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An Intelligent SDN-IoT Enabled Intrusion Detection System for Healthcare Systems Using a Hybrid Deep Learning and Machine Learning Approach 被引量:1
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作者 R Arthi S Krishnaveni Sherali Zeadally 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第10期267-287,共21页
The advent of pandemics such as COVID-19 significantly impacts human behaviour and lives every day.Therefore,it is essential to make medical services connected to internet,available in every remote location during the... The advent of pandemics such as COVID-19 significantly impacts human behaviour and lives every day.Therefore,it is essential to make medical services connected to internet,available in every remote location during these situations.Also,the security issues in the Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)used in these service,make the situation even more critical because cyberattacks on the medical devices might cause treatment delays or clinical failures.Hence,services in the healthcare ecosystem need rapid,uninterrupted,and secure facilities.The solution provided in this research addresses security concerns and services availability for patients with critical health in remote areas.This research aims to develop an intelligent Software Defined Networks(SDNs)enabled secure framework for IoT healthcare ecosystem.We propose a hybrid of machine learning and deep learning techniques(DNN+SVM)to identify network intrusions in the sensor-based healthcare data.In addition,this system can efficiently monitor connected devices and suspicious behaviours.Finally,we evaluate the performance of our proposed framework using various performance metrics based on the healthcare application scenarios.the experimental results show that the proposed approach effectively detects and mitigates attacks in the SDN-enabled IoT networks and performs better that other state-of-art-approaches. 展开更多
关键词 deep neural network healthcare intrusion detection system IOT machine learning software-defined networks
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A Data Intrusion Tolerance Model Based on an Improved Evolutionary Game Theory for the Energy Internet
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作者 Song Deng Yiming Yuan 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第6期3679-3697,共19页
Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suf... Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suffered from problems such as low adaptability,policy lag,and difficulty in determining the degree of tolerance.To address these issues,we propose a novel adaptive intrusion tolerance model based on game theory that enjoys two-fold ideas:(1)it constructs an improved replica of the intrusion tolerance model of the dynamic equation evolution game to induce incentive weights;and (2)it combines a tournament competition model with incentive weights to obtain optimal strategies for each stage of the game process.Extensive experiments are conducted in the IEEE 39-bus system,whose results demonstrate the feasibility of the incentive weights,confirm the proposed strategy strengthens the system’s ability to tolerate aggression,and improves the dynamic adaptability and response efficiency of the aggression-tolerant system in the case of limited resources. 展开更多
关键词 Energy Internet intrusion tolerance game theory racial competition adaptive intrusion response
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Igneous intrusion contact metamorphic system and its reservoir characteristics:A case study of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin,China
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作者 LI Wenke WU Xiaozhou +3 位作者 LI Yandong ZHANG Yan ZHANG Xin WANG Hai 《Petroleum Exploration and Development》 SCIE 2024年第2期320-336,共17页
Taking the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin as an example,this study comprehensively utilizes seismic,mud logging,well logging,physical property analysis and core thin section data to inves... Taking the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin as an example,this study comprehensively utilizes seismic,mud logging,well logging,physical property analysis and core thin section data to investigate the metamorphic reservoir formed by contact metamorphism after igneous rock intrusion.(1)A geological model of the igneous intrusion contact met amorphic system is proposed,which can be divided into five structural layers vertically:the intrusion,upper metamorphic aureole,lower metamorphic aureole,normal sedimentary layers on the roof and floor.(2)The intrusion is characterized by xenoliths indicating intrusive facies at the top,regular changes in rock texture and mineral crystallization from the center to the edge on a microscopic scale,and low-angle oblique penetrations of the intrusion through sedimentary strata on a macroscopic scale.The metamorphic aureole has characteristics such as sedimentary rocks as the host rock,typical palimpsest textures developed,various low-temperature thermal metamorphic minerals developed,and medium-low grade thermal metamorphic rocks as the lithology.(3)The reservoir in contact metamorphic aureole has two types of reservoir spaces:matrix pores and fractures.The matrix pores are secondary"intergranular pores"distributed around metamorphic minerals after thermal metamorphic transformation in metasandstones.The fractures are mainly structural fractures and intrusive compressive fractures in metamudstones.The reservoirs generally have three spatial distribution characteristics:layered,porphyritic and hydrocarbon impregnation along fracture.(4)The distribution of reservoirs in the metamorphic aureole is mainly controlled by the intensity of thermal baking.Furthermore,the distribution of favorable reservoirs is controlled by the coupling of favorable lithofacies and thermal contact metamorphism,intrusive compression and hydrothermal dissolution.The proposal and application of the geological model of the intrusion contact metamorphic system are expected to promote the discovery of exploration targets of contact metamorphic rock in Nanpu sag,and provide a reference for the study and exploration of deep contact metamorphic rock reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin. 展开更多
