Influence of forming process on three-dimensional morphology of TiB_2 particles in Al-Ti-B alloys

A series of Al-Ti-B master alloys were prepared by different preparation routes,and the TiB2 particles in the master alloys were extracted and analyzed.It is found that the forming process has significant influence on the three-dimensional morphology of TiB2 particles.Different preparation routes result in different reaction forms,which accounts for the morphology variation of TiB2 particles.When the Al-Ti-B master alloy is prepared using ＂halide salt＂ route,TiB2 particles exhibit hexagonal platelet morphology and are independent with each other.In addition,the reaction temperature almost does not have influence on the morphology of TiB2 particles.However,TiB2 particles exhibit different morphologies at different reaction temperatures when the master alloys are prepared with Al-3B and Ti sponge.When the master alloy is prepared at 850 ℃,a kind of TiB2 particle agglomeration forms with a size larger than 5 μm.The TiB2 particles change to layered stacking morphology even dendritic morphology with the reaction temperature reaching up to 1200 ℃.

PREPARATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE WITH HIGH CONTENT OF β CRYSTALLINE FORM

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with high content of ~ crystalline form was prepared by adding a series of new p form nucleators. The spherulites and morphology of//farm iPP (//-iPP) were investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD), polarizing microscope (PLM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and small-angle light scattering (SALS). WAXD experimental results indicate that the amount of p form in iPP (K_x) increases with increasing /~ nucleator content from zero to 0.07 wt% or crystallization temperature T_c from 20 to 120℃ and that the highest K_x value is up to 0.95. PLM observations suggest that p spherulites exhibit bright color and that their Maltese Crosses display some concentric banding of a rather spiky, jagged character. Their !amellae are smooth and relaxed layer-plate like structure by SEM and their SALS H_v patterns arc four-petalled.

Morphology of single inhalable particle in the air polluted city of Shijiazhuang,China

In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS （scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry）. The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters, which are： irregular square, agglomerate, sphere, floccule, column or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples; sphere particles are more, and column or stick are less in winter samples; in the wet deposit samples, agglomerate and floccule particles are not found. The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge, which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction, explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang. The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse, corresponding to the element of Si-dominant, Si-Al-dominant, and Fe-dominant, The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm, considerably larger than the former reported results, but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially. The new formed calcium crystal, the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns, and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle＇s morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.

Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

An infrared and visible image fusion method based upon multi-scale and top-hat transforms

The high-frequency components in the traditional multi-scale transform method are approximately sparse, which can represent different information of the details. But in the low-frequency component, the coefficients around the zero value are very few, so we cannot sparsely represent low-frequency image information. The low-frequency component contains the main energy of the image and depicts the profile of the image. Direct fusion of the low-frequency component will not be conducive to obtain highly accurate fusion result. Therefore, this paper presents an infrared and visible image fusion method combining the multi-scale and top-hat transforms. On one hand, the new top-hat-transform can effectively extract the salient features of the low-frequency component. On the other hand, the multi-scale transform can extract highfrequency detailed information in multiple scales and from diverse directions. The combination of the two methods is conducive to the acquisition of more characteristics and more accurate fusion results. Among them, for the low-frequency component, a new type of top-hat transform is used to extract low-frequency features, and then different fusion rules are applied to fuse the low-frequency features and low-frequency background; for high-frequency components, the product of characteristics method is used to integrate the detailed information in high-frequency. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain more detailed information and clearer infrared target fusion results than the traditional multiscale transform methods. Compared with the state-of-the-art fusion methods based on sparse representation, the proposed algorithm is simple and efficacious, and the time consumption is significantly reduced.

