Transition from a filamentary mode to a diffuse one with varying distance from needle to stream of an argon plasma jet

Plasma jet has extensive application potentials in various fields, which normally operates in a diffuse mode when helium is used as the working gas. However, when less expensive argon is used, the plasma jet often operates in a filamentary mode. Compared to the filamentary mode, the diffuse mode is more desirable for applications. Hence, many efforts have been exerted to accomplish the diffuse mode of the argon plasma jet. In this paper, a novel single-needle argon plasma jet is developed to obtain the diffuse mode. It is found that the plasma jet operates in the filamentary mode when the distance from the needle tip to the central line of the argon stream(d) is short. It transits to the diffuse mode with increasing d. For the diffuse mode, there is always one discharge pulse per voltage cycle, which initiates at the rising edge of the positive voltage. For comparison, the number of discharge pulse increases with an increase in the peak voltage for the filamentary mode. Fast photography reveals that the plasma plume in the filamentary mode results from a guided positive streamer,which propagates in the argon stream. However, the plume in the diffuse mode originates from a branched streamer, which propagates in the interfacial layer between the argon stream and the surrounding air. By optical emission spectroscopy,plasma parameters are investigated for the two discharge modes, which show a similar trend with increasing d. The diffuse mode has lower electron temperature, electron density, vibrational temperature, and gas temperature compared to the filamentary mode.

Effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids by using the Lord-Shulman and dual-phase-lag models

The effects of rotation and gravity on an electro-magneto-thermoelastic medium with diffusion and voids in a generalized thermoplastic half-space are studied by using the Lord-Shulman (L-S) model and the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model. The analytical solutions for the displacements, stresses, temperature, diffusion concentration, and volume fraction field with different values of the magnetic field, the rotation, the gravity, and the initial stress are obtained and portrayed graphically. The results indicate that the effects of gravity, rotation, voids, diffusion, initial stress, and electromagnetic field are very pronounced on the physical properties of the material.

Time-frequency analysis of Li solid-phase diffusion in spherical active particles under typical discharge modes

Li transient concentration distribution in spherical active material particles can affect the maximum power density and the safe operating regime of the electric vehicles(EVs). On one hand, the quasiexact/exact solution obtained in the time/frequency domain is time-consuming and just as a reference value for approximate solutions;on the other hand, calculation errors and application range of approximate solutions not only rely on approximate algorithms but also on discharge modes. For the purpose to track the transient dynamics for Li solid-phase diffusion in spherical active particles with a tolerable error range and for a wide applicable range, it is necessary to choose optimal approximate algorithms in terms of discharge modes and the nature of active material particles. In this study, approximation methods,such as diffusion length method, polynomial profile approximation method, Padé approximation method,pseudo steady state method, eigenfunction-based Galerkin collocation method, and separation of variables method for solving Li solid-phase diffusion in spherical active particles are compared from calculation fundamentals to algorithm implementation. Furthermore, these approximate solutions are quantitatively compared to the quasi-exact/exact solution in the time/frequency domain under typical discharge modes, i.e., start-up, slow-down, and speed-up. The results obtained from the viewpoint of time-frequency analysis offer a theoretical foundation on how to track Li transient concentration profile in spherical active particles with a high precision and for a wide application range. In turn, optimal solutions of Li solid diffusion equations for spherical active particles can improve the reliability in predicting safe operating regime and estimating maximum power for automotive batteries.

DIFFUSION MODES IN A DIFFUSION-CELL ADSORBER

Theoretical considerations on diffusion modes of adsorbates in diffusion-cell adsorbers are being investigated. By studying the effects of the operating and model parameters on the response curves calculated by surface diffusion model and pore diffusion model, and noting the differences in the results, the following conditions are recommended for the prediction of the prevailing diffusion mode in diffusion-cell experimentsλ≤0.1,BiB≥100,and N≥1The theoretical prediction thus obtained checks well with experimental data taken from literature. New solutions are also presented for the surface diffusion model and the pore diffusion model with rectangular adsorption isotherm.

Stationary patterns in a discrete bistable reaction-diffusion system:mode analysis

This paper theoretically analyses and studies stationary patterns in diffusively coupled bistable elements. Since these stationary patterns consist of two types of stationary mode structure： kink and pulse, a mode analysis method is proposed to approximate the solutions of these localized basic modes and to analyse their stabilities. Using this method, it reconstructs the whole stationary patterns. The cellular mode structures （kink and pulse） in bistable media fundamentally differ from stationary patterns in monostable media showing spatial periodicity induced by a diffusive Taring bifurcation.

