Experimental and simulation research on hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint by hot extrusion forming with sand mandrel

Magnesium alloy is one of the lightest metal structural materials.The weight is further reduced through the hollow structure.However,the hollow structure is easily damaged during processing.In order to maintain the hollow structure and to transfer the stresses during the high temperature deformation,the sand mandrel is proposed.In this paper,the hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint is studied by hot extrusion forming.Sand as one of solid granule medium is used to fill the hollow magnesium alloy.The extrusion temperatures are 230℃ and 300℃,respectively.The process parameters(die angle,temperature,bottom thickness,sidewall thickness,edge-to-middle ratio in bottom,bottom shape)of the hollow magnesium alloy are analyzed based on the results of experiments and the finite element method.The results are shown that the formability of the hollow magnesium alloy will be much better when the ratio of sidewall thickness to the bottom thickness is 1:1.5.Also when edge-to-middle ratio in bottom is about 1:1.5,a better forming product can be received.The best bottom shape in these experiments will be convex based on the forming results.The grain will be refined obviously after the extrusion.Also the microstructures will be shown as streamlines.And these lines will be well agreement with the mold in the corner.

中高应变速率轧制AZ31镁合金板的抗拉强度预测

本文采集了不同轧制温度、应变速率以及压下量等三个工艺参数下中高应变速率轧制的AZ31镁合金抗拉强度的27组样本,通过惯性权重、学习因子的改进和引入变异操作对PSO-BP神经网络进行改进,并与BP、PSO-BP神经网络对比,进行抗拉强度的预测。结果表明:BP神经网络不能预测AZ31镁合金抗拉强度的非线性变化,PSO-BP神经网络和改进的PSO-BP(IPSO-BP)神经网络均能较好地预测AZ31镁合金抗拉强度的非线性变化;这三个模型中IPSO-BP神经网络预测最为准确,相较于PSO-BP神经网络,其平均绝对误差从15.3764降低至3.4288,平均相对误差从5.94%降低至1.32%,均方误差从251.3662降低至20.7199,相关系数从0.7753提高至0.8937;通过Pearson相关性计算判断出应变速率、压下量对抗拉强度的影响均大于轧制温度,而应变速率与抗拉强度呈负相关关系,压下量与抗拉强度呈正相关关系。

基于Deform 3D的AZ31镁合金不对称挤压变形工艺模拟

通过Deform 3D软件模拟了AZ31镁合金不对称挤压变形工艺过程。结果表明,设置不同水平长度流动距离促使材料不对称地流入挤压通道,进而形成不对称剪切变形,出现应变及应力集中分布的不对称性,促使材料晶粒沿着剪切面偏转,获得细晶、弱织构的高性能镁合金坯料。

预制孪晶对AZ31镁合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响

为了分析不同孪晶体积分数对材料绝热剪切敏感性的影响,预制具有不同孪晶体积分数的AZ31镁合金。采用分离式霍普金森压杆在200℃、944 s^(-1)条件下对AZ31镁合金帽状试样进行高速冲击试验,采用电子背散射衍射仪和光学显微镜对试样在高应变速率变形前后的微观组织进行观察,计算了试样发生绝热剪切时的吸收能量,比较了绝热剪切带内外的显微硬度。结果表明:不同孪晶体积分数试样内均产生了绝热剪切带,随着孪晶体积分数的增加,绝热剪切带宽度和吸收能量减小,而绝热剪切敏感性增大。

Effect of grain refinement induced by wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM) on the corrosion behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution

Additive manufacturing(AM)of Mg alloys has become a promising strategy for producing complex structures,but the corrosion performance of AM Mg components remains unexploited.In this study,wire and arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)was employed to produce single AZ31 layer.The results revealed that the WAAM AZ31 was characterized by significant grain refinement with non-textured crystallographic orientation,similar phase composition and stabilized corrosion performance comparing to the cast AZ31.These varied corrosion behaviors were principally ascribed to the size of grain,where cast AZ31 and WAAM AZ31 were featured by micro galvanic corrosion and intergranular corrosion,respectively.

Corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of V/Ce conversion coating on magnesium alloy AZ31B

A V/Ce conversion coating was deposited in the surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy in a solution containing vanadate and cerium nitrate.The coating composition and morphology were examined.The conversion coating appears to consist of a thin and cracked coating with a scattering of spherical particles.The corrosion behavior of the substrate and conversion coating was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).Compared with AZ31B magnesium alloy,the corrosion current density of the conversion coating is decreased by two orders of magnitude.The total impedance of the V/Ce conversion coating rise to 1.6×10^(3)Ω·cm^(2)in contrast with2.2×10^(2)Ω·cm^(2)of the bare AZ31B.In addition,the electrical conductivity of the coating was assessed by conductivity meter and Mott-Schottky measurement.The results reveal a high dependence of the conductivity of the coating on the semiconductor properties of the phase compositions.