Planar morphology and controlling factors of the gullies in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley based on field investigation

The plane form of a gully can provide a basis for evaluating the gully volume and erosion rate, acting process, and evolutionary stage. For describing the planar characteristics of a permanent gully and understanding their controlling factors, this study, utilizing a total station and GPS RTK, measured the shoulder lines and channel curves of 112 gullies in six sites of the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley and then mapped them by Arc GIS software and calculated nine parameters. The results showed that the channel lengths range from 10.88 to 249.11 m; the widths range from 6.20 to 40.99 m; the perimeters range from 54.11 to 541.67 m; the gully areas range from 153.02 to 6,930.30 m2; the left-side areas range from 92.93 to 4,027.20 m2; and the right-side areas range from 63.65 to 3,539.77 m2. The slightly sinuous and straight gullies account for 73.21% of the total gullies; the quantity of the right skewed gullies is 8.93% greater than that of the left skewed ones based on the symmetry ratio; the shape ratios range from 1.12 to 1.40 and the morphology ratios from 0.038 to 1.294; the fractal dimension is 1.192. Gullies in different sites have diverse planar characteristics. Except for the symmetry index, which was close to a negatively skewed distribution, all of the other parameters had the characteristic of positively skewed distribution. The gully area is related to the length and width, but the gully length has a weak correlation with the width. The evolutionary stage, topographic conditions, strata, soil properties, and piping erosion played very important roles in the gully planar morphology. This study could provide useful information for controlling gully erosion and safeguarding human habitation and engineering buildings.

Morphology and internal architecture of a banner bank off Chengshan Headland, Shandong Peninsula

A banner bank off the north coast of the Chengshan Headland, Shandong Peninsula, has been described on the basis of echo sounder bathymetry, side-scan sonar and high-resolution seismic data sets. The bank is in NWW direction, approximately parallel to the coastline. The bank consists of sandy silt or clayed silt. Sand waves and megaripples are observed on the north side, which result from strong tidal currents around the headland and storm waves in winter. These bed forms indicate that the bank is influenced by the modern hydrodynamics. The bank is separated from the coast and Holocene subaqueous clinoform around the Shandong Peninsula in its east part. High-resolution seismic profiles reveal that the bank was formed during two periods： the earlier seismic unit Ua, and later seismic units Ub and Uc which overlays Ua with erosional surfaces on its south side and north side, respectively. As comparing with the clinoform, the bank has a different internal architecture. In the west of the bank, however, topography and surface sediment characteristics suggest that the bank links to the clinoform. The authors propose that seismic Ua is a residual part of early clinoform deposit. After the sediments in the north and south of Ua were eroded by strong currents, the Ub and Uc started to deposit probably by a complex hydrodynamic process. These results provide new insights into the evolution of the bank and its relation with the Holocene subqueous clinoform.

城市建筑立体复合形态演变及机制——以巴黎为例

选取3个不同时期具有立体复合特征的巴黎城市项目为样本,呈现了从集权式的大尺度整体建设逐渐转向多元主体掌控的精细化、小颗粒度协作开发的形态演变进程;通过形态与价值观念和政策制度的关联分析,揭示了其内在成因机制;从建筑三维形体、功能立体布局、建筑与城市渗透性、建筑高度、公共空间品质等方面出发,总结了巴黎城市以立体复合利用为特征的精细化管控体系与方法.最后,通过对3个项目的回溯与总结,提出目标、制度、策略的协同共进是实现城市建筑立体复合形态的重要基础,并对我国城市规划设计及管控提出了建立多元主体协商机制、采用三维形态管控方法、构建城市与建筑一体化管控指标、明确总师责权的建议.

工艺参数对电弧增材制造工件的影响

电弧增材制造具有高沉积速率、高质量、无尺寸限制的特点,能够满足具有高机械性能要求的中大型部件的制作需求。电弧增材制造AlMg合金过程中制备工艺参数对工件的宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能均会产生重要影响。本文通过研究焊丝盘松紧度、焊接速度、焊接电流和层间等待时间对电弧增材制造AlMg合金成形的影响,确定了最佳制备工艺参数。研究表明,焊丝盘松紧度为2时,增材设备送丝顺畅,焊道成形效果好;焊道成形与热输入有关,焊接速度越小,增材过程产生的热输入值越大,当焊接速度为36 cm/min时,单道焊缝的成形缺陷最少,成形效果良好;焊接电流越大,增材过程产生的热输入值就越大,当焊接电流为65 A时,焊道形貌均匀;层间等待时间增加到150 s时,合金晶粒为均匀细小的等轴晶,平均晶粒尺寸降至52.9μm。

