Perimeter traffic control strategy based on macroscopic fundamental diagrams

A perimeter traffic signal control strategy is proposed based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram theory(MFD)to solve the signal control problem in oversaturated states.First,the MFD of a specific regional network can be derived using VSS IM simulation software.Secondly,the maximum number of cumulative vehicles that the network can accommodate is determined based on the MFD.Then,through monitoring the influx flow,the number of vehicles existing in and exiting from the network,a perimeter traffic control model is proposed to optimize the signal timing of the boundary intersections.Finally,a virtual network simulation model is established and three different kinds o f traffic demand are loaded into the network.Simulation results show that a fer the strategy implementation,the number o f vehicles accumulating in the network can be kept near the optimal value,while the number o f both entering and exiting vehicles increases significantly and the road network can be maintained at a large capacity.Simultaneously,the queue length at the approach of the border intersections is reasonably controlled and vehicles entering and exiting the network can maintain a more efficient and stable speed.The network performance indices such as the average traffic delay and average number of stops can be improved to a certain degree,thus verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the perimeter control strategy.

Design and Realization of Numerical Control Ladder Diagram Edition Software

The thesis is directed by the idea of oriented-object. Considering the basic functions that NC system Ladder Diagram editor should provide,and through theoretical research and practice,the thesis developed a set of NC system Ladder Diagram editor which can form a Ladder Diagram editor based on vector plotting,intelligently compiling,simulation. This system uses the ladder diagram symbol to express operational order and use the chart symbol series-parallel connection and the position order to express the logical relations between the operational orders,divide the ladder diagram into four parts: the stave,the line,the row and the part,uses the standard order vessel list vessel of the standard template stack (STL) to save the data which involved in the design process. This system can write PLC program by ladder diagram language and is easy to use. The compilation and simulation for PLC diagram have been achieved. It greatly improves the work-efficiency.

Coefficient Diagram Method Based Load Frequency Control for a Modern Power System

increasing penetration of renewable energy sources with a wide range of operating conditions causing power system uncertainties, conventional controllers are incapable of providing proper performance to keep the system stable. However, controllable or dispatchable loads such as electric vehicles （EVs） and heat pumps （HPs） can be utilized for supplementary frequency control. This paper shows the ability of plug-in hybrid EVs, HPs, and batteries （BTs） to contribute in the frequency control of an isolated power system. Moreover, we propose a new online intelligent approach by using a coefficient diagram method （CDM） to enhance the system performance and robustness against uncertainties. The performance of the proposed intelligent CDM control has been compared with the proportional-integral （PI） controller and the superiority of the proposed scheme has been verified in Matiab/Simulink programs.

On the Sequential Control of ITER Poloidal Field Converters for Reactive Power Reduction

Sequential control applied to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Re- actor （ITER） poloidal field converter system for the purpose of reactive power reduction is the subject of this investigation. Due to the inherent characteristics of thyristor-based phase-controlled converter, the poloidal field converter system consumes a huge amount of reactive power from the grid, which subsequently results in a voltage drop at the 66 kV busbar if no measure is taken. The installation of a static var compensator rated for 750 MVar at the 66 kV busbax is an essential way to compensate reactive power to the grid, which is the most effective measure to solve the problem. However, sequential control of the multi-series converters provides an additional method to improve the natural power factor and thus alleviate the pressure of reactive power demand of the converter system without any additional cost. In the present paper, by comparing with the symmetrical control technique, the advantage of sequential control in reactive power consumption is highlighted. Simulation results based on SIMULINK are found in agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Design of a Fixed-Order Robust Controller to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations in Power Systems

This paper presents the design of a robust fixed-order H∞ controller to damp out the inter-area oscillations and to enhance the stability of the power system. The proposed H∞ approach is based on shaping the open-loop transfer function in the Nyquist diagram through minimizing the quadratic error between the actual and the desired open loop transfer functions in the frequency domain under linear constraints that guarantee robustness and stability. The proposed approach is robust with respect to multi-model uncertainty closed-loop sensitivity functions in the Nyquist diagram through the constraints on their infinity norm. The H∞ constraints are linearized with the help of a desired open-loop transfer function. The controller is designed using the convex optimization techniques in which the difference between the open-loop transfer function and the desired one is minimized. The two-area four-machine test system is selected to evaluate the performance of the designed controller under different load conditions as well as different levels of wind penetrations.