Super long-range diffusion of carbon during proeutectoid ferrite transformation

In order to explore the possible diffusion distance of carbon during proeutectoid ferrite transformation, a slow cooling test of low carbon steel was carried out under vacuum of the thermal simulator. The microstructure and thermal expansion curve were discussed and the carbon concentration inside the sample was measured. The ferrite layer of about 450 μm thickness was obtained without pearlite on the surface of the sample in the microstructure. The thermal expansion curve shows that the ferrite layer without pearlite is formed during the local phase transformation, which is followed by the global transformation. The carbon concentration in the core of the sample (0.061%) is significantly higher than that of the bulk material (0.054%). All results show that carbon has long-range diffusion from the outer layer to the inner layer of the sample. The transformation is predominantly interface-controlled mode during local transformation, and the interface migration rate is about 2.25 μm/s.

An approach for choosing discretization schemes and grid size based on the convection-diffusion equation

A new approach for selecting proper discretization schemes and grid size is presented. This method is based on the convection-diffusion equation and can provide insight for the Navier-Stokes equation. The approach mainly addresses two aspects, i.e., the practical accuracy of diffusion term discretization and the behavior of high wavenum- ber disturbances. Two criteria are included in this approach. First, numerical diffusion should not affect the theoretical diffusion accuracy near the length scales of interest. This is achieved by requiring numerical diffusion to be smaller than the diffusion discretization error. Second, high wavenumber modes that are.much smaller than the length scales of interest should not be amplified. These two criteria provide a range of suitable scheme combinations for convective flux and diffusive flux and an ideal interval for grid spacing. The effects of time discretization on these criteria are briefly discussed.

Study on the Diffusion Performance of Standard E-Government Information Systems

Standard e-government information system(SEIS) including mobile-government applications are playing more and more important roles in the establishing of national e-government framework. It can be beneficial not only for avoiding redundant e-government IS development but also for improving collaboration among government agencies. Two research questions were explored: what are the factors influencing the performance of SEIS? Will mandatory SEIS create a better performance than non-mandatory SEIS? Specifically, the use of five categories of IS aspects--information system quality, online service quality, offline service quality, diffusion modes and standard network size—is proposed to understand the performance of SEIS through applying both survey study and simulation study. The results show that information system quality and online service quality of SEIS have strong effects on users' expectation and users' satisfaction, which thereafter promotes the performance of SEIS. Government agencies' offline service quality shows a significant effect on users' satisfaction while not on users' expectation. Furthermore, the diffusion speed of SEIS in non-mandatory and mandatory modes and the standard network size also have great influence on the utility of SEIS.

Direct evidence for efficient scattering of suprathermal electrons by whistler mode waves in the Martian magnetosphere

Whistler mode waves are critical emissions in magnetized plasmas that usually influence the electron dynamics in a planetary magnetosphere.In this paper,we present a unique event in the Martian magnetosphere in which enhanced whistler mode waves(~10^(−11) V^(2)/m^(2)/Hz)with frequency of 0.1 f_(ce)-0.5 f_(ce) occurred,based on MAVEN data,exactly corresponding to a significant decrease of suprathermal electron fluxes.The diffusion coefficients are calculated by using the observed electric field wave spectra.The pitch angle diffusion coefficient can approach 10^(−2) s^(−1),which is much larger,by~100 times,than the momentum diffusion coefficient,indicating that pitch angle scattering dominates the whistler-electron resonance process.The current results can successfully explain the dropout of the suprathermal electrons in this event.This study provides direct evidence for whistler-driven electron losses in the Martian magnetosphere.

汽车发动机尾气排放污染分析方法设计与模拟

为提高汽车发动机尾气排放污染参数控制的准确性,采用跟车尾气测试系统对汽车发动机尾气排放因子进行计算及扩散模拟分析。利用路试直接采样法测试尾气排放污染参数,并对其进行精准计算,再利用点源高斯扩散模型进行模拟分析,并采用CALINE4模式对点源高斯模型进行修正,以获得精准的分析结果。分析结果表明,所提方法对排放因子的计算结果与实际结果误差较小,维持在0.5 g/km以内,且对排放因子扩散分析符合实际情况,具有较高的准确性,有利于城市交通污染控制及大气环境质量的提升。

