Joint Analysis Method for Major Genes Controlling Multiple Correlated Quantitative Traits

Based on the major gene and polygene mixed inheritance model for multiple correlated quantitative traits, the authorsproposed a new joint segregation analysis method of major gene controlling multiple correlated quantitative traits, whichinclude major gene detection and its effect and variation estimation. The effect and variation of major gene are estimatedby the maximum likelihood method implemented via expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Major gene is tested withthe likelihood ratio (LR) test statistic. Extensive simulation studies showed that joint analysis not only increases thestatistical power of major gene detection but also improves the precision and accuracy of major gene effect estimates. Anexample of the plant height and the number of tiller of F2 population in rice cross Duonieai × Zhonghua 11 was used in theillustration. The results indicated that the genetic difference of these two traits in this cross refers to only one pleiotropicmajor gene. The additive effect and dominance effect of the major gene are estimated as -21.3 and 40.6 cm on plant height,and 22.7 and -25.3 on number of tiller, respectively. The major gene shows overdominance for plant height and close tocomplete dominance for number of tillers.

Genetic Analysis of Cryotolerance in Cotton During the Overwintering Period Using Mixed Model of Major Gene and Polygene

The joint analysis of the mixed genetic model of major gene and polygene was conducted to study the inheritance of cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period.H077(G.hirsutum L.,weak cryotolerance) and H113(G.barbadence L.,strong cryotolerance) were used as parents.Cryotolerance of six generation populations including P1,P2,F1,B1,B2,and F2,from each of the two reciprocal crosses H077×H113 and H113×H077 were all investigated.The results showed that cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period was accorded with two additive major genes and additivedominance polygene genetic model.For cross H077×H113,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 83.62,76.84,and 90.56%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene could only be detected in B2,which was 7.76%.For cross H113×H077,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 67.42,68.95,and 83.40%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene was only detected in F2,which was 6.51%.In addition,the whole heritability in F2 was always higher than that in B1 and B2 in each cross.Therefore,for the cryotolerance breeding of perennial cotton,the method of single cross recombination or single backcross should be adopted to transfer major genes,and the selection in F2 would be more efficient than that in other generations.

Major Gene Identification and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for YieldRelated Traits in Upland Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Segregation analysis of the mixed genetic model of major gene plus polygene was used to identify the major genes for cotton yield-related traits using six generations P1,P2,F1,B1,B2,and F2 generated from the cross of Baimian 1×TM-1.In addition to boll size and seed index,the major genes for the other five traits were detected:one each for seed yield,lint percentage,boll number,lint index;and two for lint yield.Quantitative trait locus/loci(QTL)mapping was performed in the F2 and F2:3populations of above cross through molecular marker technology,and a total of 50 QTL(26 suggestive and 24 significant)for yield-related traits were detected.Four common QTL were discovered:qLP-3b(F2)/qLP-3(F2:3)and qLP-19b(F2)/qLP-19(F2:3)for lint percentage,qBN-17(F2)/qBN-17(F2:3)for boll number,and qBS-26b(F2)/qBS-26(F2:3)for boll size.Especially,qLP-3b(F2)/qLP-3(F2:3),not only had LOD scores>3 but also exceeded the permutation threshold(5.13 and 5.29,respectively),correspondingly explaining 23.47 and 29.55%of phenotypic variation.This QTL should be considered preferentially in marker assisted selection(MAS).Segregation analysis and QTL mapping could mutually complement and verify,w hich provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of cotton yield-related traits by using major genes(QTL).

Genetic Analysis of Stripe Disease Resistance in Rice Restorer Line C224 Using Major Gene plus Polygene Mixed Effect Model

The inheritance of stripe disease resistance in a rice restorer line C224 was analyzed using the mixed effect model of major gene plus polygene for quantitative traits.In addition,the resistance was investigated in seven crosses of C224 with maintainer lines.The results showed that the stripe resistance of C224 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance effects (E-1 model).These two genes had additive effects of-12.47% and-24.75%,respectively,showing negative dominance effects.There were significant epistasis and interaction effects between the two major genes.The heritability of the two major genes was 92.12%,while that of polygenes was 2.74%,indicating that the stripe resistance had dominant major gene effect.Of the seven crosses,five displayed high or medium resistance to the stripe disease.