关键词 intrusion contact metamorphic aureole intrusion contact metamorphic system reservoir characteristics CENOZOIC Paleogene Shahejie Formation Nanpu sag Bohai Bay Basin
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Strengthening Network Security: Deep Learning Models for Intrusion Detectionwith Optimized Feature Subset and Effective Imbalance Handling
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作者 Bayi Xu Lei Sun +2 位作者 Xiuqing Mao Chengwei Liu Zhiyi Ding 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第2期1995-2022,共28页
In recent years,frequent network attacks have highlighted the importance of efficient detection methods for ensuring cyberspace security.This paper presents a novel intrusion detection system consisting of a data prep... In recent years,frequent network attacks have highlighted the importance of efficient detection methods for ensuring cyberspace security.This paper presents a novel intrusion detection system consisting of a data prepro-cessing stage and a deep learning model for accurately identifying network attacks.We have proposed four deep neural network models,which are constructed using architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM),Bidirectional Gate Recurrent Unit(BiGRU),and Attention mechanism.These models have been evaluated for their detection performance on the NSL-KDD dataset.To enhance the compatibility between the data and the models,we apply various preprocessing techniques and employ the particle swarm optimization algorithm to perform feature selection on the NSL-KDD dataset,resulting in an optimized feature subset.Moreover,we address class imbalance in the dataset using focal loss.Finally,we employ the BO-TPE algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of the four models,maximizing their detection performance.The test results demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of extracting the spatiotemporal features of network traffic data effectively.In binary and multiclass experiments,it achieved accuracy rates of 0.999158 and 0.999091,respectively,surpassing other state-of-the-art methods. 展开更多
关键词 intrusion detection CNN BiLSTM BiGRU ATTENTION
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Influence of typhoon MITAG on the Kuroshio intrusion in the Luzon Strait during early fall 2019
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作者 Meng Liu Fukang Qi +2 位作者 Yunpeng Lin Yuping Yang Jingping Xu 《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第9期70-80,共11页
Typhoons in the western Pacific have a significant impact on the transport of heat,salt and particles through the Luzon Strait.However,there are very limited field observations of this impact because of extreme diffic... Typhoons in the western Pacific have a significant impact on the transport of heat,salt and particles through the Luzon Strait.However,there are very limited field observations of this impact because of extreme difficulties and even dangers for ship-based measurements during the rough weather.Here,we present the preliminary results from analyzing a dataset collected by a glider deployed west of the Luzon Strait a few days prior to the arrival of typhoon MITAG.The gilder data revealed an abnormally salinity(>34.8)subsurface water apparently sourced from Kuroshio intrusion during the typhoon.When typhoon MITAG traveled on the east of the Luzon Strait,the positive wind stress curl strengthened the cyclonic eddy and weakened the anti-cyclonic eddy.This led to a slowdown of Kuroshio and made its intrusion easier.The main axis of the Kuroshio at the northern part of the strait shifted westward after the typhoon and did not return to its original position until a week later.The Ekman transport from persistent northerly wind of typhoon MITAG was significant,but its importance in enhancing the Kuroshio intrusion is only secondary relative to the eddies variations. 展开更多
关键词 TYPHOON GLIDER Kuroshio intrusion Luzon Strait
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Cyber Security within Smart Cities:A Comprehensive Study and a Novel Intrusion Detection-Based Approach
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作者 Mehdi Houichi Faouzi Jaidi Adel Bouhoula 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第10期393-441,共49页