数字技术扩散推动企业商业模式创新的战略导向中介机理

数字技术逐渐扩散到传统产业,传统的商业模式已然无法适应数字技术的迅速发展,如何利用数字技术推动商业模式创新,逐渐受到学者的关注。文章聚焦数字技术扩散对商业模式创新的影响,以数字化战略导向为中介变量,数字化应用场景、数字化投入为调节变量,选取40家制造企业2011—2021年面板数据为样本,采取层级回归和Bootstrap方法实证检验的方法,探究数字技术扩散对商业模式创新的影响机制。研究得出:数字技术扩散对商业模式创新有显著的正向作用;数字化战略导向在数字技术扩散对商业模式创新的作用中具有中介效应;数字化应用场景在数字技术扩散对商业模式创新的作用中具有调节效应;数字化投入在数字化战略导向对商业模式创新的影响中具有调节效应。文章基于研究结论,提出相关对策建议。

活性粒子强化剪切稀化流体扩散传质规律研究

选用典型模型大肠杆菌代表活性粒子,改变温度、悬浮液中菌数浓度、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)质量分数以及细菌活性(活菌和死菌),测量Rhodamine B在不同条件下剪切稀化流体基中的扩散系数。结果表明,大肠杆菌的加入可以有效强化Rhodamine B在剪切稀化流体基中的扩散;扩散系数与悬浮液温度和细菌菌数浓度呈正相关,而与CMC质量分数呈现出负相关;Rhodamine B的活性扩散系数与温度和菌数浓度呈正相关。均方位移随时间的变化图像表明,Rhodamine B在当前实验的时间段内表现为亚扩散行为,且随着扩散时间延长扩散指数变大。

Non-isothermal Crystallization and Thermal Transformation Behaviors of Plasma Sprayed Fe_(48)Cr_(15)Mo_(14)C_(15)B_(6)Y_(2)Amorphous Coating

The non-isothermal crystallization dynamic behavior and mechanism of plasma sprayed Fe_(48)Cr_(15)Mo_(14)C_(15)B_(6)Y_(2)coating were thoroughly studied.The phase transition and crystallization kinetics of the coating were elaborately investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The findings reveal that the characteristic temperatures of the coating shift to an elevated temperature at a higher heating rate and the crystallization processes are thermally activated.The 3-rd step of crystallization processes is more susceptible to the continuously increased heating rate while the onset crystallization reaction is less sensitive to the continuously enhanced heating rate.Fe_(23)(C,B)_6 phase is inclined to precipitate than other crystal phases due to the substantial pre-generation ofα-Fe.The onset nucleation and growth ofα-Fe crystals is tough due to a higher onset apparent activation energy.Meanwhile,the transformation from Fe_(23)(C,B)_(6)to FeB is harder in comparison with the precipitation of other crystals.The most parts of the three crystallization processes are dominated by three-dimensional diffusion model due to the fact that most values of local Avrami exponent are higher than 2.5.

基于高局域化FBG的液相扩散过程监测方法研究

提出了一种利用高局域化光纤布拉格光栅测量液相扩散过程的方法。采用飞秒激光和相位掩模法在载氢的普通单模光纤中成功制备了一种高局域化光纤布拉格光栅,其折射率变化区域在光束入射方向上高度局域在纤芯中,从而在透射光谱中除了具有纤芯模式对应的损耗峰之外,还具有丰富的包层模式对应的损耗峰,纤芯模式和包层模式对应的损耗峰分别达-17.6 dB和-17.2 dB。实验测得光栅截止模式对液体折射率很敏感,截止模式对应的损耗峰中心波长随液体折射率呈线性变化,折射率灵敏度为531.69 nm/RIU,而纤芯模式几乎不随液体折射率发生改变,可用于折射率测量过程中的温度补偿。将高局域化光纤布拉格光栅布设在两种液体的分界面处时,随着液相扩散过程的进行,光纤周围液体的折射率发生变化,通过监测高局域化光纤布拉格光栅透射光谱中截止模式中心波长的变化,实现了对液相扩散过程的原位实时监测。

速度-准确性权衡的计算模型和其神经机制

速度-准确性权衡是决策和动作控制中常见的现象,人类和动物通常需要在确保正确率和提高反应速度之间做出权衡。研究人员通常使用计算模型对速度-准确性权衡进行建模。本文回顾了经典序列抽样模型和紧迫性信号类模型对速度-准确性权衡的解释,总结了相关的神经成像研究。未来的研究应关注情境对速度-准确性权衡策略的影响,探索其与人格特质和其他认知功能的关系,进一步完善速度-准确性权衡的神经机制和计算模型之间的联系。

Does the Negative Arctic Oscillation Always Favor Winter PM_(2.5) Diffusion in North China?