Edge crack damage analysis of AZ31 magnesium alloy hot-rolled plate improved by vertical roll pre-rolling

In the present study,through vertical roll pre-rolling of AZ31 magnesium alloy hot-rolled plate at room temperature,the effect of different vertical roll pre-rolling reduction on edge crack of the plate during flat rolling was systematically studied.The evolution of microstructure and texture in the edge and middle of the plate after vertical roll pre-rolling,heating and rolling was analyzed by using EBSD technology.The results show that during the vertical roll pre-rolling,{10–12}primary twins and{10–12}-{10–12}secondary twins dominated the edge deformation,while{10–12}primary twins dominated the middle deformation.With the increase of vertical roll pre-rolling reduction,the twin volume fraction of the edge and the middle increased,and the difference between them decreased gradually.After heating,the twin orientation caused by vertical roll pre-rolling was still maintained,and there was a significant difference in grain size between the edge and the middle.When the reduction rate of flat rolling was 30%,cracks have already appeared in the initial plate,while the vertical roll pre-rolled samples showed extremely high rolling performance.When the reduction rate of flat rolling was 50%,the 8PR sample still had no crack initiation.In addition,after flat rolling of 50%,the initial plate showed a strong basal texture,while the maximum pole density of the 8PR plate was small,and the texture distribution was very scattered,showing the characteristics of weak orientation.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of curved AZ31 magnesium alloy profiles produced by differential velocity sideways extrusion

Lightweight curved profiles are widely utilised in the transportation industry considering the increasing need for improving aerodynamic efficiency,aesthetics and cutting emissions.In this paper,curved AZ31 Mg alloy profiles were manufactured in one operation by a novel process,differential velocity sideways extrusion(DVSE),in which two opposed rams were used.Effects of extrusion temperature and velocity(strain rate) on curvature,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the formed profiles were examined.Profile curvature was found to be more readily controlled by the velocity ratio of the bottom ram v2to the top ram v1,whereas extrusion temperature(T=250,300,350℃)and extrusion velocity(v_(1)=0.1,1 mm/s) slightly affect curvature for a given velocity ratio.A homogeneous microstructure with equiaxed grains(~4.5 μm) resulted from dynamic recrystallisation(DRX),was observed after DVSE(v_(2)/v_(1)=1/2) at 300 ℃ and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s,where the initial billet had an average grain size of ~25 um.Increasing extrusion temperature leads to grain growth(~5 μm) at 350 ℃ and v_(1)=0.1 mm/s.DRX is incomplete at the relatively low temperature of 250℃(v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),and higher strain rate with v1=1mm/s(T=300℃),resulting in inhomogeneous bi-modal necklace pattern grains ranging in size around 1-25 μm for the former and 2-20μm for the latter.Grain refinement is attributed to DRX during the severe plastic deformation(SPD) arising in DVSE,and initiates at the prior boundaries of coarse grains in a necklace-like manner.Compared with the billet,micro-hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the profiles have been enhanced,which is compatible with grain refinement.Also,an obvious increase in tensile ductility was found.However,yield strength slightly decreases except for the complete DRXed case(300℃,v_(1)=0.1 mm/s),where a slightly higher value was found,indicating strengthening by grain refinement is greater than softening caused by texture modification.The initial billet had a strong basal texture wherein the {0002} basal plane is oriented parallel to the extrusion direction(’hard’ orientation),while DVSE results in the profiles having weak basal textures and the {0002} basal plane oriented ~5-10° to the extrusion direction(i.e.towards the orientation for easier slip).This significantly modified texture contributes to the softening of the profiles in the extrusion direction,in which tensile tests were performed,and the related elongation improvement.

拉伸孪晶对AZ31镁合金薄板可轧性和组织性能的影响

通过弯曲限宽矫直工艺在AZ31镁合金薄板中预置了拉伸孪晶,随后对原始板材和预置孪晶板材进行轧制,对比分析了初始组织对板材在轧制过程中的塑性变形协调能力的影响,探索了不同轧制压下量对两种板材的组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:弯曲限宽矫直后板材的强度和塑性都得到了提升,轧制后的原始板材剪切变形带较少。在后续的拉伸试验中,在相同压下量下塑性变形能力也明显提升。