CO_(2)间接矿化工业固废制备多晶型碳酸钙研究进展

CO_(2)和工业固体废弃物的排放量逐年上升,威胁人类的生存和发展,世界各国迫切寻求降碳减排的解决路径。研究人员基于钙、镁元素与CO_(2)反应生成稳定的碳酸盐反应,开发出一系列CO_(2)矿化工艺,实现CO_(2)的永久封存。为实现CO_(2)的大规模封存和含钙固废的高值化利用,降低矿化成本,选取廉价易得的含钙工业固体废弃物为矿化原料,从多晶型微纳米碳酸钙的制备入手,总结了含钙工业固废浸取和CO_(2)间接矿化的最新研究进展,介绍了含钙工业固废间接矿化常用的浸取剂,并着重分析了间接矿化制备微纳米碳酸钙时反应条件和晶型控制剂对碳酸钙晶型和形貌产生的影响,对其控制原理进行了解释说明,总结了CO_(2)间接矿化含钙固废当前存在的技术难点,展望了未来的研究重点。国内外结果表明,调变温度、pH、搅拌速率以及CO_(2)通气速率等矿化反应条件或添加晶型控制剂能有效控制碳酸钙的晶型、形貌和尺寸。利用含钙工业固体废弃物间接矿化CO_(2)制备微纳米碳酸钙能够满足不同领域对碳酸钙的使用要求,能带来经济效益和环境效益,具有广阔的发展前景。

不同氮素形态配比对花榈木幼苗根系生长及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为探究最适于花榈木幼苗生长的氮素形态配比,采用氮素形态配比为NH_(4)^(+)∶NO_(3)^(-)=10∶0、5∶5、0∶10及以改良霍格兰标准营养液为对照的营养液,共4个处理,对花榈木1 a生幼苗进行处理。结果表明,处理期间氮素配比为NH_(4)^(+)∶NO_(3)^(-)=5∶5时,花榈木幼苗根系形态指标及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均显著大于其他处理,可知花榈木幼苗根系喜欢混合氮源,且铵硝1∶1均衡配比更利于氮素吸收和代谢,而单一氮源营养液对于花榈木幼苗生长的促进效果不佳,其中全铵营养液会抑制幼苗生长,降低硝酸还原酶活性。

天津市中心城区典型城市形态原型中建筑形态的热环境效应

以天津市中心城区为例,使用Landsat-8遥感影像反演地表温度(LST),以表征城市热环境。同时,采用建筑数据量化17种建筑形态指标,并识别9种典型城市形态原型。在此基础上,分析不同城市形态原型间的地表温度差异,并用多元线性逐步回归方法探究不同城市形态原型中建筑形态的热环境效应。结果表明:①不同城市形态原型之间的夏季地表温度差异显著,低层高密度区地表温度均值最高,高层低密度区最低;②不同城市形态原型中建筑形态对夏季地表温度均有显著影响,但影响程度存在差异;③不同城市形态原型中各建筑形态因素对夏季地表温度影响方向一致,但重要性存在差异。因此,城市开发和更新中应关注城市形态模式和建筑形态,提出因地制宜的建筑形态调控策略。

2219铝合金CMT电弧增材熔滴过渡行为

在冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)电弧增材制造过程中,熔池的流动行为极易受到电弧和熔滴的影响,从而严重影响堆积层的稳定性和成形件质量.该文利用高速摄影结果及电信号参数波形图,引入热输入量计算公式,从特征电信号、熔滴过渡特征量、热输入量等方面定量分析了CMT+P模式下送丝速度及脉冲修正系数对熔滴过渡过程及单道成形形貌的影响,同时分析了脉冲变极性冷金属过渡(Advanced CMT,CMT+PA)模式下送丝速度及控制面板上的EP/EN修正系数η对熔滴过渡过程及单道成形形貌的影响,为后续工艺优化提供参考和指导.