Inheritance Analysis of Bolting Associated Traits Using Mixed Major Gene Plus Polygene Model in Brassica rapa

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the inheritance of bolting associated traits in Brassica rapa,which will provide useful information in a breeding program for late-bolting or bolting-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage.[Method] Three phenotypic measurements,bolting index,flowering time,days to 5 cm elongated stalk,respectively were used for inheritance analysis of six generations,P1(bolting resistant inbreed line),P2(vernalization independent type) and their filial generations F1,B1,B2and F2,using the mixed major-gene plus polygene inheritance model.[Result] The two traits,bolting index and days to 5 cm elongated stalk,both were controlled by two major genes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects( B-1 model) in hybrid. The flowering time was controlled by one major gene with additive-dominant effects plus additive-dominant-epistatic effects( D model). The heritability of the major genes in B1,B2and F2were 96. 22%,93. 33%,93. 55% for bolting index,70. 68%,70. 68%,70. 64% for flowering time,79. 44%,79. 55%,79. 38% for days to 5-cm elongated stalk,respectively,but no polygene heritability was detected in B1,B2and F2generation. It indicated that the bolting trait in Brassica rapa was controlled by one or tow major genes.[Conclusion] This implied that in the genetic improvement for bolting resistant trait major gene was a main factor. It is fit for early selection and environment factor should be mentioned.

Progress on major genes for high fecundity in ewes

The existence of major genes affecting fecundity in sheep flocks throughout the world has been demonstrated.Three major genes whose mutations can increase ovulation rate have been discovered,and all related to the transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β)superfamily.The mutant FecB of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B(BMPR1B)has an additive effect on ovulation rate.Six mutations(Fec^(XI),Fec^(XH),Fec^(XG),Fec^(XB),Fec^(XL),Fec^(XR))of bone morphogenetic protein 15(BMP15)related with fertility have been identified that share the same mechanism.All the mutants can increase ovulation rate in heterozygotes and cause complete sterility in homozygotes.Homozygous ewes with two new mutations(FecX^(Gr),FecX^(O))of BMP15 had increased ovulation rate without causing sterility.There are five mutations in growth differentiation factor 9(GDF9)associated with sheep prolificacy where FecG^(E) and FecG^(F) have additive an effect on ovulation rate and litter size.The newly identifiedβ-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2(B4GALNT2)gene of FecL is proposed as a new mechanism of ovulation rate regulation in sheep.Woodlands is an X-linked maternally imprinted gene which increases ovulation rate.In addition,several putative major genes need to be verified.This review is focused on the identification of the mutations and mechanisms whereby the major genes affecting ovulation rate.

FSHβsubunit gene is associated with major gene controlling litter size in commercial pig breeds

An insertion fragment in porcine FSHβ subunit gene was cloned by PCR. Sequencing data show that the insertion is a retroposon of 292 bp siting in intronⅠ at the site between +809 and +810 base. Based on these results, a PCR programme was created to genotype animal individuals in different pig breeds at FSHβ locus and polymorphism of FSHβ gene was analyzed. With the combination of genotype and litter size of sows, it was demonstrated that FSHβ locus is closely associated with major gene controlling litter size in commercial pig breeds, such as Yorkshire, Landrace, Durco. Averagely the AA sows give more 1.5 piglets than BB sows do per litter.

Genetic Analysis of Major and Minor Gene(s) Resistant to Stripe Rust in Important Resource Wheat Line Jinghe891-1

Inheritance of line Jinghe891-1 resistant to pathotype of Puccinia striiformis in two patterns of temperature (Normal: day 18℃/night 10℃, High: day 24℃/night 15℃ )was studied in this paper. The results showed that there were at least two pairs of dominant major genes and one pair of recessive minor genes in Jinghe 891-1. The two pairs of major genes that conferred resistance to CY31 were allelic or linked closely with resistance gene in Jubilejna Ⅱ , Kangyin655 and T. spelta Album. They were novel resistance genes and were inherited in a repeated or independent mode. The minor genes, which could modify the major genes,were sensitive to temperature and conferred resistance to all pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis in China. It is recommended that this line can be used as an important resource stock.

No association between a polymorphism of the adenylate cyclase type IX gene and major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population

Previous studies have demonstrated that a missense single-nucleotide polymorphism variant (2316A>G;rs2230739)of the adenylate cyclase type IX gene was associated with bipolar disorder and affective disorder.We determined genotype and allele frequencies using a ligase detection reaction method in 315 patients with major depressive disorder and 278 unrelated, sex-matched healthy control subjects.We did not detect any statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between patients and healthy control subjects.Furthermore,we found no significant difference between genders in major depressive disorder,nor between patients and controls in the same gender.These results suggest that 2316A>G(rs2230739)may not be a risk factor for increasing susceptibility to major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population.

