基于激光诱导等离子体的Mach⁃Zehnder干涉法测量气体介质恢复特性的研究

在高压电器中,灭弧气体的应用十分广泛,气体的灭弧性能与其恢复特性息息相关。对于气体介质的灭弧性能测量,已有理论研究中的建模仿真方法以及一些直接或间接的测量电子密度的手段都存在较明显的缺点。为解决这一问题,文中通过Mach⁃Zehnder干涉法可以较为精确地测量出弧后各时间点的电子密度这一研究气体介质恢复特性的关键参数。同时考虑到断路器结构下新型气体介质测量成本高昂,文中设计了基于激光诱导等离子的气体介质恢复特性测量实验。通过该实验,对SF_(6)、CO_(2)和N_(2)的电子密度衰减特性进行测量,其电子密度的衰减速率特征值为SF(61)>CO(20.77)>N(20.72),并与已有结论进行对比,验证了该方法的可行性。

面向服务的智能建筑软件框架研究

建筑管理系统(BMS)、能源管理系统(EMS)、物联网设备、建筑信息模型(BIM)、电网及气象服务等多元信息系统是有效支撑由数据驱动的智能建筑软件高效运行的关键。然而,这些由不同开发商提供的系统之间缺乏统一且明确界定的程序接口与标准,这已成为制约应用程序在模块开发、可扩展性及重用性上进一步发展的主要障碍。为增强云环境下智能建筑系统对需求和技术变化的适应能力,提出一个优化的端到端实现架构。该架构以Zachman框架为基础,通过符合MACH原则的微服务、API和基于云的组件来确保整个系统的高灵活性、可扩展性以及向前兼容能力。为了验证所提优化方法的有效性,以某高校工程实训中心为案例,开发了一套智能建筑应用程序。经过一年多的实际运行,该程序充分展示了传感器数据与BIM模型集成的数字孪生应用、基于事件驱动的实时传感器数据与建模分析等先进功能,不仅证明了所提方法的前瞻性和兼容性,同时也展现了其应对不断变化的需求和挑战的能力。

Mach数和壁面温度对HyTRV边界层转捩的影响

典型的高超声速飞行器流场存在着复杂的转捩现象,其对飞行器的性能有着显著的影响。针对HyTRV这款接近真实高超声速飞行器的升力体模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究Mach数和壁面温度对HyTRV转捩的影响规律。采用课题组自研软件开展数值计算,Mach数的范围为3~8,壁面温度的范围为150~900 K。首先对■转捩模型和SST湍流模型进行了高超声速修正:将压力梯度系数修正、高速横流修正引入到■转捩模型,并对SST湍流模型闭合系数β~*和β进行可压缩修正;然后开展了网格无关性验证,通过与实验结果对比,确认了修正后的数值方法和软件平台;最终开展Mach数和壁面温度对HyTRV边界层转捩规律的影响研究。计算结果表明,转捩区域主要集中在上表面两侧、下表面中心线两侧;增大来流Mach数,上下表面转捩起始位置均大幅后移,湍流区大幅缩小,但仍会存在,同时上表面层流区摩阻系数不断增大,下表面湍流区摩阻系数不断减小;升高壁面温度,上下表面转捩起始位置先前移,然后快速后移,最终湍流区先后几乎消失。

高马赫数球状气泡动力学理论研究

The compressibility of fluids has a profound influence on oscillating bubble dynamics,as characterized by the Mach number.However,current theoretical frameworks for bubbles,whether at the first or second order of the Mach number,are primarily confined to scenarios characterized by weak compressibility.Thus,a critical need to elucidate the precise range of applicability for both first-and second-order bubble theories arises.Herein,we investigate the suitability and constraints of bubble theories with different orders through a comparative analysis involving experimental data and numerical simulations.The focal point of our investigation encompasses theories such as the Rayleigh–Plesset,Keller,Herring,and second-order bubble equations.Furthermore,the impact of parameters inherent in the second-order equations is examined.For spherical oscillating bubble dynamics in a free field,our findings reveal that the first-and second-order bubble theories are applicable when Ma≤0.3 and 0.4,respectively.For a single sonoluminescence bubble,we define an instantaneous Mach number,Mai.The second-order theory shows abnormal sensibility when Mai is high,which is negligible when Mai≤0.4.The results of this study can serve as a valuable reference for studying compressible bubble dynamics.