The expansion of smart cities,facilitated by digital communications,has resulted in an enhancement of the quality of life and satisfaction among residents.The Internet of Things(IoT)continually generates vast amounts ... The expansion of smart cities,facilitated by digital communications,has resulted in an enhancement of the quality of life and satisfaction among residents.The Internet of Things(IoT)continually generates vast amounts of data,which is subsequently analyzed to offer services to residents.The growth and development of IoT have given rise to a new paradigm.A smart city possesses the ability to consistently monitor and utilize the physical environment,providing intelligent services such as energy,transportation,healthcare,and entertainment for both residents and visitors.Research on the security and privacy of smart cities is increasingly prevalent.These studies highlight the cybersecurity risks and the challenges faced by smart city infrastructure in handling and managing personal data.To effectively uphold individuals’security and privacy,developers of smart cities must earn the trust of the public.In this article,we delve into the realms of privacy and security within smart city applications.Our comprehensive study commences by introducing architecture and various applications tailored to smart cities.Then,concerns surrounding security and privacy within these applications are thoroughly explored subsequently.Following that,we delve into several research endeavors dedicated to addressing security and privacy issues within smart city applications.Finally,we emphasize our methodology and present a case study illustrating privacy and security in smart city contexts.Our proposal consists of defining an Artificial Intelligence(AI)based framework that allows:Thoroughly documenting penetration attempts and cyberattacks;promptly detecting any deviations from security standards;monitoring malicious behaviors and accurately tracing their sources;and establishing strong controls to effectively repel and prevent such threats.Experimental results using the Edge-IIoTset(Edge Industrial Internet of Things Security Evaluation Test)dataset demonstrated good accuracy.They were compared to related state-of-theart works,which highlight the relevance of our proposal. 展开更多
关键词 Smart cities digital communications CYBERSECURITY PRIVACY intrusion detection
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A Robust Approach for Multi Classification-Based Intrusion Detection through Stacking Deep Learning Models
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作者 Samia Allaoua Chelloug 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第6期4845-4861,共17页
Intrusion detection is a predominant task that monitors and protects the network infrastructure.Therefore,many datasets have been published and investigated by researchers to analyze and understand the problem of intr... Intrusion detection is a predominant task that monitors and protects the network infrastructure.Therefore,many datasets have been published and investigated by researchers to analyze and understand the problem of intrusion prediction and detection.In particular,the Network Security Laboratory-Knowledge Discovery in Databases(NSL-KDD)is an extensively used benchmark dataset for evaluating intrusion detection systems(IDSs)as it incorporates various network traffic attacks.It is worth mentioning that a large number of studies have tackled the problem of intrusion detection using machine learning models,but the performance of these models often decreases when evaluated on new attacks.This has led to the utilization of deep learning techniques,which have showcased significant potential for processing large datasets and therefore improving detection accuracy.For that reason,this paper focuses on the role of stacking deep learning models,including convolution neural network(CNN)and deep neural network(DNN)for improving the intrusion detection rate of the NSL-KDD dataset.Each base model is trained on the NSL-KDD dataset to extract significant features.Once the base models have been trained,the stacking process proceeds to the second stage,where a simple meta-model has been trained on the predictions generated from the proposed base models.The combination of the predictions allows the meta-model to distinguish different classes of attacks and increase the detection rate.Our experimental evaluations using the NSL-KDD dataset have shown the efficacy of stacking deep learning models for intrusion detection.The performance of the ensemble of base models,combined with the meta-model,exceeds the performance of individual models.Our stacking model has attained an accuracy of 99%and an average F1-score of 93%for the multi-classification scenario.Besides,the training time of the proposed ensemble model is lower than the training time of benchmark techniques,demonstrating its efficiency and robustness. 展开更多
关键词 intrusion detection multi classification deep learning STACKING NSL-KDD
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Blockchain based federated learning for intrusion detection for Internet of Things
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作者 Nan SUN Wei WANG +1 位作者 Yongxin TONG Kexin LIU 《Frontiers of Computer Science》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第5期109-119,共11页
In Internet of Things(loT),data sharing among different devices can improve manufacture efficiency and reduce workload,and yet make the network systems be more vulnerable to various intrusion attacks.There has been re... In Internet of Things(loT),data sharing among different devices can improve manufacture efficiency and reduce workload,and yet make the network systems be more vulnerable to various intrusion attacks.There has been realistic demand to develop an efficient intrusion detection algorithm for connected devices.Most of existing intrusion detection methods are trained in a centralized manner and are incapable to identify new unlabeled attack types.In this paper,a distributed federated intrusion detection method is proposed,utilizing the information contained in the labeled data as the prior knowledge to discover new unlabeled attack types.Besides,the blockchain technique is introduced in the federated learning process for the consensus of the entire framework.Experimental results are provided to show that our approach can identify the malicious entities,while outperforming the existing methods in discovering new intrusion attack types. 展开更多
