Effective Elimination of Hazardous Chromium (VI) Using Periodic Elements and Contemporary Adsorption Methods by Using Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticle: A Review

A well-known hazardous metal and top contaminant in wastewater is hexavalent chromium. The two forms of most commonly found chromium are chromate ( CrO 4 2− ) and dichromate ( Cr 2 O 7 2− ). Leather tanning, cooling tower blow-down, plating, electroplating, rinse water sources, anodizing baths etc. are the main sources of Cr (VI) contamination. The Cr (VI) is not only non-biodegradable in the environment but also carcinogenic to living population. It is still difficult to treat Cr contaminated waste water effectively, safely, eco-friendly, and economically. As a result, many techniques have been used to treat Cr (VI)-polluted wastewater, including adsorption, chemical precipitation, coagulation, ion-exchange, and filtration. Among these practices, the most practical method is adsorption for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions, which has gained widespread acceptance due to the ease of use and affordability of the equipment and adsorbent. It has been revealed that Fe-based adsorbents’ oxides and hydroxides have high adsorptive potential to lower Cr (VI) content below the advised threshold. Fe-based adsorbents were also discovered to be relatively cheap and toxic-free in Cr (VI) treatment. Fe-based adsorbents are commonly utilized in industry. It has been discovered that nanoparticles of Fe-, Ti-, and Cu-based adsorbents have a better capacity to remove Cr (VI). Cr (VI) was effectively removed from contaminated water using mixed element-based adsorbents (Fe-Mn, Fe-Ti, Fe-Cu, Fe-Zr, Fe-Cu-Y, Fe-Mg, etc.). Initial findings suggest that Cr (VI) removal from wastewater may be accomplished by using magnesium ferrite nanomaterials as an efficient adsorbent.

Effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy AZ91D

The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure andproperties of magnesium alloy AZ91D alloy were studied. The differentproportion of rare earth elements was added to the AZ91D and thetensile tests were carried out at different temperatures. Theexperimental results show that at room temperature or at 120 deg. Cthe AZ91D's strength decrease with the increasing amount of the rareearth elements. However, the ductility is improved. The influence of0.14/100Sb(mass fraction)on the AZ91D's strength is like that of rareearth elements(0.2/100-0.4/100)(mass fraction). Microstructure graphsdemonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements(0.1/100-0.2/100)can fine AZ91D's grain and improve its ductility.

Effects of trace element and purification on properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy

The effects of trace element Fe on the corrosion behavior of AZ80 magnesium alloy were investigated by salt spray test and electrochemical measurements.The results show that the corrosion rate decreases with decreasing the trace element Fe content in an approximately linear relation even though the amount of trace element Fe reduces to 0.000 2%(mass fraction).The electrochemical measurements show that the corrosion potential(φcorr)of the alloy with lower trace element Fe content shifts to less negative value.It is suggested that the control trace element by purification is an effective way to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ80 magnesium alloy.

Effect of rare earth elements on the microstructure and property for magnesium alloy AM60B

The effects of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties ofmagnesium alloy AM60B alloy were studied. Different proportions of rare earth elements were added toAM60B and the tensile tests were carried out under different temperatures. The experimental resultsshow that at room temperature the tensile strength of AM60B can be improved with the addition ofrare earth elements. The ductility of which at room or elevated temperature (120 deg C) can also beimproved, and the ductility is to some extent in proportion with the amount of rare earth elements.The ductility at 120 deg C is better than that at room temperature. The microstructure graphsdemonstrate that appropriate amount of rare earth elements (0.1 percent-0.2 percent, mass fraction)can fine AM60B's grain and improve its ductility.

Finite element simulation on press forging of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheets

Press forging of rectangular box of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheets was investigated at elevated temperatures.The characteristics of metal flow were analyzed on the basis of finite element method(FEM) and experiments.Effects of friction factor and sidewall thickness on metal flow and boss forming were investigated by FEM.The results indicate that the bosses and the sidewall of the rectangular box are formed unevenly due to the uneven flow of the metal.The increase in friction factor at die/sheet interface improves the metal flow pattern and the efficiency of boss forming,but reduces the sidewall uniformity.Decrease in sidewall thickness enhances boss forming efficiency,whereas the punch load increases in this case.The present work can provide reasonable parameters and design guideline for the practical press forging process of magnesium alloy sheets.

Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional(3D)geometric models with different corner angles(90°and 120°)and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed.Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMT M-3D software,such as stress—strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium,temperatures of die and billet,and friction coefficient.Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed.The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is important to plastic deformation.The change characteristics for distributions of effective stress and strain during an equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)process with inner angle of 90°and without fillets at outer corner were described. Inhomogeneity index(C)was defined and deformation heterogeneity of ECAE was analyzed from the simulation and experiment results.The deformation homogeneity caused by fillets at outer corner increased compared with the die without fillets.The cumulated maximum strains decrease with increasing the fillets of outer corner in ECAE die and the inner corner angle.The analysis results show that better structures of ECAE die including appropriate outer corner fillet and the inner corner angle of 90°for the die can improve the strain and ensure plastic deformation homogenization to a certain extent.The required extrusion force drops with increasing the fillet made at outer corner in ECAE die.It is demonstrated that the prediction results are in good agreement with experiments and the theoretical calculation and the research conclusions in literatures.

Ultrasonic Welding of Magnesium–Titanium Dissimilar Metals:A Study on Thermo-mechanical Analyses of Welding Process by Experimentation and Finite Element Method

Ultrasonic welding is an effective ways to achieve a non-reactive/immiscible heterogeneous metal connection, such as the connection of magnesium alloy and titanium alloy. But the thermal mechanism of magnesium alloy/titanium alloy ultrasonic welding has not been defined clearly. In this paper, the experimental and the finite element analysis were adopted to study the thermal mechanism during welding. Through the test, the temperature variation law during the welding process is obtained, and the accuracy of the finite element model is verified. The microscopic analysis indicates that at the welding time of 0.5 s, the magnesium alloy in the center of the solder joint is partially melted and generates the liquid phase. Through the finite element analysis, the friction coefficient of the magnesium–titanium ultrasonic welding interface can be considered as an average constant value of 0.28. The maximum temperature at the interface can exceed 600 ℃ to reach the melting point temperature of the magnesium alloy. The plastic deformation begins after 0.35 s and occurs at the magnesium side at the center of the interface.

Ce变质铸造汽车用AZ61镁合金的组织与力学性能

对AZ61镁合金进行了不同Ce添加量的变质铸造试验,通过OM、硬度测试、拉伸试验等手段研究了Ce变质处理对AZ61镁合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:未变质的AZ61镁合金铸态组织由α-Mg相和粗大网状β-Mg17Al12相组成。随着Ce加入量的增加,AZ61镁合金中β-Mg17Al12相析出量逐渐减少,稀土相逐渐增多,β-Mg17Al12相由连续粗大网状逐渐转变为颗粒状,Ce添加量1.0wt%的AZ61镁合金中β-Mg17Al12相最为细小。与未变质的AZ61镁合金相比,经Ce变质的AZ61镁合金的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均有了明显提高。随着Ce加入量的增加,AZ61镁合金的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均先升高后降低,Ce添加量1.0wt%的AZ61镁合金的力学性能最佳。

医用镁合金元素选择的研究现状

背景:镁合金具有的天然降解性、优秀的生物相容性和良好的力学性能,已成为生物医学领域十分具有研究价值的植入材料,然而镁合金快速的降解速率限制了其进一步的发展和应用。目的:综述镁及其合金处于生理环境下降解的一般基本原理,重点从安全性及对镁及其合金性能的影响两方面介绍镁合金化元素选择的研究现状。方法:利用计算机检索中国知网、PubMed、Web of Science和Elsevier等数据库中的相关文献,以“镁(合金),铋/铝等(金属名称),腐蚀,生物相容性,金属毒性,支架/螺钉”为中文主题检索词,以“magnesium(alloy),metal name(such as:bismuth(Bi),aluminium(Al)),corrosion,biocompatibility,metal toxicity,scaffold(stent)/screw”为英文检索词进行检索,检索时限为2013-2023年,通过阅读文献内容进行筛选,最终纳入70篇文献进行结果分析。结果与结论:镁合金在医学领域的研究已相当广泛,虽然目前有一些产品已应用于临床,但镁合金在人体环境中的高降解速率仍然是临床大规模应用的主要限制,未来发展的焦点是对其腐蚀速率的控制。合金化是一种提升镁合金耐腐蚀性能的方法,并可通过不同合金成分添加来改善镁合金的各种性能,但单纯的合金化已不能满足对镁合金多元化性能的追求。为开发优异性能的多功能镁合金产品,未来需要将合金化、表面改性等多种优化方式结合来弥补各自方法的不足,同时结合合金结构更新以及制备工艺改良,共同提升镁合金的性能。