Two New Control Signal Approaches for Obtaining the MRAS-CDM and a Real-time Application

The coefficient diagram method （CDM） is one of the most effective control design methods. It creates control systems that are very stable and robust with responses without the overshoot and small settling time. Furthermore, all control parameters of the control systems are changed by varying some adjustment parameters in CDM depending on the demands. The model reference adaptive systems （MRAS） are the systems that follow and change the control parameters according to a given model reference system. There are several methods to combine the CDM with MRAS. One of these is to use the MRAS parameters as a gain of the CDM parameters. Another is to directly use the CDM parameters as the MRAS parameters. In the industrial applications, the system parameters can be changed frequently, but if the controller, by self-tuning, recalculates and develops its own parameters continuously, the system becomes more robust. Also, if the poles of the controlled systems approach the jw axis, the response of the closed-loop MRAS becomes more and more insufficient. In order to obtain better results, CDM is combined with a self-tuning model reference adaptive system. Systems controlled by a model reference adaptive controller give responses with small or without overshoot, have small settling times, and are more robust. Thus, in this paper, a hybrid combination of MRAS and CDM is developed and two different control structures of the control signal are investigated. The two methods are compared with MRAS and applied to real-time process control systems.

A Multi-Model Approach to Design a Robust SVC Damping Controller Using Convex Optimization Technique to Enhance the Damping of Inter-Area Oscillations Considering Time Delay

This paper introduces a multi-model approach to design a robust supplementary damping controller. The designed fixed-order supplementary damping controller adjusts the voltage reference set point of SVC. There are two main objectives of the controller design, damping low frequencies oscillations and enhancing power system stability. This method relies on shaping the closed-loop sensitivity functions in the Nyquist plot under the constraints of these functions. These constraints can be linearized by choosing a desired open-loop transfer function. The robust controller is designed to minimize the error between the open-loop of the original plant model and the desired transfer functions. These outcomes can be achieved by using convex optimization methods. Convexity of the problem formulation ensures global optimality. One of the advantages of the proposed approach is that the approach accounts for multi-model uncertainty. In contrast to the methods available in the literature, the proposed approach deals with full-order model (i.e., model reduction is not required) with lower controller order. The issue of time delay of feedback signals has been addressed in this paper for different values of time delay by applying a multi-model optimization technique. The proposed approach is compared to other existing techniques to design a robust controller which is based on H2 under pole placement. Both techniques are applied to the 68-bus system to evaluate and validate the robust controller performance under different load scenarios and different wind generations.

Detecting conflict of heterogeneous access control policies

Policy conflicts may cause substantial economic losses.Although a large amount of effort has been spent on detecting intra-domain policy conflict,it can not detect conflicts of heterogeneous policies.In this paper,considering background knowledge,we propose a conflict detection mechanism to search and locate conflicts of heterogeneous policies.First,we propose a general access control model to describe authorization mechanisms of cloud service and a translation scheme designed to translate a cloud service policy to an Extensible Access Control Markup Language(XACML)policy.Then the scheme based on Multi-terminal Multi-data-type Interval Decision Diagram(MTMIDD)and Extended MTMIDD(X-MTMIDD)is designed to represent XACML policy and search the conflict among heterogeneous policies.To reduce the rate of false positives,the description logic is used to represent XACML policy and eliminate false conflicts.Experimental results show the efficiency of our scheme.

Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process under Exit Control Feedback Policy

The effect of the exit control feedback policy on traffic flow was investigated in this paper.Here,the exit rate(β)can be defined as a function of the hopping rate(p),the current(J)and the bulk density(ρ_(bulk)),which can be rewritten as β=p-J/ρ_(bulk).A model based on normal totally asymmetric simple exclusion process(TASEP)has been analyzed by mean field approach.It is found that a phase transformation point exists in the phase diagram,which is determined by p.In addition,the traffic flow of the system achieves maximum current when the exit rate maintains itself atβ=p/2 for all other phases except the low density(LD)phase.The result implies that we can use the control feedback policy to make the traffic flow reach the maximum value when the traffic system is in the traffic jam status.

On the Charting Procedures: MEWMA Chart and DD-Diagram

In light of rapid development of customer requirements, control procedures of quality concept use multivariate analysis. This is because of recent advances in information technology and in recording. The charting procedures are based on Mahalanobis distance but their performance needs normality and a type-I error rate choice. The DD-diagram is an alternative scheme that uses data depth to avoid these conditions rarely met in practice. For a given error-free sample, the performance of DD-diagram and that of multivariate EWMA control procedures are compared through a real example on individual observations taken from a multivariate quality process.

基于处方图的水稻侧深变量施肥控制系统设计与试验

为解决水稻侧深施肥过程中由于缺乏科学处方与智能决策而造成的肥料资源浪费、无法实现空间差异化肥力补给的问题,本文设计了一种基于处方图的水稻侧深变量施肥控制系统。结合排肥理论分析得出变量施肥作业中影响排肥量的可控因素(排肥轴转速、外槽轮工作长度、机组前进速度),探究施肥控制策略,构建并训练基于神经网络的智能决策模型;利用土壤养分平衡法结合克里金空间插值法在ArcGIS中生成施肥处方图;最后设计水稻侧深变量施肥控制系统并集成到水稻插秧机上,开展性能测试试验。双变量控制模型肥量控制精度试验结果表明,最大排肥误差为3.27%,最小误差为0.06%,总平均误差为1.23%。目标施肥量播量准确性试验结果表明,尿素、磷酸二胺、硫酸钾、掺混复合肥平均播量误差分别为4.60%、4.41%、4.18%和3.66%,平均示量误差分别为5.04%、4.83%、3.81%和4.84%。基于电子处方图的田间试验中系统获取有效定位信息54867个,定位错误点数6个,均发生在田块边界附近,分区定点变量施肥平均播量误差为4.23%。结果表明集成创制的水稻插秧侧深变量施肥一体机具有较高的播量精度和稳定性,控制系统具有较高的肥量控制精度,利用电子处方图指导施肥作业切实可靠,可实现插秧智能变量施肥一体化作业。

青藏高原东北部温泉分布及水文地球化学特征

青藏高原是我国地热活动最强烈的地区,传统观点认为其东北部地区处于相对稳定的地块,地热赋存条件一般。青海省位于青藏高原东北部,地热资源种类齐全,以往研究主要集中在勘查程度较高或单个温泉温度较高的区域,而区内大部分地区研究程度较低,地热资源整体分布特征和热源机制不清。本文依据主要控热活动断裂和温泉集中区将温泉自东北向西南划分为11个区,利用水文地球化学和同位素分析手段对温泉的分布特征和成因进行了综合研究。结果表明,温泉补给来源均为其附近大气降水和冰雪融水。温泉水化学特征与热储的地层岩性相关,花岗岩热储中地热水阳离子以Na^(+)为主,阴离子以SO_(4)^(2-)和Cl^(-)为主;灰岩热储中地热水阳离子以Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_(3)^(-)为主;砂岩热储中地热水主要阳离子有Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)和Mg^(2+),主要阴离子有Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和HCO_(3)^(-)。温泉主要沿活动断裂展布方向呈串珠状分布,且主要密集在不同构造体系的交接复合部位和同一构造体系的转折部位;分布于一、二级断裂结合部位的热储循环深度最大,径流路径最长、水岩反应较充分;而分布于被少量小规模断裂切割的三级断裂沿线的温泉循环深度相对较小,径流路径较短,水岩反应程度较低。热储温度从东北向西南整体呈现出中部和西南部高、南部和东北部低,中高温热储主要分布于共和、贵德、乌兰和唐古拉山一带,温度在89.0~139.0℃,平均117.7℃。温泉热源主要来自大地热流传导增热、放射性元素衰变生热、岩浆余热和活动断层摩擦生热,以及低速高导熔融体和地幔通道流传热等。此次主要聚焦于青海省水热型地热资源的分布规律和地热成因等方面的研究,可为后期青海省地热资源开发利用提供参考依据。