Molecular Detection of Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Major Varieties of Rice in Jilin Province

[Objective]This study aimed to detect rice blast resistance genes in major varieties of rice in Jilin Province.[Method]Ten molecular markers closely linked with rice blast resistance genes were used for molecular identification of resistance genes in 24 rice varieties from Jilin Province.[Result]The 24 major varieties of rice widely lacked in rice blast resistance genes Pib,Pi1,Pikh and Pia;Pi9 gene was absent in 17 of the 24 major varieties,especially in Jijing 88 and Changbai 9 which occupied the largest cultivation area in Jilin Province;in addition,Jijing 88 harbored five rice blast resistance genes,including Pita,Pikm,Pi2,Pi-d2 and Piz.[Conclusion]Pib,Pi1,Pikh,Pia and Pi9 are the major resistance genes for improving rice blast resistance of major varieties of rice in Jilin Province.

DETECTION OF BCL-2 GENE MAJOR BREAKPOINT REGION REARRANGEMENT IN HUMAN B-CELL LYMPHOMAS

Objective To investigate the frequency of t(14; 18) in different subtypes of B-cell lymphomas and the ability or the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to detect this rearrangement in frozen samples. Methods 1o7 cases of B-cell lymphomas were studied uslng DNA extracted from rresh-frozen tissues. The DNA samples were amplified by PCR for bcl-2 MBR/JH. The products of bcl-2/JH rearrangement were hybridized with an internal olignucleotide probe or bcl-2 MBR. Results The rearranged bcl-2MBR/JH gene was detected in 13 of the 25(52. o% ) follicular center lymphomas, according to REAL classification: 8 of 11 (72. 7%) grade 1, 2 of 5(40. 0%) grade I, and 3 of 90 (33. 3%) grade, 17 of 82(2o. 8%) cases or difruse large B-cell lymphomas were found to have detectable bel-2 MBR/J. rearrangement- Conclusion The rrequency or bcl-2 MBR/JH rearrangement in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas is significantly lower than those in follicular center lympkomas(X2= 9. 28, P <o. oo5), suggesting that bcl2/JH rearrangements occur mainly in follicular center lymphomas. in addition, the result of reconstruction experiments suggest that amplification or bcl-2 MBR/JH rearrangements by PCR is both sensitive and specific for detection of t (14; 18 ) translocation.

The norepinephrine transporter gene is associated with the retardation symptoms of major depressive disorder in the Han Chinese population

The norepinephrine transporter plays an important role in the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder.Consequently,the norepinephrine transporter gene is an attractive candidate in major depressive disorder research.In the present study,we evaluated the depression symptoms of subjects with major depressive disorder,who were all from the North of China and of Han Chinese origin,using the Hamilton Depression Scale.We examined the rela-tionship between two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the norepinephrine transporter,rs2242446 and rs5569,and the retardation symptoms of major depressive disorder using quantitative trait testing with the UNPHASED program.rs5569 was associated with depressed mood,and the GG genotype may be a risk factor for this;rs2242446 was associated with work and interest,and the TT genotype may be a risk factor for loss of interest.Our findings suggest that rs2242446 and rs5569 in the norepinephrine transporter gene are associated with the retardation symptoms of depression in the Han Chinese population.

Amplification，cloning，sequencing and expression of the gene encoding the major surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii isolated

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新时期高校设计专业中课程思政的施策应用

在高校日常专业教学中开展课程思政建设是高等院校立德树人的迫切需求和重要任务。作为新时代高等院校针对专业与学生的特性,应注重在课程教学中融合思政内容,同时在日常的课余活动中注重学生观念品德、行为举止上的引导。文章通过课程案例实践,提出营造课堂、课余沉浸式课程思政教育新模式,使学校全方位育人功能常态化,为更好地培养符合社会主义事业需求的应用型人才提供有效参考。