Phase sensitivity with a coherent beam and twin beams via intensity difference detection

We focus on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer(MZI) with the input of a coherent beam and one of the bright entangled twin beams with an external power reference beam employed for measurement. The results show that the phase sensitivity can reach sub-Heisenberg limit and approach quantum Cramer–Rao bound by changing the squeezing parameters and the photon number of the coherent beam, under the phase-matching condition. The absence of the external power reference beam will degrade the performance of the phase sensitivity. Meanwhile, this scheme shows good robustness against the losses of the photon detectors. We present a detailed discussion about the phase sensitivities when the inputs are two coherent beams, or a coherent beam plus a single-mode squeezed vacuum beam based on the MZI. This scenario can be applied in the field of phase precision measurements and other optical sensors.

Effect of Sweptback Angle of a Delta Wing on Surface Pressure Distribution at Supersonic Mach Numbers

The purpose of this work is to shed light on the effect of the pivot position on the surface pressure distribution over a 3D wing in different flight conditions.The study is intended to support the design and development of aerospace vehicles where stability analysis,performance optimization,and aircraft design are of primary importance.The following parameters are considered:Mach numbers(M)of 1.3,1.8,2.3,2.8,3.3,and 3.8,angle of incidence(θ)in the range from 5°to 25°,pivot position from h=0.2 to 1.The results of the CFD numerical simulations match available analytical data,thereby providing evidence for the reliability of the used approach.The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the surface pressure distribution,the Mach number and the angle of incidence.

Base Pressure Control with Semi-Circular Ribs at Critical Mach Number

When better fuel-air mixing in the combustion chamber or a reduction in base drag are required in vehicles,rockets,and aeroplanes,the base pressure control is activated.Controlling the base pressure and drag is necessary in both scenarios.In this work,semi-circular ribs with varying diameters(2,4,and 6 mm)positioned at six distinct positions(0.5D,1D,1.5D,2D,3D,and 4D)inside a square duct with a side of 15 mm are proposed as an efficient way to apply the passive control technique.In-depth research is done on optimising rib size for various rib sites.According to this study,the base pressure rises as rib height increases.Furthermore,the optimal location for the semi-circular ribs with a diameter of 2 mm is at 0.5D.The 1D location appears to be optimal for the 4 mm size as well.For the 6 mm size,however,the 4D position fills this function.

Mach’s Principle Revised: Is the Inertia, and also Gravitational Interaction of Bodies, Determined by Their Long-Range Gravitational Interaction with Distant Matter in the Universe?

The work analyzes the basic assumption in Mach’s principle, namely that the inertia of material bodies is determined by their gravitational interaction with distant masses in the universe. However, while Mach’s principle is based on the so-called “long-range gravitational interaction” characterized by an infinitely large propagation velocity, our study is based on a “modified” long-range principle, assuming a very large but finite propagation velocity of the gravitational interaction between local material objects and distant matter. Thus, it is postulated that there are two types of gravitational interaction—short-range gravitational interaction between local objects and long-range gravitational interaction between local objects and distant matter in the universe, which are characterized by different propagation speeds, but with the same gravitational constant. On the basis of the modified long-range principle, a model of distant matter is built in the form of a hollow spherical layer with negligible thickness. The phenomenological assumption is made that the movement with acceleration of the local reference frame (RF) is related to a change in the spherically symmetric distribution of the lines of gravitational interaction of this RF with distant matter, which is expressed in a corresponding asymmetric distribution of the effective mass density on the hollow sphere. A simplified (idealized) model of the effective change of the hollow sphere of distant matter by cutting off separate segments of the sphere is proposed. On the basis of the model, the possibility of representing the inertial effects in three simplest types of reference frames through a corresponding gravitational interaction is considered: 1) inertial RF;2) RF moving in a straight line with constant acceleration;3) RF rotating with constant angular velocity. Expressions were obtained for the gravitational accelerations acting on the test body located inside the hollow sphere with a corresponding change (“cutting”). It is concluded that these accelerations can in a first approximation represent the inertial accelerations of the main types noted above. It is shown that in order to obtain reasonable values of the truncation parameters of the hollow sphere, it is necessary to assume that the gravitational interaction inside this sphere is not of the Newtonian type, i.e. the same depends on the distance not according to the law 1/r2, but according to modified law with a non-integer (fractional) exponent. This law corresponds to a fractal structure of the source of attraction inside the truncated sphere of distant matter. The issue of the possibility of the supposed modified long-range interaction is briefly discussed on the basis of a comparison of the finding a connection with the lines of force of the same with the “cosmic strings” assumed by a number of researchers, along which corresponding excitations (waves, particles) moving at super-light speed. The work advances the idea of the presence of unity and at the same time oppositeness of the inertia of material objects and the known gravitational interaction between them, which are generated by the properties of symmetry of the long-range gravitational interaction. Moreover, while the inertia of the bodies is due to the violation of this symmetry caused by their movement with acceleration, the gravitational interaction between the bodies is due to the aspiration to restore the symmetry of a far-reaching gravitational interaction, which is disturbed by the presence of local material bodies. In the conclusion of the work, the important physico-philosophical significance of Mach’s principle is emphasized, expressed in the understanding that not only the world of microscopic objects (“micro-world”), but also the world of huge cosmic objects (“mega-world”) can have a corresponding impact on our “macroscopic” world.