基于自抗扰控制的H桥逆变器的混沌研究

为了解决新能源发电系统逆变器出现混沌的问题,提出了一种基于自抗扰控制的H桥逆变器的调节方案。针对处于混沌状态的逆变器的稳态和动态特性差的现象,构建了逆变器的离散模型,并通过建立跟踪微分器、扩张状态观测器以及状态误差反馈控制律进行混沌控制。通过分岔图、折叠图以及仿真分析,结果可知基于自抗扰控制的H桥逆变器比基于比例控制的H桥逆变器的稳定范围扩大了45%,有效地抑制了混沌现象的发生。通过分析可得出:该控制策略对系统的混沌行为能够进行抑制,拓宽了系统稳定工作范围。

药物临床试验815例次方案违背的帕累托图分析

目的分析药物临床试验的方案违背情况,找出需重点关注的方案违背,并提出解决方案,以保证药物临床试验质量。方法收集2022年1-12月该院815例次药物临床试验方案违背报告数据,包括类别、例数等。采用Excel2007软件进行数据分析,绘制帕累托图,明确构成方案违背的主要因素。结果815例次药物临床试验中药物漏服/少服/多服、检查漏查、访视超窗是方案违背的主要因素。导致方案违背的责任主体中61.84%(504/815)为受试者,25.64%(209/815)为研究者。结论药物临床试验实施过程中,需重点关注药物服用情况,检查完整性及访视窗问题,加强研究者及受试者培训,规范药物临床试验管理,提高药物临床试验质量。

基于列车群组运行的重载铁路运输组织研究综述

列车群组运行模式为重载铁路通过加大行车密度解决运能紧张问题提供了新途径。该模式可突破车站接发车、集解编运输组织模式、快捷货运三大瓶颈,实现运输效能、运输组织灵活性及快捷货运时效性的提升。在分析虚拟编组技术的发展历程及技术特征、重载铁路群组运输控制和运输组织研究现状的基础上,从重载铁路群组列车控制理论与方法、列车群组运行条件下运输组织模式适应性、列车群组运行条件下运输组织方法3个方面,系统总结了既有研究存在的问题,提出了该模式从理论走向应用需要进一步研究的关键问题,包括适应复杂运营条件的重载铁路列车群组运行协同控制方法、列车群组运行下高效运输组织模式、列车群组计划与运行图编制智能化理论与技术、列车群组运行智能调整优化理论与技术研究等。

不同降雨量下基于宏观基本图的边界控制策略

在雨雪等不利天气条件下,城市交通拥堵加剧,北京、天津等大城市在降雨条件下经常发生多路段区域性交通拥堵。因此,根据天津市中心城区和市郊区域路网实际交通数据,以路网交通流宏观基本图模型为研究基础,对比不同降雨量以及不同路网的路网交通流时序和宏观基本图变化规律,分析不同降雨量对天津市中心城区和市郊区域路网交通状态的影响。基于不同降雨量下中心城区和市郊区域路网宏观交通流的变化规律,分别构建路网动态演化模型,并对模型的参数进行标定和有效性验证。针对降雨条件下路网发生的区域性拥堵问题,基于宏观基本图的边界控制分别设计了不同降雨量下中心城区和市郊区域路网控制策略,通过仿真实验分析验证了不同控制策略的效果,并给出了能够缓解中心城区和市郊区域路网拥堵的可行策略。结果表明:在小雨天气条件下,将从市郊区域向中心城区的交通流量的转移比例减小量控制在9%~50%范围之内时,中心城区与市郊区域交通状态更加均衡,路网调控效果更好;在大雨天气条件下,将从市郊区域向中心城区的交通流量的转移比例减小量控制在23%~50%范围之内时,中心城区与市郊区域交通状态更加均衡,路网调控效果更好。这表明该控制策略能够缓解中心城区和市郊区域路网的交通拥堵,保障路网交通系统的稳定运行。