miR-10b介导NKG2D调节脑胶质瘤细胞免疫效应的实验研究

目的:观察微小核糖核酸-10b(miR-10b)对脑胶质瘤细胞免疫效应的调节作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:取人脑胶质瘤细胞U251进行培养和传代,获得处于对数生长期的细胞。按照1.0×105个/ml浓度制备细胞悬液,并设置对照组、过表达组、低表达组、空白组,每组6个复孔。对照组、过表达组、低表达组分别采用脂质体转染法转染阴性对照、miR-10b模拟物、miR-10b抑制剂,空白组予以等量无菌生理盐水。分离和培养1例健康志愿者外周血自然杀伤(NK)细胞。MTT法检测不同效靶比时NK细胞的杀伤活性;流式细胞仪检测各组NK细胞表面NK细胞激活受体(NKG2D)表达,并检测各组人脑胶质瘤细胞U251表面主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ链相关基因A(MICA)、UL16结合蛋白2(ULBP2)、UL16结合蛋白3(ULBP3)表达。结果:对照组、过表达组、低表达组转染效率分别为(93.55±2.05)%、(95.67±3.14)%、(94.18±3.26)%;与对照组和空白组相比,过表达组miR-10b表达升高,低表达组miR-10b表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且对照组和空白组miR-10b表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与对照组和空白组相比,过表达组NK细胞不同效靶比杀伤活性均降低、NKG2D表达降低,低表达组NK细胞不同效靶比杀伤活性均增高、NKG2D表达增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),各组NK细胞杀伤活性均随效靶比增加而增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且对照组与空白组相比,相同效靶比NK细胞杀伤活性、NKG2D表达差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与对照组和空白组相比,过表达组人脑胶质瘤细胞U251表面MICA、ULBP2、ULBP3表达均降低,低表达组人脑胶质瘤细胞U251表面MICA、ULBP2、ULBP3表达均增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且对照组与空白组人脑胶质瘤细胞U251表面MICA、ULBP2、ULBP3表达差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:抑制miR-10b表达能够增加NK细胞表面NKG2D和人脑胶质瘤细胞U251表面MICA、ULBP2、ULBP3表达,增强NK细胞对人脑胶质瘤细胞U251的杀伤活性。

有棱丝瓜早熟相关性状主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

【目的】通过主基因+多基因遗传模型分析有棱丝瓜早熟性相关性状的遗传规律,为早熟丝瓜品种选育提供理论参考。【方法】以高代自交系有棱丝瓜LC034(♀)和LC052(♂)为亲本构建6世代群体,采用主基因+多基因遗传分离法分析有棱丝瓜的4个早熟相关性状(第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期)遗传规律。【结果】LC034的4个早熟相关性状均极显著低于LC052(P<0.01)。F_(1)、BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的4个早熟相关性状变异系数为8.70%~25.46%、14.77%~37.67%、19.93%~38.97%和22.37%~46.81%,且4个早熟相关性状在F_(2)代群体的分离频率分布均包含多种正态分布的混合分布。MX2-ADI-ADI为第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制;第一雌花节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的主基因遗传率(h^(2)_(mg))分别为4.63%、84.69%和79.99%,多基因遗传率(h^(2)_(pg))为74.60%、0和0;第一坐果节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为2.38%、82.86%和76.45%,h^(2)_(pg)为57.04%、0和0。2MG-ADI为始花期的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为72.02%、79.05%和86.53%。2MG-AD为有棱丝瓜始收期最优遗传模型,属于2对主基因控制的加性—显性遗传模型,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为62.33%、84.79%和85.07%。【结论】有棱丝瓜的第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期均表现为数量性状的特点,受多基因的控制,其中第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位受2对主加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制,始花期受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,始收期受2对加性—显性主基因控制。

辣椒果实性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

以西北农林科技大学蔬菜种质资源创新实验室提供的辣椒品系AA5与CK18为亲本构建F 2代群体,统计调查群体各性状的分离情况,经相关性分析以及主基因+多基因遗传分析的方法来获得辣椒6个果实性状的主基因模型以及遗传效应。结果表明:6个果实性状皆是受主基因调控的数量性状,而且其相关性密切。辣椒果形指数、果肉厚度和果宽等3个性状中存在两组等加性主基因,属于2MG-EA模型;果长和单果质量存在两组加-显性主基因,属于2MG-AD模型;果皮硬度性状的遗传属于1MG-AD模型,存在一组加-显性主基因。辣椒的果形指数和单果质量第1对主基因的正加性更显著。果皮硬度和果长性状的主基因效应为负显性以及正加性。果宽和果肉厚度性状的两对主基因表现为正向等加性。主基因遗传率∶单果质量(53.69)>果宽(48.42)>果长(34.67)>果肉厚度(25.42)>果皮硬度(22.91)>果形指数(22.23)。因此辣椒的这6个果实性状不宜于低代开展选育。研究结果为本材料的后续分子标记以及更高效、更具针对性的辣椒分子选育工作提供理论参考。