搅拌摩擦加工对AZ31镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

为了探究搅拌摩擦加工对AZ31镁合金腐蚀性能的影响,采用体视镜、光学显微镜、接触角测量仪、电化学工作站等设备研究了AZ31母材与不同工艺参数下FSP-AZ31在3.5 wt.%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在转速800~1200 r/min、加工速度80~120 mm/min范围内,FSP-AZ31与母材腐蚀机制均为点蚀。与母材相比,FSP-AZ31点蚀程度较轻,自腐蚀电流密度减小,阻抗增大,FSP均能够提高AZ31镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。当加工速度为100 mm/min时,随着旋转速度增大,FSP-AZ31自腐蚀电流密度不断减小,耐腐蚀性能不断提升。试样在旋转速度为1200 r/min时自腐蚀电流密度达到最小值9.2×10^(-5)A·cm^(-2)。当旋转速度为1000 r/min时,随着加工速度减小,FSP-AZ31自腐蚀电流密度不断减小,耐腐蚀性能不断提升。在加工速度为80 mm/min时试样的自腐蚀电流密度达到最小,其值为7.6×10^(-5)A·cm^(-2)。相比AZ31镁合金,1000 r/min和80 mm/min条件下FSP-AZ31的接触角由29.703°上升至58.448°。

AZ31镁合金板室温弯曲压直过程中的组织及力学性能

研究AZ31镁合金板在室温弯曲压直过程中组织演变及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明:室温弯曲压直工艺预制拉伸孪晶不仅有助于镁合金的塑性变形,对材料的强度的提升也有积极的影响。室温弯曲压直后板材产生拉伸孪晶切割晶粒,导致晶粒细化和位错在晶界及孪晶密集处能量聚集造成位错强化,使镁合金板抗拉强度提升。同时,预制拉伸孪晶弱化基面织构可激活更多种类的滑移系统,导致室温弯曲矫直后的板材断后伸长率增加。

非对称交叉轧制对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响

采用金相显微镜、背散射电子衍射仪(EBSD)研究了对称交叉轧制和非对称交叉轧制对AZ31镁合金微观组织的影响。结果表明:非对称交叉轧制在晶粒细化方面明显优于对称交叉轧制。经4道次非对称交叉轧制退火后,AZ31镁合金平均晶粒尺寸为10μm,而经4道次对称交叉轧制后AZ31镁合金平均晶粒尺寸为20μm。与对称交叉轧制AZ31板材相比,非对称交叉轧制AZ31板材(0002)基面织构强度较低,且极轴偏离ND方向20°左右。

AZ31镁合金薄板热油恒温成形数值模拟与实验研究

利用有限元模拟和成形实验相结合的方式,研究AZ31镁合金的成形性能,基于Dynaform模拟软件和热油恒温成形设备,探究出一种适合镁合金的热成形工艺,并对成形件显微组织进行分析.研究表明,通过调整薄板尺寸、模具R角、压边力及摩擦系数等工艺参数,以降低成形件的底部减薄率,减少破裂倾向,提高镁合金的成形性能;成形温度为200℃,模具R角为16 mm,薄板直径为80 mm,并调整合适压边力和摩擦系数,可获得最佳的工艺窗口;靠近成形件底部,晶粒及第二相尺寸逐渐减小并趋于均匀化.

磁控溅射镀铝AZ31镁合金等离子体电解氧化揭示的放电通道结构及其腐蚀行为

在硅酸盐-六偏磷酸盐电解液中对覆盖薄磁控溅射铝层的AZ31镁合金进行等离子体电解氧化(PEO),以研究PEO机理并提高合金的耐腐蚀性。使用SEM和EDS检测涂层形貌并追踪涂层中Mg和Al元素的分布。新的涂层主要在靠近涂层/金属基体界面的放电通道下部形成。在放电通道上部先前形成的氧化物大部分以固态形式保留在原先的位置,只有少部分熔融氧化物通过涂层的微孔流出,到达表层。阴离子可以通过涂层充满电解液的孔传输,自由地进入涂层的最深部位。在3.5%NaCl (质量分数)中进行开路电位、极化曲线和EIS测试。结果表明,致密的磁控溅射Al层可以显着提高AZ31镁合金的耐腐蚀性,其耐腐蚀性甚至优于PEO处理后的样品。

游动芯头拉拔孔型参数对AZ31镁合金管材成形性的影响研究

为了探索AZ31镁合金薄壁管游动芯头拉拔成形与传统工艺之间的差异,使用ABAQUS软件对其进行了游动芯头拉拔过程的模拟,并比较研究了模具与芯头锥角配合、定径带长度对拉拔管材成形性的影响。研究结果表明:在拉拔AZ31镁合金管材时,选择合适的模具角度不仅可以降低残余应力,还可以提高尺寸精度;同时,模具定径段长度对管材变形均匀性和残余应力产生较大影响。