激光热应力成形弯折区形貌演变规律研究

目的针对激光热应力成形弯折区增厚现象,揭示激光热输入、弯曲角度和成形机制对弯曲过程的影响,以及弯折区域形貌的演变规律,为提高激光热应力成形弯折区域的形貌可控性提供参考。方法采用高速相机拍摄成形过程中热输入和弯曲角度对弯折区的宏/微观形貌的作用效果,并采用共聚焦显微镜观察试样的宏观形貌,采用光学显微镜分析微观组织,通过维氏显微硬度计测量弯折区附近材料的硬度分布情况,同时结合温度场数值模拟和表面张力理论分析,揭示弯折区形貌的影响因素及形成机制。结果在低比能作用下,弯折区的熔融材料在激光扫描结束后快速凝固,并在扫描次数逐渐增加的过程中其表面逐渐隆起,并形成凸起状形貌,表面粗糙度随着扫描次数的增加呈现上升趋势,由5.5μm增至37.6μm。在高比能作用下,熔融材料的流动性得到提升,并在表面张力的作用下充分铺展,宏观形貌由凸变平,最后呈现凹形形貌,表面粗糙度随着扫描次数的增加呈现相反的变化趋势,由31.7μm减至5.8μm。此外,在塑性成形过程中,熔池流动仍受到成形角两侧壁面的限制。硬度测试结果表明,激光热应力成形弯折熔凝区域的硬度略高于基体的硬度,热影响区的硬度比基体的硬度降低了40%。结论激光热输入、弯曲角度和成形机制会影响弯折区材料表面的挤压、熔化、流动、凝固过程,以及材料内部的温度梯度和界面表面张力,在这些因素的影响下弯折区域的轮廓形貌、成形粗糙度、显微组织和硬度分布发生了变化。

变功率加工对激光熔覆成形零件宏观形貌的影响

通过创新使用模拟加工过程中实时调控激光功率的方法,对该模拟进行实验验证。获得激光功率的实时改变对于成形温度场和热应力场分布的影响规律;同时也得到了改变加工方法后成形试件的温度云图与宏观形貌特征。结果表明:通过改变激光加工方法,可有效降低成形试样的温度叠加效应与试样成形后的热应力,但达到一定临界点后会降低薄壁件成形效果与粉末利用率。此外改变加工方式还可有效提升试样的高度与可塑性。在实际激光零件加工与修复中,应合理运用加工过中实时改变激光功率的加工方法,既可有效降低成形试样出现加工缺陷的概率,又可提高能源利用率。

挤压和车削成型方式对螺纹连接松动行为影响研究

针对7050铝合金车削成型和挤压成型的内螺纹开展损伤形貌分析和机械性能分析,基于自主研制的螺纹连接结构松动试验夹具和随机振动试验夹具,系统开展了在轴向激励下车削和挤压内螺纹/螺栓连接结构的松动行为研究。结果表明:内螺纹在挤压成型时材料发生塑性流动,螺纹表层组织呈流线分布,由于发生塑性变形时的冷作硬化,使得螺纹表面硬度高,质量好;挤压成型的内螺纹相较于车削成型的内螺纹更难以拉脱;挤压成型内螺纹的松动速率大于车削内螺纹;车削螺纹损伤程度比挤压螺纹严重,内螺纹的损伤主要集中在螺纹牙中部和牙底,螺纹表面损伤特征主要呈现为剥层、塑性变形以及犁沟。螺纹表面的磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损、磨粒磨损、粘着磨损。