关键词 intrusion detection federated learning new attacks discovering blockchain
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Trusted Encrypted Traffic Intrusion Detection Method Based on Federated Learning and Autoencoder
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作者 Wang Zixuan Miao Cheng +3 位作者 Xu Yuhua Li Zeyi Sun Zhixin Wang Pan 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第8期211-235,共25页
With the rapid development of the Internet,network security and data privacy are increasingly valued.Although classical Network Intrusion Detection System(NIDS)based on Deep Learning(DL)models can provide good detecti... With the rapid development of the Internet,network security and data privacy are increasingly valued.Although classical Network Intrusion Detection System(NIDS)based on Deep Learning(DL)models can provide good detection accuracy,but collecting samples for centralized training brings the huge risk of data privacy leakage.Furthermore,the training of supervised deep learning models requires a large number of labeled samples,which is usually cumbersome.The“black-box”problem also makes the DL models of NIDS untrustworthy.In this paper,we propose a trusted Federated Learning(FL)Traffic IDS method called FL-TIDS to address the above-mentioned problems.In FL-TIDS,we design an unsupervised intrusion detection model based on autoencoders that alleviates the reliance on marked samples.At the same time,we use FL for model training to protect data privacy.In addition,we design an improved SHAP interpretable method based on chi-square test to perform interpretable analysis of the trained model.We conducted several experiments to evaluate the proposed FL-TIDS.We first determine experimentally the structure and the number of neurons of the unsupervised AE model.Secondly,we evaluated the proposed method using the UNSW-NB15 and CICIDS2017 datasets.The exper-imental results show that the unsupervised AE model has better performance than the other 7 intrusion detection models in terms of precision,recall and f1-score.Then,federated learning is used to train the intrusion detection model.The experimental results indicate that the model is more accurate than the local learning model.Finally,we use an improved SHAP explainability method based on Chi-square test to analyze the explainability.The analysis results show that the identification characteristics of the model are consistent with the attack characteristics,and the model is reliable. 展开更多
关键词 autoencoder federated learning intrusion detection model interpretation unsupervised learning
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Feature extraction for machine learning-based intrusion detection in IoT networks
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作者 Mohanad Sarhan Siamak Layeghy +2 位作者 Nour Moustafa Marcus Gallagher Marius Portmann 《Digital Communications and Networks》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第1期205-216,共12页
A large number of network security breaches in IoT networks have demonstrated the unreliability of current Network Intrusion Detection Systems(NIDSs).Consequently,network interruptions and loss of sensitive data have ... A large number of network security breaches in IoT networks have demonstrated the unreliability of current Network Intrusion Detection Systems(NIDSs).Consequently,network interruptions and loss of sensitive data have occurred,which led to an active research area for improving NIDS technologies.In an analysis of related works,it was observed that most researchers aim to obtain better classification results by using a set of untried combinations of Feature Reduction(FR)and Machine Learning(ML)techniques on NIDS datasets.However,these datasets are different in feature sets,attack types,and network design.Therefore,this paper aims to discover whether these techniques can be generalised across various datasets.Six ML models are utilised:a Deep Feed Forward(DFF),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),Recurrent Neural Network(RNN),Decision Tree(DT),Logistic Regression(LR),and Naive Bayes(NB).The accuracy of three Feature Extraction(FE)algorithms is detected;Principal Component Analysis(PCA),Auto-encoder(AE),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA),are evaluated using three benchmark datasets:UNSW-NB15,ToN-IoT and CSE-CIC-IDS2018.Although PCA and AE algorithms have been widely used,the determination of their optimal number of extracted dimensions has been overlooked.The results indicate that no clear FE method or ML model can achieve the best scores for all datasets.The optimal number of extracted dimensions has been identified for each dataset,and LDA degrades the performance of the ML models on two datasets.The variance is used to analyse the extracted dimensions of LDA and PCA.Finally,this paper concludes that the choice of datasets significantly alters the performance of the applied techniques.We believe that a universal(benchmark)feature set is needed to facilitate further advancement and progress of research in this field. 展开更多
关键词 Feature extraction Machine learning Network intrusion detection system IOT
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Deep Transfer Learning Techniques in Intrusion Detection System-Internet of Vehicles: A State-of-the-Art Review
