Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographicall...Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographically by real-time holographic interferometry and shadow optical method of caustics, as soon as the loading process started. In the meantime, the AE (acoustic emission) signals were recorded by a micro crack information storage-analysis sys-tem. According to damage theory and location of micro fracture, we have studied the stain gap and gained: a) It is necessary that strain gap appears under the condition of linear elasticity theory, and its situation is relatively stable, corresponding to stress concentration. b) Micro fractures, which appear initially at area of high stress, occur rarely at the strain gap, and their locations are finally in the zone between the stress concentration area and the strain gap, which indicate the clusters or groups. However, the major macro fracture (final rupture) started from the shadow areas, and then grew quickly towards the strain gaps, which resulted in failure of sample.展开更多
双母管式机组较为广泛地应用于热电联产机组中,但由于多炉多机和2根大容量母管互相影响,导致热电负荷跟踪不及时,母管压力控制自动化水平较低。为此,针对双母管系统的非线性、强耦合、大迟延特性,设计了基于广义扩张状态观测器的多模型...双母管式机组较为广泛地应用于热电联产机组中,但由于多炉多机和2根大容量母管互相影响,导致热电负荷跟踪不及时,母管压力控制自动化水平较低。为此,针对双母管系统的非线性、强耦合、大迟延特性,设计了基于广义扩张状态观测器的多模型预测控制(generalized extended state observer based muti-model predictive control,GESOMMPC)方法。首先,建立了基于间隙度量(gap-metric)的多模型控制对象用于逼近非线性系统;其次,设计了扩张状态观测器估计系统耦合的集总扰动,并作为前馈信号输入到预测控制器中;最后,设计基于扰动前馈的多模型预测控制器实现对双母管系统的控制。实验结果表明,相对于PID方法,所提方法在满足电热负荷的同时,可以在允许范围内保持母管压力稳定,且动态偏差更小,过渡过程时间更短。展开更多
为满足更长间隙距离、更高电压等级气体开关在较低工作系数下的可靠触发,设计了一种基于毛细管放电的大气压等离子体射流喷射装置,即两间隙毛细管等离子体喷射装置(two gap capillary,TGC)。通过引入中间电极将毛细管通道分为触发通道...为满足更长间隙距离、更高电压等级气体开关在较低工作系数下的可靠触发,设计了一种基于毛细管放电的大气压等离子体射流喷射装置,即两间隙毛细管等离子体喷射装置(two gap capillary,TGC)。通过引入中间电极将毛细管通道分为触发通道和主通道,借助触发通道在放电初始时的弱毛细管放电引燃主通道的放电,实现了重复放电。等离子体射流在触发后的169μs时达到了11 cm左右。主通道电弧电阻呈现"U型"分布,电阻值开始时随主通道电弧电流的增长快速减小,最低时不到200 m?,而后随着电流的跌落快速增加。同时,主通道电弧电阻值在电流增长时要高于电流跌落时,这一差异在流过主通道电弧电流较小时十分明显,而后随着电流幅值的增加逐渐减小。由于没有传统放电结构金属丝电爆的过程,电容器所储能量主要释放于喷射装置主通道,主通道电弧能量沉积效率几乎是传统放电结构的2倍,达到了62.7%。喷射装置寿命大概在300次左右,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)拍摄触发通道表面,发现喷射装置TGC中间电极的烧蚀和触发通道的碳化是影响TGC寿命的关键因素,对TGC的寿命优化设计还需做进一步的努力。展开更多
基金The Dual Project of China Seismological Bureau (9691309020301) the Specialized Funds for National Key Basic Study (G1998040704) the project for the MOST under contract (2001BA601B02) and Youth Funds for applied basic study of the Science and Technolo
文摘Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographically by real-time holographic interferometry and shadow optical method of caustics, as soon as the loading process started. In the meantime, the AE (acoustic emission) signals were recorded by a micro crack information storage-analysis sys-tem. According to damage theory and location of micro fracture, we have studied the stain gap and gained: a) It is necessary that strain gap appears under the condition of linear elasticity theory, and its situation is relatively stable, corresponding to stress concentration. b) Micro fractures, which appear initially at area of high stress, occur rarely at the strain gap, and their locations are finally in the zone between the stress concentration area and the strain gap, which indicate the clusters or groups. However, the major macro fracture (final rupture) started from the shadow areas, and then grew quickly towards the strain gaps, which resulted in failure of sample.
文摘双母管式机组较为广泛地应用于热电联产机组中,但由于多炉多机和2根大容量母管互相影响,导致热电负荷跟踪不及时,母管压力控制自动化水平较低。为此,针对双母管系统的非线性、强耦合、大迟延特性,设计了基于广义扩张状态观测器的多模型预测控制(generalized extended state observer based muti-model predictive control,GESOMMPC)方法。首先,建立了基于间隙度量(gap-metric)的多模型控制对象用于逼近非线性系统;其次,设计了扩张状态观测器估计系统耦合的集总扰动,并作为前馈信号输入到预测控制器中;最后,设计基于扰动前馈的多模型预测控制器实现对双母管系统的控制。实验结果表明,相对于PID方法,所提方法在满足电热负荷的同时,可以在允许范围内保持母管压力稳定,且动态偏差更小,过渡过程时间更短。
文摘为满足更长间隙距离、更高电压等级气体开关在较低工作系数下的可靠触发,设计了一种基于毛细管放电的大气压等离子体射流喷射装置,即两间隙毛细管等离子体喷射装置(two gap capillary,TGC)。通过引入中间电极将毛细管通道分为触发通道和主通道,借助触发通道在放电初始时的弱毛细管放电引燃主通道的放电,实现了重复放电。等离子体射流在触发后的169μs时达到了11 cm左右。主通道电弧电阻呈现"U型"分布,电阻值开始时随主通道电弧电流的增长快速减小,最低时不到200 m?,而后随着电流的跌落快速增加。同时,主通道电弧电阻值在电流增长时要高于电流跌落时,这一差异在流过主通道电弧电流较小时十分明显,而后随着电流幅值的增加逐渐减小。由于没有传统放电结构金属丝电爆的过程,电容器所储能量主要释放于喷射装置主通道,主通道电弧能量沉积效率几乎是传统放电结构的2倍,达到了62.7%。喷射装置寿命大概在300次左右,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)拍摄触发通道表面,发现喷射装置TGC中间电极的烧蚀和触发通道的碳化是影响TGC寿命的关键因素,对TGC的寿命优化设计还需做进一步的努力。
