Scientific Successes of Machine Design Ideasin Ancient China

With its great achievements in science and technology, China's mechanical engineeringholds an extremely important standing in the history of world civilization. In the long years ofhistory, the Chinese nation has worked innumerable wonders of machines. This paper investigates thehistory of China's Inachine design methods and discusses the machine design ideas in ancient China:1). The system idea in machine design: 2) The idea of machine design: 3) The idea ofstandardization in machine design: 4) The idea of automation in machine design.

A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF CHINA'S MACHINE DESIGN METHODS AND THE PROSPECT

This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.

ADAPTABLE DESIGN OF MACHINE TOOLS STRUCTURES

Adaptable design aims to extend the utilities of design and product. The specific methods are developed for practical applications of adaptable design in the design of mechanical structures, including adaptable platform, interface and module designs. Adaptable redesign problems are formulated as adaptable platform design under adaptability bound constraints. Analysis tools are then suggested for the implementation of the redesign of machine tool structures, including variation techniques based sensitivity analysis, similarity-based commonality analysis, performance improvement, and adaptability measures. The specific measure of adaptability for machine tool structures is measured through the quantification of the structural similarity and performance improvement gained from adaptable design. The method provides designers with an approach that brings adaptability into the design process, with considering the cost and benefits of such adaptability. The redesign of CNC spiral bevel gear cutting machine structures has been included to illustrate these concepts and methods.

NEW INSIGHTS INTO PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING ARCHITECTURE OF ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM FOR TOOL INTEGRATION ─IN THE CASE OF PRODUCTION MACHINES DESIGN

CAD/CAM integration is broadly viewed as tool integration. From this point of view, both CAD/CAM software and hardware are considered as tools. A great advantage of this view point is that a very flexible paradigm is introduced, in which the CAD/CAM system for a particular industrial application can be customized and built by selecting a set of tools. This paper intends to shed some lights on the principles for designing the architecture of such a tool integration environment. Although such an environment is no more than a computer program sys. tem itself, its particular characteristics arising from its unique role, i.e., tool integration, make the discussion on the designing of an environment architecture nontrivial. The paper externalizes the author's experiences in implementing an tool integration environment for production machines.In particular, the discussion renders some insights into the concepts such as tool integration models, various views of an environment architecture, classification of data into tool-data and environment data, and employment of the information relativity principle in making an environment architecture flexible. The paper will take production machines design as a target application that an environment system is developed for, owing to its extreme complexity and thus make sense of coverage of other engineering applications.

MODULE DEFINITION MODEL FOR MODULAR DESIGN AND MANUFACTU－RING OF HEAVY DUTY MACHINE TOOLS

The key techniques of modular design of heavy duty NC mathine tools are described. Amodule definition modelfor modular design and manufacturing of heavy duty NC machine tools isbulit and the essential composition of the module definition model (MDM) is discussed in detail. Itis composed of two models: the part definition model (PDM) and the module assembly model(MAM). The PDM and MAM are built and their structures are given. Using object-oriented know-ledge representation and based on these models, an intelligent support system of modular design forheavy duty NC machine tools is developed and implemented This system has been applied to thepractical use of Wuhan Heavy Duty Machine Tool Works

An Open CAM System for Dentistry on the Basis of China-made 5-axis Simultaneous Contouring CNC Machine Tool and Industrial CAM Software

China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestically developed industrial computer-aided manufacture （CAM） technology were used for full crown fabrication and measurement of crown accuracy, with an attempt to establish an open CAM system for dental processing and to promote the introduction of domestic dental computer-aided design （CAD）/CAM system. Commercially available scanning equipment was used to make a basic digital tooth model after preparation of crown, and CAD software that comes with the scanning device was employed to design the crown by using domestic industrial CAM software to process the crown data in order to generate a solid model for machining purpose, and then China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool was used to complete machining of the whole crown and the internal accuracy of the crown internal was measured by using 3D-MicroCT. The results showed that China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool in combination with domestic industrial CAM technology can be used for crown making and the crown was well positioned in die. The internal accuracy was successfully measured by using 3D-MicroCT. It is concluded that an open CAM system for den-tistry on the basis of China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestic industrial CAM software has been established, and development of the system will promote the introduction of domestically-produced dental CAD/CAM system.

Fundamental Investigations in the Design of Five-Axis Nanopositioning Machines for Measurement and Fabrication Purposes

The majority of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines(NPMMs)are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system.This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools limits the addressable part geometries.An enhancement of an NPMM is introduced by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision in the nanometer range.For this purpose,a parameter-based dynamic evaluation system with quantifiable technological parameters has been set up and employed to identify and assess general solution concepts and adequate substructures.Evaluations taken show high potential for three linear movements of the object in combination with two angular movements of the tool.The influence of the additional rotation systems on the existing structure of NPMMs has been investigated further on.Test series on the repeatability of an NPMM enhanced by a chosen combination of a rotary stage and a goniometer setup are realized.As a result of these test series,the necessity of in situ position determination of the tool became very clear.The tool position is measured in situ in relation to a hemispherical reference mirror by three Fabry-Perot interferometers.FEA optimization has been used to enhance the overall system structure with regard to reproducibility and long-term stability.Results have been experimentally investigated by use of a retroreflector as a tool and the various laser interferometers of the NPMM.The knowledge gained has been formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines.