过滤用纳米蛛网纤维的研究发展

对纳米蛛网纤维的形态特征及形成机理进行了探讨。纳米蛛网纤维是以普通静电纺纤维薄膜为基材,具有二类网状纤维材料,其结构类似于蜘蛛网。网状纤维材料的直径平均在20nm以下,在数量上比电纺纤维要小1个等级。并且对影响形态结构的因素,从纺丝液溶液浓度、溶液电导率以及纺丝工艺参数如加电压、接收距离等方面进行分析,纳米蛛网纤维所特有的形态特征赋予了其许多特殊的性能,其应用领域也在逐步增加,特别是在过滤领域越来越被科研人员所重视。这种纤维膜的比表面积非常大,而且它的蛛网状结构使其孔隙结构和一般静电纺纳米纤维膜的孔隙结构是不一样的。这种高比表面积和特殊的气孔结构,使纤维膜在过滤方面表现优异。后市行情发展前景十分乐观。

紫花苜蓿与3种生活型多年生禾草混播的根系构型差异

【目的】探讨豆禾混播草地牧草根系构型对混播组分和比例的响应。【方法】以紫花苜蓿分别与3种生活型禾草(匍匐茎型草地早熟禾、根茎型无芒雀麦和丛生型苇状羊茅)以豆禾比为7∶3、5∶5和3∶7建植的人工草地为研究对象,以各草种单播为对照,测定不同混播处理下各组分的根系形态和构型特征。【结果】混播改变了牧草根系形态和构型,各草种通过增大总根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数,减小根直径,优化拓扑结构,增强空间占有能力和提高根系发达程度等生态策略来响应竞争环境,进而使得混播草地增产。但较高比例的紫花苜蓿会阻碍苇状羊茅根系的生长和产量。较单播草地而言,混播草地牧草根系分支结构均有由叉状分支向鱼尾状分支转变的趋势。混播处理下各草种根系性状变异明显,紫花苜蓿根系性状变异主要表现在根尖数,变异系数为51.95%,草地早熟禾匍匐茎型根系性状变异主要表现在拓扑指数,变异系数为81.13%,无芒雀麦根茎型根系和苇状羊茅根系性状变异主要表现在根体积,变异系数分别为52.29%和29.17%。【结论】以紫花苜蓿分别与3生活型禾草3∶7混播时豆科牧草与禾本科牧草根系发育程度和混播草地增产率较高。

满铁奉天公所建筑演变历程与形式特征

研究对满铁奉天公所的建筑演变历程进行了梳理总结,并根据两次建筑扩建情况将其划分为3个阶段;分别从整体布局形式、建筑内部空间形式、建筑形构与立面形式等层面对建筑特征进行分析;据此,对融于建筑形式中的“和洋折衷”风格和中国传统建筑风格及其产生的背景进行了解析;最后,对建筑本体价值进行了阐释。

人工前丘槽形风蚀坑形态变化及其动力学机制——以福建平潭岛为例

风蚀坑是风沙地貌学的重要研究对象,风蚀坑形态−动力过程是风蚀坑研究的核心问题。近期人为干扰促使海岸人工前丘产生后,伴随着大量风蚀坑的出现亟待开展相应研究,但目前缺少关于人工前丘上发育的风蚀坑的相关研究。选择人工前丘上风蚀坑发育典型的平潭岛为研究区域,运用高精度RTK GPS对人工前丘上的槽形风蚀坑进行重复地形测量和使用二维超声波风速仪进行气流观测,研究了槽形风蚀坑形态变化与气流的反馈机制。结果表明:①人工前丘槽形风蚀坑受人工黏土结构控制,形成了一个输沙通道→完全发育风蚀坑→消亡阶段风蚀坑→新的输沙通道4个阶段的特殊演化模式;②槽形风蚀坑的形态控制了气流在侵蚀盆内的循环,这种正反馈促进了侵蚀盆的增长;③风蚀坑形态−动力过程之间存在一个过程塑造形态、形态影响过程运行方式的双向反馈,尤其是随着风向与槽形风蚀坑长轴向夹角(48°~99°)的不断增大,风蚀坑内气流偏转越明显,且存在大型螺旋流。