Previous studies have reported a close relationship between the negative Arctic Oscillation(AO)and the PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less)diffusion in North China in winter.Using the North China regional mean meridional wind at 850 hPa derived from the ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis version 5)reanalysis data in 1979–2022 as a useful substitute for station observed PM_(2.5) concentration(since the latter is available only since 2014),our study detected strong/weak northerly events representing the abnormal PM_(2.5) diffusion/accumulation events,and revisited the AO–PM_(2.5) diffusion relationship in North China during 1979–2022.The results show that only when the AO was characterized by a 2-month continuously negative/positive phases and with twin peaks respectively before and after the diffusion/accumulation events,would there be higher occurrences of the abnormal PM_(2.5) diffusion/accumulation.The second peak of negative AO acted to prolong the strong northerly winds by an average of 2 days.Further analysis reveals that the AO with twin peaks always has a footprint in the stratospheric northern annular mode(NAM)during the abnormal PM_(2.5) events,and the coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere plays a critical role in the second peak of AO.Vertical propagation of baroclinically amplifying waves leads to changes in isentropic meridional mass fluxes in the stratosphere following the changes in the troposphere.The stronger/weaker poleward mass fluxes increase/decrease the polar mass in the stratosphere,which dominates the total column air mass changes and leads to the second peak of AO.Considering the subseasonal predictability of the stratospheric NAM based on existing evidence,particular attention should be paid to these AO-related abnormal PM_(2.5) diffusion and accumulation events in North China because they might be more predictable at a longer lead time.

Three-Dimensional Multi-Phase Microscopic Simulation of Service Life of Recycled Large Aggregate Self-Compacting Concrete

Recycled large aggregate self-compacting concrete (RLA-SCC) within multiple weak areas. These weak areas have poor resistance to chloride ion erosion, which affects the service life of RLA-SCC in the marine environment. A three-dimensional multi-phase mesoscopic numerical model of RLA-SCC was established to simulate the chloride ions transportation in concrete. Experiments of RLA-SCC immersing in chloride solution were carried out to verify the simulation results. The effects of recycled large aggregate (RLA) content and RLA particle size on the service life of concrete were explored. The results indicate that the mesoscopic numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. At the same depth, the closer to the surface of the RLA, the greater the chloride ion concentration. The service life of RLA-SCC in marine environment decreases with the increase of RLA content. Compared with the service life of 20% content, the service life of 25% and 30% content decreased by 20% and 42% respectively. Increasing the particle size of RLA can effectively improve the service life of RLA-SCC in chloride environment. Compared with the service life of 50 mm particle size, the service life of 70 mm and 90 mm increased by 61% and 163%, respectively. .

陆上输油管道溢油扩散的三维态势推演模型

为了评估陆上输油管道溢油的危害范围,以陆上输油管道溢油扩散事故为研究对象,设计三维态势推演模型。将计算得到的陆上输油管道溢油速度、溢油量等参数作为模型的输入项,设置质量守恒和动量守恒作为三维态势推演模型的约束条件。模拟陆上输油管道的溢油过程,在相关条件的约束下,实现横向扩散和纵向渗透的态势推演,综合考虑蒸发和吸附现象,调整态势推演结果,输出横向扩散范围、纵向渗透深度等参数的推演结果。通过模型分析实验得出结论:与传统推演模型相比,优化设计模型的横向扩散面积推演误差和纵向扩散深度推演误差分别降低约3.57 m~2和0.2 m,即优化设计模型在态势推演精度性能方面具有明显优势。

Studies on fluid model for numerical simulation of gas discharges in color plasma displays

The fluid models of gas discharge in alternating current plasma display panel (AC PDP) cell are discussed. From the Boltzmann equation, the hydrodynamic equations are derived, but this model consumes much computa- tional time for simulation. The drift-diffusion approximation model and the local field approximation model are ob- tained to simplify the numerical computation, and the approximation conditions of these two models are discussed in detail. The drift-diffusion approximation model gives more satisfactory result for PDP simulation, and the expression of energy balance equation is given completely in this model.

Study of the Discharge Mode in Micro-Hollow Cathode

In this study, micro-hollow cathode discharge （MHCD） is investigated by a fluid model with drift-diffusion approximation. The MHC device is a cathode/dielectric/anode sandwich structure with one hole of a diameter D=200 um. The gas is a Ne/Xe mixture at a pressure p=50-500 Torr. The evolutions of the discharge show that there are two different discharge modes. At larger pD the discharge plasma and high density excited species expand along the cathode surface and, a ringed discharge mode is formed. At smaller pD, the discharge plasma and the excited species expand along the axis of the cathode aperture to form a columnar discharge.