.0047±5.72×10^(-5))g/100 g升高至(0.0196±2.52×10^(-4))g/100 g,升高4.17倍;K232值从0.41±0.01升高至0.47±0.01,K268值变化不明显;氧化诱导时间从4.37 h下降至2.59 h,缩短1.68倍。储藏过程中澳洲坚果油脂肪酸组成基本未发生变化;总酚含量从33.45μg GAE/g减少至20.94μg GAE/g,减少1.59倍;总甾醇含量变化趋势较小。因此,澳洲坚果油储藏过程中,品质和稳定性均在不同程度上降低,多酚在澳洲坚果油中起到一定的抗氧化作用,虽然澳洲坚果油的氧化稳定性逐渐降低,但较大豆油、菜籽油等其他植物油相比,其仍具有更好的氧化稳定性。