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作者 Wufei Wu Javad Hassannataj Joloudari +8 位作者 Senthil Kumar Jagatheesaperumal Kandala N.V.P.SRajesh Silvia Gaftandzhieva Sadiq Hussain Rahimullah Rabih Najibullah Haqjoo Mobeen Nazar Hamed Vahdat-Nejad Rositsa Doneva 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第8期2785-2813,共29页
The high performance of IoT technology in transportation networks has led to the increasing adoption of Internet of Vehicles(IoV)technology.The functional advantages of IoV include online communication services,accide... The high performance of IoT technology in transportation networks has led to the increasing adoption of Internet of Vehicles(IoV)technology.The functional advantages of IoV include online communication services,accident prevention,cost reduction,and enhanced traffic regularity.Despite these benefits,IoV technology is susceptible to cyber-attacks,which can exploit vulnerabilities in the vehicle network,leading to perturbations,disturbances,non-recognition of traffic signs,accidents,and vehicle immobilization.This paper reviews the state-of-the-art achievements and developments in applying Deep Transfer Learning(DTL)models for Intrusion Detection Systems in the Internet of Vehicles(IDS-IoV)based on anomaly detection.IDS-IoV leverages anomaly detection through machine learning and DTL techniques to mitigate the risks posed by cyber-attacks.These systems can autonomously create specific models based on network data to differentiate between regular traffic and cyber-attacks.Among these techniques,transfer learning models are particularly promising due to their efficacy with tagged data,reduced training time,lower memory usage,and decreased computational complexity.We evaluate DTL models against criteria including the ability to transfer knowledge,detection rate,accurate analysis of complex data,and stability.This review highlights the significant progress made in the field,showcasing how DTL models enhance the performance and reliability of IDS-IoV systems.By examining recent advancements,we provide insights into how DTL can effectively address cyber-attack challenges in IoV environments,ensuring safer and more efficient transportation networks. 展开更多
关键词 Cyber-attacks internet of things internet of vehicles intrusion detection system
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ResNeSt-biGRU: An Intrusion Detection Model Based on Internet of Things
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作者 Yan Xiang Daofeng Li +2 位作者 Xinyi Meng Chengfeng Dong Guanglin Qin 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第4期1005-1023,共19页
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various sectors is driven by steadily increasingdemands for interconnected and smart technologies. Nevertheless, the surge in the number of IoT device has... The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across various sectors is driven by steadily increasingdemands for interconnected and smart technologies. Nevertheless, the surge in the number of IoT device hascaught the attention of cyber hackers, as it provides them with expanded avenues to access valuable data. Thishas resulted in a myriad of security challenges, including information leakage, malware propagation, and financialloss, among others. Consequently, developing an intrusion detection system to identify both active and potentialintrusion traffic in IoT networks is of paramount importance. In this paper, we propose ResNeSt-biGRU, a practicalintrusion detection model that combines the strengths of ResNeSt, a variant of Residual Neural Network, andbidirectionalGated RecurrentUnitNetwork (biGRU).Our ResNeSt-biGRUframework diverges fromconventionalintrusion detection systems (IDS) by employing this dual-layeredmechanism that exploits the temporal continuityand spatial feature within network data streams, a methodological innovation that enhances detection accuracy.In conjunction with this, we introduce the PreIoT dataset, a compilation of prevalent IoT network behaviors, totrain and evaluate IDSmodels with a focus on identifying potential intrusion traffics. The effectiveness of proposedscheme is demonstrated through testing, wherein it achieved an average accuracy of 99.90% on theN-BaIoT datasetas well as on the PreIoT dataset and 94.45% on UNSW-NB15 dataset. The outcomes of this research reveal thepotential of ResNeSt-biGRU to bolster security measures, diminish intrusion-related vulnerabilities, and preservethe overall security of IoT ecosystems. 展开更多
关键词 Internet of Things cyberattack intrusion detection internet security
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Network Security Enhanced with Deep Neural Network-Based Intrusion Detection System
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作者 Fatma S.Alrayes Mohammed Zakariah +2 位作者 Syed Umar Amin Zafar Iqbal Khan Jehad Saad Alqurni 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第7期1457-1490,共34页
