Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems:Features,formation and exploration

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are： （1） a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; （2） fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and （3） the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan （Gansu）, Yangliuping （Sichuan）, Kalatongke （Xinjiang）, and Hongqiling （Jilin）. Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.

新疆北部岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床地质分布特点与成矿背景探讨

新疆北部地质构造演化复杂,多阶段演化中岩浆活动与成矿作用规模并不均衡。而二叠纪却是天山成矿带大规模岩浆活动和金属成矿作用的高爆发期。本研究紧紧围绕镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩体及岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,从地质分布特点、含矿岩体的岩浆起源、岩浆演化及成矿特点,系统研究深部相应岩浆作用的地质背景。通过典型矿床的深入剖析,破解制约找矿突破的控制因素,系统阐述了板块构造与地幔柱体制叠加并存的地质特征与成矿表现。新疆北部发育了5条镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩带,东天山、北山及喀拉通克岩带具有较好的成矿表现,在时间上与塔里木隐伏大火成岩省密切相关。塔里木克拉通深部熔融的地幔物质,围绕刚性塔里木克拉通边缘不断上涌,并与表壳物质发生交换,随着俯冲板块的持续和减弱,深部上涌的地幔物质不断加强,先后形成因深部地幔物质多寡而金属聚集的不同矿床类型。围绕塔里木大火成岩省的周缘或造山带中,是岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床重要的理论研究基地和找矿方向。