Inflatable Wing Design Parameter Optimization Using Orthogonal Testing and Support Vector Machines

The robust parameter design method is a traditional approach to robust experimental design that seeks to obtain the optimal combination of factors/levels. To overcome some of the defects of the inflatable wing parameter design method, this paper proposes an optimization design scheme based on orthogonal testing and support vector machines （SVMs）. Orthogonal testing design is used to estimate the appropriate initial value and variation domain of each variable to decrease the number of iterations and improve the identification accuracy and efficiency. Orthogonal tests consisting of three factors and three levels are designed to analyze the parameters of pressure, uniform applied load and the number of chambers that affect the bending response of inflatable wings. An SVM intelligent model is established and limited orthogonal test swatches are studied. Thus, the precise relationships between each parameter and product quality features, as well the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）, can be obtained. This can guide general technological design optimization.

Combined Size and Shape Optimization of Structures with DOE,RSM and GA

In this paper,size and shape optimization problem of a machine gun system is addressed with an efficient hybrid method,in which a novel and flexible mesh morphing technique is employed to achieve fast parameterization and modification of complexity structure without going back to CAD for reconstruction of geometric models or to finite element analysis（ FEA） for remodeling. Design of experiments（ DOE） and response surface method（ RSM） are applied to approximate the constitutive parameters of a machine gun system based on experimental tests. Further FEA,secondary development technique and genetic algorithm（ GA） are introduced to find all the optimal solutions in one go and the optimal design of the demonstrated machine gun system is obtained. Results of the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic analysis and exterior ballistics calculation validate the proposed methodology,which is relatively time-saving,reliable and has the potential to solve similar problems.

STUDY ON HYDRAULICALLY OPTIMUM DESIGN OF PUMP SUMPS

In past years a great deal of research work for the hydraulic design of pump sumps has been executed by means of experiments. Due to the differences of their experimental conditions, there were some obvious differences between the design rules suggested from different researchers. In this paper a method based on the 3-D numerical simulation of turbulence flow has been applied to hydraulically optimize the geometrical parameters of pump sumps, which makes it possible to establish the hydraulic criteria of design for pump sumps theoretically.

DATA CRYSTALLIZATION APPLIED FOR DESIGNING NEW PRODUCTS

It is only the observable part of the real world that can be stored in data. For such incomplete and ill-structured data, data crystallizing aims at presenting the hidden structure among events including unobservable events. This is realized by data crystallization, where dummy items, corresponding to potential existence ofunobservable events, are inserted to the given data. These dummy items and their relations with observable events are visualized by applying KeyGraph to the data with dummy items, like the crystallization of snow where dusts are involved in the formation of crystallization of water molecules. For tuning the granularity level of structure to be visualized, the tool of data crystallization is integrated with human＇s process of understanding significant scenarios in the real world. This basic method is expected to be applicable for various real world domains where previous methods of chance-discovery lead human to successful decision making. In this paper, we apply the data crystallization with human-interactive annealing （DCHA） to the design of products in a real company. The results show its effect to industrial decision making.

Constructing Support Vector Machine Ensembles for Cancer Classification Based on Proteomic Profiling

In this study, we present a constructive algorithm for training cooperative support vector machine ensembles （CSVMEs）. CSVME combines ensemble architecture design with cooperative training for individual SVMs in ensembles. Unlike most previous studies on training ensembles, CSVME puts emphasis on both accuracy and collaboration among individual SVMs in an ensemble. A group of SVMs selected on the basis of recursive classifier elimination is used in CSVME, and the number of the individual SVMs selected to construct CSVME is determined by 10-fold cross-validation. This kind of SVME has been tested on two ovarian cancer datasets previously obtained by proteomic mass spectrometry. By combining several individual SVMs, the proposed method achieves better performance than the SVME of all base SVMs.

Wavelength-selective switch based on a high fill-factor micromirror array

A novel design and fabrication approach for a high fill-factor micro-electro-mechanical system （MEMS） micromirror array-based wavelength-selective switch （WSS） is presented. The WSS is composed of a polarization-independent transmission grating and a high fill-factor micromirror array. The WSS is successfully demonstrated based on the fabricated high fill-factor micromirror array. Test results show that the polarization-dependent loss （PDL） is less than 0.3 dB and that the insertion loss （IL） of the wavelength channel is about -6 dB. The switching function between the two output ports of WSS is measured. The forward switching time is recorded to be about 0.5 ms, whereas the backward switching time is about 7 ms.