This study describes improving network security by implementing and assessing an intrusion detection system(IDS)based on deep neural networks(DNNs).The paper investigates contemporary technical ways for enhancing intr... This study describes improving network security by implementing and assessing an intrusion detection system(IDS)based on deep neural networks(DNNs).The paper investigates contemporary technical ways for enhancing intrusion detection performance,given the vital relevance of safeguarding computer networks against harmful activity.The DNN-based IDS is trained and validated by the model using the NSL-KDD dataset,a popular benchmark for IDS research.The model performs well in both the training and validation stages,with 91.30%training accuracy and 94.38%validation accuracy.Thus,the model shows good learning and generalization capabilities with minor losses of 0.22 in training and 0.1553 in validation.Furthermore,for both macro and micro averages across class 0(normal)and class 1(anomalous)data,the study evaluates the model using a variety of assessment measures,such as accuracy scores,precision,recall,and F1 scores.The macro-average recall is 0.9422,the macro-average precision is 0.9482,and the accuracy scores are 0.942.Furthermore,macro-averaged F1 scores of 0.9245 for class 1 and 0.9434 for class 0 demonstrate the model’s ability to precisely identify anomalies precisely.The research also highlights how real-time threat monitoring and enhanced resistance against new online attacks may be achieved byDNN-based intrusion detection systems,which can significantly improve network security.The study underscores the critical function ofDNN-based IDS in contemporary cybersecurity procedures by setting the foundation for further developments in this field.Upcoming research aims to enhance intrusion detection systems by examining cooperative learning techniques and integrating up-to-date threat knowledge. 展开更多
关键词 MACHINE-LEARNING Deep-Learning intrusion detection system security PRIVACY deep neural network NSL-KDD Dataset
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Stochastic Simulation of Saline Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Saloum, Senegal
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作者 Seyni Ndoye Amadou Sarr +3 位作者 Mathieu Le Coz Cheikh Becaye Gaye Moumtaz Razack Philippe Le Coustumer 《Journal of Environmental Protection》 2024年第8期863-873,共11页
In the Saloum region of central-western Senegal, water needs are essentially met by tapping an underground aquifer associated with the sandy-clay formations of the Continental Terminal, in contact with both the ocean ... In the Saloum region of central-western Senegal, water needs are essentially met by tapping an underground aquifer associated with the sandy-clay formations of the Continental Terminal, in contact with both the ocean to the west and the highly saline waters of the Saloum River to the north. In this estuarine and deltaic zone with its very low relief, the hydraulic loads in the water tables are generally close to zero or even negative, creating a reversal of the natural flow and encouraging saline intrusion into this system, which makes it very vulnerable. This study concerns the implementation of a numerical model of saline intrusion to provide a better understanding of the vulnerability of the water table by analyzing the variability of the freshwater/saltwater interface. The Modflow-2005 code is used to simulate saline intrusion using the SWI2 module, coupled with the GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) software under the Linux operating system with the steep interface approach. The probable expansion of the wedge is studied in three scenarios, taking into account its position relative to the bedrock at 1 m, 5 m and 10 m. Simulations carried out under imposed potential and river conditions, based on variations in groundwater reserves using two effective porosity values, 10−1 and 10−2, show that the water table is highly vulnerable in the northwest sector. The probable expansion of the wedge increases as the storage coefficient decreases and is more marked with river conditions in the areas surrounding the Saloum River, reaching 6 km with a probability of 1. The probability of the wedge reaching a certain degree of expansion decreases from 1 to 0.5, and then cancels out as it moves inland. The probable position of the wedge is limited to 500 m or even 1 km depending on the corner around the coast to the southwest and in the southern zone. This modelling, carried out under natural conditions, will be developed further, taking into account climatic parameters and pumping from wells and boreholes. 展开更多
关键词 Saline intrusion Stochastic Modelling MODFLOW SWI2 Grass GIS AQUIFER Saloum Senegal
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IDS-INT:Intrusion detection system using transformer-based transfer learning for imbalanced network traffic
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作者 Farhan Ullah Shamsher Ullah +1 位作者 Gautam Srivastava Jerry Chun-Wei Lin 《Digital Communications and Networks》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第1期190-204,共15页
A network intrusion detection system is critical for cyber security against llegitimate attacks.In terms of feature perspectives,network traffic may include a variety of elements such as attack reference,attack type,a... A network intrusion detection system is critical for cyber security against llegitimate attacks.In terms of feature perspectives,network traffic may include a variety of elements such as attack reference,attack type,a subcategory of attack,host information,malicious scripts,etc.In terms of network perspectives,network traffic may contain an imbalanced number of harmful attacks when compared to normal traffic.It is challenging to identify a specific attack due to complex features and data imbalance issues.To address these issues,this paper proposes an Intrusion Detection System using transformer-based transfer learning for Imbalanced Network Traffic(IDS-INT).IDS-INT uses transformer-based transfer learning to learn feature interactions in both network feature representation and imbalanced data.First,detailed information about each type of attack is gathered from network interaction descriptions,which include network nodes,attack type,reference,host information,etc.Second,the transformer-based transfer learning approach is developed to learn detailed feature representation using their semantic anchors.Third,the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique(SMOTE)is implemented to balance abnormal traffic and detect minority attacks.Fourth,the Convolution Neural Network(CNN)model is designed to extract deep features from the balanced network traffic.Finally,the hybrid approach of the CNN-Long Short-Term Memory(CNN-LSTM)model is developed to detect different types of attacks from the deep features.Detailed experiments are conducted to test the proposed approach using three standard datasets,i.e.,UNsWNB15,CIC-IDS2017,and NSL-KDD.An explainable AI approach is implemented to interpret the proposed method and develop a trustable model. 展开更多