Momentum as Translations at Conformal Infinity

Although General Relativity is the classic example of a physical theory based on differential geometry, the momentum tensor is the only part of the field equation that is not derived from or interpreted with differential geometry. This work extends General Relativity and Einstein-Cartan theory by augmenting the Poincaré group with projective (special) conformal transformations, which are translations at conformal infinity. Momentum becomes a part of the differential geometry of spacetime. The Lie algebra of these transformations is represented by vectorfields on an associated Minkowski fiber space. Variation of projective conformal scalar curvature generates a 2-index tensor that serves as linear momentum in the field equations of General Relativity. The computation yields a constructive realization of Mach’s principle: local inertia is determined by local motion relative to mass at conformal infinity in each fiber. The vectorfields have a cellular structure that is similar to that of turbulent fluids.

Prediction and optimisation of gasoline quality in petroleum refining: The use of machine learning model as a surrogate in optimisation framework

Hardware-based sensing frameworks such as cooperative fuel research engines are conventionally used to monitor research octane number (RON) in the petroleum refining industry. Machine learning techniques are employed to predict the RON of integrated naphtha reforming and isomerisation processes. A dynamic Aspen HYSYS model was used to generate data by introducing artificial uncertainties in the range of ±5% in process conditions, such as temperature, flow rates, etc. The generated data was used to train support vector machines (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), artificial neural networks (ANN), regression trees (RT), and ensemble trees (ET). Hyperparameter tuning was performed to enhance the prediction capabilities of GPR, ANN, SVM, ET and RT models. Performance analysis of the models indicates that GPR, ANN, and SVM with R2 values of 0.99, 0.978, and 0.979 and RMSE values of 0.108, 0.262, and 0.258, respectively performed better than the remaining models and had the prediction capability to capture the RON dependence on predictor variables. ET and RT had an R2 value of 0.94 and 0.89, respectively. The GPR model was used as a surrogate model for fitness function evaluations in two optimisation frameworks based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm method. Optimal parameter values found by the optimisation methodology increased the RON value by 3.52%. The proposed methodology of surrogate-based optimisation will provide a platform for plant-level implementation to realise the concept of industry 4.0 in the refinery.

低功耗聚合物Mach-Zehnder热光开关

采用传统的半导体工艺制作了聚合物Mach-Zehnder型热光开关.利用扫描电镜观测波导形貌,通过红外摄像机观测波导的近场输出光斑,在通信波段1550nm波长下测试了器件的输出光谱.在电极上施加直流信号,测得热光开关的消光比为-15dB,驱动功率为16mW.引入直流偏置网络,获得了器件的开关特性曲线,经测量开关上升时间为1.2ms,下降时间为0.8ms.

ICF平面低温冷冻靶系统的初步设计及应用

利用Gifford-McMahon(G-M)制冷机提供低温源,研制了平面低温冷冻靶系统。该系统最低温度可以达到10 K,制冷功率随温度降低而降低,制冷速率可控。其中,在18.6 K其制冷功率可以达到6.5 W;在14 K其制冷功率为3 W。利用该系统,初步开展了氩、氢的冷冻实验,并研究了温度对激光惯性约束聚变靶丸结构的影响。获得了氩、氢平面低温冷冻靶,并观察到了低温诱导聚变靶丸形变现象。