基于系统结构图的模拟电子技术课程教学探索

掌握知识是教学目标的核心要素,对基本元件和基本电路的深入探索是领悟模拟电子技术课程知识的关键。为此,该文提出以系统结构图为工具开展课程教学,首先分析教学内容与系统结构图的关联关系,然后通过两个知识点的分析过程,阐述系统结构图在课程教授中的具体应用,最后运用案例分析、仿真实践、翻转教学等教学方法,实现启发学生融会贯通、注重创新培养、强化学生自主探究的目标。

提馏段温度自动控制系统设计

通过对精馏塔串级控制系统的分析,设计精馏塔提馏段温度自动控制系统。在该控制系统中,首先选择了控变量、操纵变量、执行器、控制器、过程检测和控制设备等。其次,设计了精馏塔提馏段温度串级控制系统框图。并在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台上,进行了仿真和设计,验证了本文所提控制策略的正确性。

基于双路控制的农田精准喷药处方优化试验

自精准农业技术开展以来,精准喷药作为精准农业关键技术之一,是一直以来研究的重要问题。为进一步研究精准喷药,提出基于双路控制的分区宽度变量喷药方法,并搭建农药精准喷洒试验台,对比例电磁阀控制下喷头的有效喷幅进行测量试验。试验发现,在PWM占空比大于60%时有效喷幅与理论值喷幅误差小于20%,具有可参考性。试验时,根据有效喷幅对喷药处方图的分区宽度进行选择,以0.5 m、0.75 m、1 m作为试验参数。根据选择的参数设计以喷雾高度、移动速度、分区宽度为因素的正交试验,得到回归方程,并通过残差分析检验模型的正确性。试验得到参数优化区域为:喷雾高度1.5 m、行进速度0~0.5 m/s、分区宽度0.7~0.9 m。田间试验发现,采取优化的分区宽度进行喷药比常规喷药方式节省23%的药量,同时有效覆盖率可达90.7%。

基于宏观基本图的交通控制有效性与路网稳定性研究

区域城市路网在不同控制方法下呈现的网络交通流输出水平与维持能力不尽相同,要评价控制效果的优劣,需要分析区域控制方式下路网交通流与路网耦合时所体现出来的特征值。作为一种路网的基本属性,选择宏观基本图作为研究区域交通控制有效性与路网稳定性的评价载体,解析了相对于路段、交叉口等单点评价具有的优势。基于MFD的区域交通控制评价不受路网交通需求变化的影响。研究建立了路网最大加权流量、最佳累计车辆数、路网负载能力、交通流分布均衡度以及时序均衡度5评价指标,以对区域交通信号控制方法的有效性与路网运行的稳定性进行评价,解读路网高峰时段的交通流维持能力。以成都青羊区太升南路附近37个信号交叉口为路网,利用VISSIM二次开发技术,获得了该路网在定时控制、感应控制、自适应控制以及自适应协调控制下的路网宏观基本图形态。通过对比各控制方法的宏观基本图形态特征与评价指标,从多个维度比较了各控制方法的特征与适用性,分析了相应的控制有效性,解读了其从平峰至过饱和各阶段的交通流维持能力,进而可以了解特定控制方法下路网的运行效率。同时,根据相应控制方法的稳定性表现,指出了各自的局限性,有助于在实际应用中根据区域路网面临的环境,分析应采取的交通控制策略。