一种新型Al-2.5GNPs细化剂制备及其对AZ31镁合金的细化作用

镁合金因自身强度低和塑性较差限制了其在工业领域的应用,向镁合金中添加晶粒细化剂的方法能够改善其组织并提高材料的强度和塑性,是提升镁合金性能的最有效方法之一。本文利用球磨工艺结合粉末冶金的方法制备出一种含有GNPs(石墨烯纳米片)的新型镁合金细化剂。采用拉曼光谱分析法探究了不同球磨参数对GNPs的质量影响规律,得出较优球磨工艺参数为:转速300 r/min、球磨时间2 h,可以保证球磨后GNPs的高质量。将其混合粉体进行冷压,并在400℃烧结2 h,得到含有GNPs且组织致密、成型良好的Al-2.5GNPs细化剂。采用OM、SEM、XRD、TEM等表征手段初步分析了细化剂中Al4C3和GNPs对AZ31镁合金中的细化及强化机理。在720℃下加入质量分数为1.5%的Al-2.5GNPs细化剂,可以使AZ31镁合金的晶粒尺寸从228.8μm细化至65.6μm,抗拉强度从112.6 MPa提升至178.2 MPa,伸长率从8.9%提升至16.7%,分别提高了58.3%和87.6%。

AZ31镁合金板的热冲压成形研究

为了改善AZ31镁合金板的成形性,对其2 mm厚的挤压板分别在25(室温)、250、300、350、400℃五个温度进行热冲压成形。通过回弹角测量、组织观察和力学性能测试,研究冲压成形温度对其回弹性能和显微组织、力学性能的影响。结果表明,室温冲压成形时,冲压件底部弯角处有细微的裂纹,且回弹现象较明显;随着冲压成形温度升高,AZ31镁合金板的成形性能得到明显改善,回弹现象减弱。镁合金冲压板材的显微组织在室温下无孪晶产生,随着温度升高开始产生孪晶,在250、300、350℃中均有大量孪晶生成,到达400℃后孪晶开始减少至消失,材料发生再结晶现象,晶粒细化。

6061铝合金/AZ31镁合金异种金属搅拌摩擦焊温度场的数值模拟

使用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件建立了6061铝合金/AZ31镁合金异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的三维传热模型,实现了搅拌摩擦焊接温度场的模拟,并分析了焊接速度、搅拌头转速参数对温度分布的影响。结果表明:焊接过程中高温区域温度场呈椭圆状分布,温度最高处位于搅拌头后方镁板侧,且轴肩接触处的尤为突出。随着焊接速度的增加、搅拌头转速的减小,高温区域的面积减小,峰值温度明显降低。焊接速度比搅拌头转速对温度场的影响更为显著。

AZ31镁合金基Cu-MOF-SA超疏水膜的制备及其耐腐蚀性能研究

腐蚀是影响镁及其合金大规模应用的关键技术难题之一,因可有效隔离金属基底与腐蚀介质的直接接触,从而降低腐蚀速率,制备超疏水表面成为提高镁合金耐蚀性的有效途径。通过一步电沉积方法,在AZ31镁合金基底上成功制备了铜-金属有机骨架-硬脂酸(Cu-MOF-SA)超疏水膜,并对超疏水膜的耐腐蚀性、化学稳定性和耐热性进行了综合研究。结果表明,表面的水接触角可达158°,超疏水膜覆盖的试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能,相比AZ31镁合金基底,其腐蚀电位正移了0.24 V,腐蚀电流密度降低了1个数量级。在pH值为1~14的溶液中浸润24 h后,超疏水膜的水接触角仍可达135°以上,浸泡在pH=1的溶液24 h的超疏水膜的腐蚀电位比AZ31镁合金基底高0.21 V。在20~90℃空气中保温24 h后,超疏水膜的水接触角仍保持在154°以上,80℃下保温24 h后其腐蚀电位比AZ31镁合金基底的高0.22 V,腐蚀电流密度比AZ31镁合金基底的小1个数量级。结果表明,本研究制备的Cu-MOF-SA疏水膜具有良好的超疏水性和耐腐蚀性。

基于遗传算法的AZ31镁合金手机壳的热冲压工艺优化

为探究AZ31镁合金手机壳制件的热冲压变形行为,以及工艺参数与质量评价指标间的关系、改善成形质量,借助DYNAFORM有限元软件建立手机壳模型,分析其热冲压成形规律。在250℃条件下,对制件进行热冲压仿真分析,采用正交分析和灰色系统理论(GS理论)对压边力、冲压速度、摩擦系数及阻力系数与最大增厚率、最大减薄率的关系进行深入分析。采用遗传算法(GA)优化冲压速度、阻力系数两个关键影响参数,利用反向传播(BP)神经网络进行寻优检验。结果表明,制件的冲压变形是不均匀的,圆角边缘处最容易出现起皱现象,凸模圆角处最容易发生破裂,底部和大部分侧壁几乎无塑性变形;阻力系数和冲压速度对最大减薄率的影响较大,而压边力和摩擦系数的影响较小。在追求最大减薄率最小化的问题上,GA优化策略在预测精度和优化效能上表现优异,有限元仿真证实了其准确性和有效性。研究为AZ31镁合金的热冲压分析提供了实用的优化策略,具有实际应用价值。