关键词 Network intrusion detection Transfer learning Features extraction Imbalance data Explainable AI CYBERSECURITY
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Saltwater intrusion in the Po River Delta(Italy)during drought conditions:Analyzing its spatio-temporal evolution and potential impact on agriculture
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作者 Jian Luo Eugenio Straffelini +2 位作者 Matteo Bozzolan Zicheng Zheng Paolo Tarolli 《International Soil and Water Conservation Research》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第3期714-725,共12页
Saltwater intrusion along rivers is a complex process controlled by multiple factors and thus fluctuates with a highly nonlinear nature and time-varying characteristics.It is challenging to monitor saltwater intrusion... Saltwater intrusion along rivers is a complex process controlled by multiple factors and thus fluctuates with a highly nonlinear nature and time-varying characteristics.It is challenging to monitor saltwater intrusion.The objective of this study was to clarify the spatial-temporal variation of saltwater intrusion and its potential impact on agriculture in the Po River Delta(Italy).2006 was the most severe year of saltwater intrusion in the period we considered.2022 was even worse,but the data are still under processing.In this study,the Hilbert-Huang transform(HHT)and rescaled range(R/S)were used to identify the multi-time scales and change trends of the salinity and discharge in 2006.After that,the time-dependent intrinsic correlation(TDIC)was used to depict intrinsic relationships between salinity and discharge at different time scales.The results showed that discharge and salinity exhibited behav-iours of positive long-range correlation during different periods.The temporal series of salinity and discharge was decomposed into six intrinsic mode functions(IMF)and residuals based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD).The sum of variance contribution rates of IMF1(4 days),IMF2(10 days),and IMF3(12.1 days)of salinity was more than 75%.All measured TDICs have highlighted strong correlations between salinity and discharge.Furthermore,we used spatial interpolation tech-niques to map salinity data along rivers.This allowed the investigation of dynamic changes in saltwater intrusion patterns during periods of severe drought.Outcomes show a significant negative correlation between salinity and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),indicating that the study area's agricultural greening was affected by saltwater intrusion. 展开更多
关键词 Saltwater intrusion Hilbert-Huang transform Time-dependent intrinsic correlation NDVI Po River Delta
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Artificial Immune Detection for Network Intrusion Data Based on Quantitative Matching Method
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作者 CaiMing Liu Yan Zhang +1 位作者 Zhihui Hu Chunming Xie 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第2期2361-2389,共29页
Artificial immune detection can be used to detect network intrusions in an adaptive approach and proper matching methods can improve the accuracy of immune detection methods.This paper proposes an artificial immune de... Artificial immune detection can be used to detect network intrusions in an adaptive approach and proper matching methods can improve the accuracy of immune detection methods.This paper proposes an artificial immune detection model for network intrusion data based on a quantitative matching method.The proposed model defines the detection process by using network data and decimal values to express features and artificial immune mechanisms are simulated to define immune elements.Then,to improve the accuracy of similarity calculation,a quantitative matching method is proposed.The model uses mathematical methods to train and evolve immune elements,increasing the diversity of immune recognition and allowing for the successful detection of unknown intrusions.The proposed model’s objective is to accurately identify known intrusions and expand the identification of unknown intrusions through signature detection and immune detection,overcoming the disadvantages of traditional methods.The experiment results show that the proposed model can detect intrusions effectively.It has a detection rate of more than 99.6%on average and a false alarm rate of 0.0264%.It outperforms existing immune intrusion detection methods in terms of comprehensive detection performance. 展开更多
关键词 Immune detection network intrusion network data signature detection quantitative matching method
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Anomaly-Based Intrusion DetectionModel Using Deep Learning for IoT Networks
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作者 Muaadh A.Alsoufi Maheyzah Md Siraj +4 位作者 Fuad A.Ghaleb Muna Al-Razgan Mahfoudh Saeed Al-Asaly Taha Alfakih Faisal Saeed 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第10期823-845,共23页