导流锥式超声速旋流分离装置流动特性

采用二维轴对称模型,以理想空气为介质对超声速旋流分离装置内的流场特性进行了数值模拟。同时搭建实验平台,对小压比条件下影响流场特性和分离性能的结构和操作参数进行了研究。研究结果表明:进出口压比为1.4同时排液通道外壁张角小于12°时,超声速喷管扩张段内在面积比达1.27的情形下仍不存在气动激波,同时对扩张段内存在激波产生的情况进行分析,得出其原因为在排液口内产生反向压缩波,并向喷管上游移动。通过实验研究得出,压比为1.4,面积比为1.27时超声速旋流分离器分离效率最高,达到20.5%。

基于EMTDC的高压直流MACH2系统实时等价仿真

对大规模交直流网络下的高压直流控制保护系统进行参数优化设计,是保证灵活交流输电系统暂态性和稳定性良好的重要手段。目前由于实时仿真技术的网络节点受限、费用高等缺点,使其不适合此规模网络的试验和设计任务。文中基于ABB公司高压直流控制保护系统硬件结构特点和MACH2(modular advanced control for HVDC and SVC)系统运作机理,提出了等价实时离线仿真的实现原理和方法,使离线仿真达到实时仿真的效果;通过与实际工控机运行结果进行比对,验证了其有效性;同时对工程用高压直流控制中的电流控制功能进行了等价实时仿真。仿真结果分析表明,基于所提出的等价实时仿真原理和方法,利用商业通用的离线仿真软件,可高效地进行高压直流控制保护系统优化设计。

五轴联动数控陶瓷雕刻机的研究与开发

随着数控技术的进步,数控雕刻机的需求越来越大。本文主要介绍一种用于陶瓷生产的五轴联动雕刻机的设计与应用,该雕刻机采用基于PC机的开放式数控系统,利用软件插补的方式驱动各个轴的步进电机联动,能够在陶瓷坯上进行回转曲面浮雕加工,取代了传统的手工劳动,而且实现标准化、规模化生产,对陶瓷行业有着重要意义。

用马赫-贞德干涉仪测量喷气式Z箍缩等离子体密度

为了研究喷气式Z箍缩(gas puffZ pinch)等离子体的内爆特性,研制了一套马赫 贞德干涉系统,并在小型喷气式Z箍缩装置(充电电压23kV,放电峰值电流210kA)上进行了试验,获得了清晰的干涉图像。根据干涉图上条纹的移动数目,计算得到该装置内爆早期等离子体的平均电子密度为1017～1018/cm3。

MACH:一个新的操作系统核心

MACH是一个支持紧密/松散藕合多处理器硬件的操作系统核心。MACH由美国卡内基梅隆大学于1984年开始设计。本文将较详细介绍MACH的起因、发展历史、主要概念以及发展方向。同时对MACH的实现也在一定程度上给予阐述。在介绍MACH的概念时将与UNIX中的相关概念进行比较,使熟悉UNIX的读者更好地理解这些新的概念。

使用硅橡胶涂敷的全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的压力传感研究

用硅橡胶对Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的传感臂进行涂敷,可以增加干涉仪压力传感的灵敏度.实验中分别使用宽带和窄带光源,借助光谱仪和光功率计观测干涉谱波长改变和光谱峰值功率变化,对微小压力进行了测量.当压力改变为1.03×10-4MPa时,波长改变约0.02 nm,系统传感灵敏度为1.96×10-4nm/Pa,是涂敷前的2.15倍.

聚合物电光调制器中M-Z波导TM模分析

M-Z光波导是聚合物电光调制器的重要结构单元。利用有效折射率法计算聚合物脊形波导的横向折射率分布,将三维光波场传播简化为二维传播。从导模满足的标量波动方程出发,结合透明边界条件,采用C rank-N icho lson差分格式,得出有限差分束传播法的基本计算格式。通过对M-Z型波导结构中TM模的传播及损耗特性进行理论分析,系统地研究了脊宽、分支角等结构参数对损耗的影响。研究表明,有效折射率法与二维有限差分束传播法的结合可以较好地解决脊形M-Z波导的设计问题。该方法具有精度高、计算量小及效率高等优点,为聚合物电光调制器的制备提供了理论依据。

大气光学湍流光纤测量技术中的解调算法研究

介绍了直接调制光源型光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪测量大气光学湍流的原理,并对其中的载频调制和解调的过程进行了深入的研究.通过计算机对光学湍流随机相位起伏、载频调制与解调过程的模拟证明了直接调制光源型光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪测量大气光学湍流的可行性,提出大气光学湍流光纤测量技术中的一种新的信号处理方法.