辣椒青熟期紫黑色果皮的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

【目的】果皮颜色是辣椒的重要农艺性状之一。旨在探究青熟期紫色辣椒果色遗传规律,为辣椒新品种选育和紫色辣椒呈色机制提供理论依据。【方法】研究以C152(青熟期紫黑色果皮)为母本、A37(青熟期绿色果皮)为父本,构建P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)4个世代遗传群体。细化青熟期果皮颜色分类,调查统计发育正常、达到商品成熟度的对椒果皮颜色。对所得数据进行正态分布检验,并联合分析4个世代获得遗传模型,计算各遗传模型的MLV值和有关成分分布参数,将MLV值转换为AIC值,选取遗传模型中AIC值最小的5个模型作为备选模型,对备选模型进行适合性检验,并获得统计量,选取显著统计量最少的备选模型作为最佳遗传模型,计算最佳遗传模型的一阶遗传参数,并由群体方差和有关成分分布方差估计出最佳遗传模型的二阶遗传参数。【结果】统计结果显示,F_(1)代为浅紫黑色,介于母本的紫黑色和父本的绿色之间,且更偏向于母本。F_(2)群体中颜色过渡丰富,性状变异呈连续状态。正态性检验结果表明,所得数据的中位数与众数为4,平均值为4.097,变异系数为49.38%,果色性状的峰度为-1.117,偏度为-0.321,两者绝对值在1.96之间,符合正态分布。一阶遗传参数中主基因加性效应值为2.5428、显性效应值为0.5352,主基因的显性度为0.2201。二阶遗传参数结果表明,群体表型的总方差为0.5626,主基因遗传方差为3.5299,多基因的遗传方差与遗传力均为0。群体的主基因遗传率为86.25%。【结论】辣椒青熟期果皮颜色紫黑色对绿色为不完全显性,紫黑色果皮受到一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,主基因的加性效应与显性效应皆为正向,且加性效应强于显性效应。紫黑色果皮表现出极高的遗传力,性状决定受遗传因素较大。

Genetic segregation analysis of unsaturated fatty acids content in the filial generations of high-linolenic-acid rapeseed(Brassica napus)

Alpha linolenic acid(ALA)is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health.Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%.Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content(up to 21%)ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing.They were used as the maternal parent(P_(1))when crossed with a low ALA parent SW(P2)to produce the seeds of the F1 hybrid,F2,and backcrosses to P1(BCP1)and P2(BCP2).A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene t polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic(OA),linoleic(LA)and ALA.The results showed that,although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005,all the inheritances of OA,LA and ALA in YH25005×SW and R8Q10×SW followed a genetic model of‘two pairs of additive major genes t additive-dominant polygenes’.It is suggested that the contents of OA,LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA.However,total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes,especial on ALA content.It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F2 population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content.The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.

真鲷(Pagrus major)脂蛋白脂肪酶基因表达与内脏脂肪蓄积营养调控定量研究

采用竞争性PCR方法 ,进行 4种营养状况对真鲷脂蛋白脂肪酶 (LPL)基因mRNA表达水平与内脏脂肪蓄积影响的定量研究。结果表明 ,真鲷LPL基因在肝脏存在营养诱导性表达 ,饥饿、高脂食物均是其表达诱导因子 ;在腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织存在组成性表达 ,其表达水平受摄食状态的影响 ,但饲料脂肪水平却不起作用。当真鲷喂食高脂食物时 ,诱导产生的大量肝脏LPL将为肝脏提供更多的来源于食物的游离脂肪酸 ,使肝脏有可能出现营养诱导性脂肪蓄积 ,但真鲷腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织LPL基因表达水平未出现适应性变化 ,其腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织将不可能作为营养诱导性蓄脂器官。由于上述营养状况对真鲷体重、腹脂指数、肝指数均没有产生显著性影响 ,说明真鲷具有在不同营养状况下与哺乳类相似的维持其内脏脂肪蓄积稳定的代谢机制 ,推测真鲷应存在某种在功能上与哺乳类相似的肥胖基因。