白云石粉与氧化镁肥对植烟土壤与烟叶钙镁营养元素的影响

研究施用白云石粉与氧化镁肥对植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量和烟叶钙、镁等营养元素的影响,为烟区优化施肥措施提供科学支撑。在植烟土壤交换性钙、镁偏低的典型区域,采用随机区组试验设计,设置不同白云石粉、氧化镁肥施用量,通过田间小区试验,测定各处理烟草不同生育期土壤交换性镁、交换性镁、速效氮磷钾与烟叶钙、镁、氮、磷、钾的含量,观测最大叶长、最大叶宽、株高、茎围、节距等农艺性状。结果表明,施用3000 kg/hm^(2)白云石粉在烟叶生长48、68 d和烟叶收获后的土壤交换性镁含量均显著高于其他处理,在烟叶收获后的土壤交换性钙含量显著高于其他处理,该处理在烟叶收获后上部烟叶和中部烟叶的镁含量、上部烟叶的钙含量也高于其他处理。针对植烟土壤交换性钙、镁偏低的区域,施用白云石粉3000 kg/hm^(2)有利于提升植烟土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和烟叶钙、镁含量。

液态奶中镁元素原位在线检测方法研究

镁元素是牛奶中的重要营养组分之一,其含量检测的前处理步骤繁琐。该文提出了一种超声喷雾激光诱导击穿光谱(US-LIBS)检测方法,通过将超声雾化和极短焦激光诱导击穿光谱技术有机结合,巧妙避免了液态奶的等离子体猝灭效应。使用US-LIBS方法无需对液态奶样品进行任何前处理,即可在秒级时间内完成液态奶中镁元素的在线原位检测。为进一步提升镁元素的检测精度,实验通过构建重加权特征光谱算法(RCSA),从复杂、变动的基质干扰中准确提取镁元素的光谱信息。计算结果表明,经RCSA处理后,实际液态奶样品中镁元素的检出限和线性系数(r^(2))分别为0.3 mg/kg和0.97,可有效满足液态奶中镁元素的检测需求。因此,US-LIBS为乳制品智能制造提供了一种强大的在线分析工具,并有望进一步拓展至其它液态体系中微量元素的原位在线检测。

含镁大量元素水溶肥料对茄子生长的影响

为考察含镁大量元素水溶肥料对茄子生长的影响,以市售的水溶肥料(11-8-32)为对照,开展了田间小区试验,测定了茄子的生长指标、产量指标和品质指标等。结果表明:含镁大量元素水溶肥料处理的茄子株高、茎粗、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、果实纵径、单果质量、单株坐果数、产量等指标均优于对照处理的;果实中硝酸盐含量低于对照处理的,可溶性糖含量差异不显著。施用含镁大量元素水溶肥料可以促进茄子的生长,提高果实的品质。

Review of Research on Nutritional Physiological Mechanism and Nutritional Diagnosis of Magnesium in Fruit Trees

Magnesium is an essential nutrient element for the growth and development of fruit trees.It not only participates in photosynthesis of plants,but also promotes physiological and biochemical reactions such as carbohydrate and protein synthesis,enzyme activation,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)metabolism.Magnesium deficiency in fruit trees will directly influence the growth and development of trees and the improvement of fruit quality.This study mainly reviews the nutritional and physiological mechanism of magnesium in plants and the nutritional diagnosis of magnesium deficiency in fruit trees,in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research on magnesium nutrition in fruit trees,and accordingly provide a certain reference for the application of magnesium fertilizer.

Application of Carbon Dioxide and Polyacrylamide in Extracting Magnesium from Brine by Precipitation Method

In this paper, carbon dioxide and polyacrylamide were used to improve the method to abstract magnesium from desalination brine. Experimental results showed that calcium ion in the desali-nation brine can be effectively removed using carbon dioxide, which thereby improves the purity and reaction efficiency of the magnesium hydrate precipitate. 0.1% - 0.2% PAM could help to promote the precipitation of magnesium hydrate colloid. And when hydroxyl anion was between 110% - 130% of theoretical amount, yield of magnesium hydrate exceeds 70% at standing time of 60 hours.