The rapid growth of Internet of Things(IoT)devices has brought numerous benefits to the interconnected world.However,the ubiquitous nature of IoT networks exposes them to various security threats,including anomaly int... The rapid growth of Internet of Things(IoT)devices has brought numerous benefits to the interconnected world.However,the ubiquitous nature of IoT networks exposes them to various security threats,including anomaly intrusion attacks.In addition,IoT devices generate a high volume of unstructured data.Traditional intrusion detection systems often struggle to cope with the unique characteristics of IoT networks,such as resource constraints and heterogeneous data sources.Given the unpredictable nature of network technologies and diverse intrusion methods,conventional machine-learning approaches seem to lack efficiency.Across numerous research domains,deep learning techniques have demonstrated their capability to precisely detect anomalies.This study designs and enhances a novel anomaly-based intrusion detection system(AIDS)for IoT networks.Firstly,a Sparse Autoencoder(SAE)is applied to reduce the high dimension and get a significant data representation by calculating the reconstructed error.Secondly,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)technique is employed to create a binary classification approach.The proposed SAE-CNN approach is validated using the Bot-IoT dataset.The proposed models exceed the performance of the existing deep learning approach in the literature with an accuracy of 99.9%,precision of 99.9%,recall of 100%,F1 of 99.9%,False Positive Rate(FPR)of 0.0003,and True Positive Rate(TPR)of 0.9992.In addition,alternative metrics,such as training and testing durations,indicated that SAE-CNN performs better. 展开更多
关键词 IOT anomaly intrusion detection deep learning sparse autoencoder convolutional neural network
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Lightweight Intrusion Detection Using Reservoir Computing
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作者 Jiarui Deng Wuqiang Shen +4 位作者 Yihua Feng Guosheng Lu Guiquan Shen Lei Cui Shanxiang Lyu 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第1期1345-1361,共17页
The blockchain-empowered Internet of Vehicles(IoV)enables various services and achieves data security and privacy,significantly advancing modern vehicle systems.However,the increased frequency of data transmission and... The blockchain-empowered Internet of Vehicles(IoV)enables various services and achieves data security and privacy,significantly advancing modern vehicle systems.However,the increased frequency of data transmission and complex network connections among nodes also make them more susceptible to adversarial attacks.As a result,an efficient intrusion detection system(IDS)becomes crucial for securing the IoV environment.Existing IDSs based on convolutional neural networks(CNN)often suffer from high training time and storage requirements.In this paper,we propose a lightweight IDS solution to protect IoV against both intra-vehicle and external threats.Our approach achieves superior performance,as demonstrated by key metrics such as accuracy and precision.Specifically,our method achieves accuracy rates ranging from 99.08% to 100% on the Car-Hacking dataset,with a remarkably short training time. 展开更多
关键词 Echo state network intrusion detection system Internet of Vehicles reservoir computing
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Network Intrusion Detection Model Based on Ensemble of Denoising Adversarial Autoencoder
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作者 KE Rui XING Bin +1 位作者 SI Zhan-jun ZHANG Ying-xue 《印刷与数字媒体技术研究》 CAS 北大核心 2024年第5期185-194,218,共11页
Network security problems bring many imperceptible threats to the integrity of data and the reliability of device services,so proposing a network intrusion detection model with high reliability is of great research si... Network security problems bring many imperceptible threats to the integrity of data and the reliability of device services,so proposing a network intrusion detection model with high reliability is of great research significance for network security.Due to the strong generalization of invalid features during training process,it is more difficult for single autoencoder intrusion detection model to obtain effective results.A network intrusion detection model based on the Ensemble of Denoising Adversarial Autoencoder(EDAAE)was proposed,which had higher accuracy and reliability compared to the traditional anomaly detection model.Using the adversarial learning idea of Adversarial Autoencoder(AAE),the discriminator module was added to the original model,and the encoder part was used as the generator.The distribution of the hidden space of the data generated by the encoder matched with the distribution of the original data.The generalization of the model to the invalid features was also reduced to improve the detection accuracy.At the same time,the denoising autoencoder and integrated operation was introduced to prevent overfitting in the adversarial learning process.Experiments on the CICIDS2018 traffic dataset showed that the proposed intrusion detection model achieves an Accuracy of 95.23%,which out performs traditional self-encoders and other existing intrusion detection models methods in terms of overall performance. 展开更多
关键词 intrusion detection Noise-Reducing autoencoder Generative adversarial networks Integrated learning
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