井下节流器用可溶性卡瓦下座耐腐蚀性能研究

针对苏里格气田井下节流器存在打捞困难、打捞成功率较低的问题,采用对可溶性镁合金表面进行改性的方式制备了井下节流器用可溶性卡瓦下座。通过电化学测试和浸泡失重实验研究了表面改性镁合金在不同Cl-质量分数(分别为2%、5%和8%)模拟井液中的耐腐蚀性能,并采用有限元力学仿真和溶解实验,分析了力学强度和溶解性能。结果表明:表面改性后的镁合金腐蚀电流密度降低了约5个数量级;随着Cl-质量分数的增加,表面改性镁合金腐蚀速率逐渐增大;在给定卡定机构卡定时的载荷与位移约束时,可溶性卡瓦下座所受最大应力为190 MPa,小于材料的屈服强度;卡瓦下座可溶式节流器经过室内5 h溶解后实现解封。在室内实验结果满足要求的基础上,该井下节流器在现场经过一段时间应用后打捞,坐封稳定,打捞方便。

游动芯头拉拔孔型参数对AZ31镁合金管材成形性的影响研究

为了探索AZ31镁合金薄壁管游动芯头拉拔成形与传统工艺之间的差异,使用ABAQUS软件对其进行了游动芯头拉拔过程的模拟,并比较研究了模具与芯头锥角配合、定径带长度对拉拔管材成形性的影响。研究结果表明:在拉拔AZ31镁合金管材时,选择合适的模具角度不仅可以降低残余应力,还可以提高尺寸精度;同时,模具定径段长度对管材变形均匀性和残余应力产生较大影响。

应力三轴度对AZ31镁合金断裂应变的影响

采用试验和有限元数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了应力三轴度对AZ31镁合金断裂应变的影响。对光滑试样和3组不同缺口半径的试样以0.5 mm/min的拉伸速度进行准静态拉伸试验。然后,选取三组试样数据建立了AZ31镁合金在室温下关于应力三轴度对断裂应变影响的模型。将建立的损伤模型代入ABAQUS有限元软件中进行模拟仿真,模拟结果与其余一组试验结果基本一致,验证了该模型的正确性。

MPC作为无砟轨道底座板修复材料的力学性能试验评价

针对高铁无砟轨道底座板混凝土的不同损伤程度,采用磷酸镁水泥(MPC)作为修补材料,研究了修补厚度(20mm、35mm、50mm)对叠合构件力学性的影响。试验结果表明:修补厚度为20mm时,2h的极限承载力达到整浇构件承载力的87.57%;随着修补厚度的增加,叠合构件的极限承载力逐步降低,修补厚度为50mm时,其极限承载力较比修补厚度为20mm的极限承载力下降了16.64%。同时通过有限元模拟分析,其模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。

Analysis of the cracks formation on surface of extruded magnesium rod based on numerical modeling and experimental verification

To reduce the surface cracks of extrusion rod for AZ31 magnesium caused by nonhomogeneous metal flow in extrusion process, 3D computer finite element （FE） simulations of extruding a wrought magnesium alloy AZ31 into rods have been performed and the results have been verified in extrusion experiments under identical conditions. The tendency to generate the dead zone is decreased by employing the die angle 60° at the cone-shaped die comparing with the die angle 180°. The surface additional tensile stresses of the rod at the die exit are decreased greatly so that the surface cracks caused are avoided by using the die angle 60°. The extrusion die with die angle 180° would increase the higher temperature rise and possibility of crack formation on the rod surface that caused by die angle 60° and temperature rise decrease tensile strength of the AZ31 rod. The experimental results show that die angle 180° could cause continuous cracks on the surface of the extruded rod. The extrusion force required is reduced approximately 15 ton by employing the die angle 60°. Theoretical results obtained by the DeformTM-3D simulation agreed well with the experiments. The obtained results provide the fundamental and also practical guidelines for the design and correction of dies to produce magnesium rod with good surface quality.

Influence of alloying elements on microstructure and microhardness of Mg-Sn-Zn-based alloys

阶段进化在(88%-91%) Mg-8%Sn-1%Zn-X (X=Al， Mn 或 Ce ) 系统经由 CALPHAD 方法被分析，模拟在化学作文的精确选择被使用。象 Mg-8%Sn-1%Zn-based 合金的微观结构和 microhardness 上的艾尔， Mn 和 Ce 那样的不同 alloying 元素的增加的影响被调查。艾尔和 Mn 的联合增加显示出从艾尔或 Mn 的分开的增加不同的特征。到基础合金的 1%Al 和 1%Mn 的增加在 -Mg 矩阵谷物导致巨大的 Al-Mn 阶段的形成。Ce 元素的增加能精制第二最容易溶解猛抛并且与 Sn 形成金属间化合的混合物。好像杆的 Sn-Ce 阶段主要在谷物边界上介绍并且在禁止谷物生长起一个作用。Vickers microhardness 上的 alloying 元素的效果和基础合金的缩进尺寸效果被检验。