Chronic stress-induced depression is a common hallmark of many psychiatric disorders with high morbidity rate.Stress-induced dysregulation of noradrenergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression....Chronic stress-induced depression is a common hallmark of many psychiatric disorders with high morbidity rate.Stress-induced dysregulation of noradrenergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.Lack of monoamine in the brain has been believed to be the main causative factor behind pathophysiology of major depressive disorder(MDD) and several antidepressants functions by increasing the monoamine level at the synapses in the brain.However,it is undetermined whether the noradrenergic receptor stimulation is critical for the therapeutic effect of antidepressant.Contrary to noradrenergic receptor stimulation,it has been suggested that the desensitization of β-adrenoceptor is involved in the therapeutic effect of antidepressant.In addition,enhanced noradrenaline(NA) release is central response to stress and thought to be a risk factor for the development of MDD.Moreover,fast acting antidepressant suppresses the hyperactivation of noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus(LC).However,it is unclear how they alter the firing activity of LC neurons.These inconsistent reports about antidepressant effect of NA-reuptake inhibitors(NRIs) and enhanced release of NA as a stress response complicate our understanding about the pathophysiology of MDD.In this review,we will discuss the role of NA in pathophysiology of stress and the mechanism of therapeutic effect of NA in MDD.We will also discuss the possible contributions of each subtype of noradrenergic receptors on LC neurons,hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA-axis) and brain derived neurotrophic factor-induced hippocampal neurogenesis during stress and therapeutic effect of NRIs in MDD.展开更多
A unified semi-analytical solution is presented for elastic-plastic stress of a deep circular hydraulic tunnel with support yielding under plane strain conditions.The rock mass is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plast...A unified semi-analytical solution is presented for elastic-plastic stress of a deep circular hydraulic tunnel with support yielding under plane strain conditions.The rock mass is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic and governed by the unified strength theory (UST).Different major principal stresses in different engineering situations and different support yielding conditions are both considered.The unified solution obtained in this work is a series of results,rather than one specific solution,hence it is suitable for a wide range of rock masses.In addition,parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of intermediate principal stress.The result shows the major principal stress should be rationally chosen according to different engineering conditions.Finally,the applicability of the unified solution is discussed according to the critical pressures.展开更多
Objectives: Considering the growing need for using a variety of new nonpharmacological methods in treating depression, this quasi experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic indoor exercise i...Objectives: Considering the growing need for using a variety of new nonpharmacological methods in treating depression, this quasi experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic indoor exercise in a gym compared with green exercise in an outdoor green environment of an urban park on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to examine its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty six female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into 3 conditions of indoor exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), green exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), and a routine pharmacotherapy alone as the control group (n = 16). The exercise used for both indoor and green exercise conditions consisted of 36 one hour sessions (three times per week) with an intensity of 50% - 70% of the maximum heart rate. The participants completed the pre- and post-intervention depression, stress and coping questionnaires including Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and perceived stress in both exercise groups compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between two exercise groups. With respect to the use of problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant-focused coping methods, there was no significant difference between post-intervention scores of all groups. Conclusion: In the clinical settings, both of the indoor exercise and green exercise programs can help to further improvement in all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression as an adjunct (or independent) treatment to the same degree, especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant changes in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.展开更多
Objective: To determine the ef ect of Plantago major(P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen(APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats(n = 38) were randomly divided into normal contro...Objective: To determine the ef ect of Plantago major(P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen(APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats(n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control(n = 6) and experiment(n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP(1 000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed signii cant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The i ndings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.展开更多
Great earthquakes of Chinese mainland and its vicinity usually cluster in certain regions during certain periods. We call it major regions of great earthquakes, or major regions briefly in this paper.The major regions...Great earthquakes of Chinese mainland and its vicinity usually cluster in certain regions during certain periods. We call it major regions of great earthquakes, or major regions briefly in this paper.The major regions of different periods can migrate through long distance in space. We have studied mechanism of formation of major regions. It is proposed that the ductile layer of the lithosphere is the place where the major regions form, and deformation of the ductile layer controls the locations and shape of major regions. and the actions of the plate boundaries around the continent are the main driving forces. A two-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model is established to model the deformation field and Stress field of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity The boundary of the model is divided into 12 segments to represent non-uniform of boundary conditions. The stress concentration areas in the continental ductile Iayer are simulated under various compoundings of different boundary scgments. Six models are worked out in which the stress con centration regions are consistent with the realistic major regions. It is proved that stress concentfation regions can be produced in the ductile layer which are roughly in agreement with the realistic major regions under various actions of different boundary segments.展开更多
Objectives: Considering the growing need for encouraging greater use of a variety of non-pharmacological methods in treating depression, the aim of this quasi experimental study was to examine the effect of aerobic ex...Objectives: Considering the growing need for encouraging greater use of a variety of non-pharmacological methods in treating depression, the aim of this quasi experimental study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to investigate its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty five female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into three groups including exercise + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 15), psychotherapy + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 14) and a control group receiving only usual pharmacotherapy (n = 16). The exercise used was included 36 one hour session (three sessions per week) with a low to medium intensity of 50% to 70% of the maximal heart rate. The psychotherapy used in this study was the behavioral activation treatment for depression revised. The Persian version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations were applied to assess the pre- and post-intervention depression, perceived stress, and coping strategies. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and the perceived stress level in the adjunctive exercise and psychotherapy conditions compared with the control condition (p = 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the exercise and psychotherapy groups. In addition, no significant improvement was observed regarding the problem-centered, emotion-centered and avoidant-centered stress coping methods in the post-intervention scores of the exercise group compared with the control group. Conclusion: An adjunctive aerobic exercise program can be as effective as adding the psychotherapy to usual pharmacotherapy in further improvement in all three categories of depression symptoms especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant change in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Beta-thalassemia is a hereditary haemoglobinopathy caused by defective hemog...<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Beta-thalassemia is a hereditary haemoglobinopathy caused by defective hemoglobin (Hb) </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-globin synthesis, leading to excess </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-globin chains that cause hemolysis and impair erythropoiesis. Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) is not a signal protein and not generated in pro-inflammatory state alone but rather an end product of oxidative stress.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of the study was to evaluate ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-thalassemia major and its relation to different iron chelators. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The study was carried on 40 children diagnosed as beta-thalassemia major recruited from the outpatient clinic and the pediatric department, at Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Faculty of medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University and EL Minia Insurance Hospital. They were 20 male and 20 female, aged from 4 - 11 years. Another 40 apparently healthy children age and sex matched as control group. CRP and IMA were determined for all participants.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were significant increases in serum CRP, IMA and ferritin levels in patients group compared to control group. There were significant decreases of IMA and CRP levels of thalassemic patients on chelation deferiprone (DFP) compared to deferasirox (DFX) P-value (<0.01) for each. There was a significant positive correlation between serum ferritin and both CRP and IMA levels in thalassemic children (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between IMA and CRP in beta-thalassemic patients (r = 0.31, p = 0.02). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">IMA, CRP and Serum ferritin were higher in children with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-thalassemia major than controls. Moreover, IMA and CRP levels in thalassemic children on deferiprone (DFP) were significantly lower compared with children on deferasirox (DFX). So it could be considered as useful markers in the follow up assessment of thalassemic patients for early detection of complications.</span></span>展开更多
文摘Chronic stress-induced depression is a common hallmark of many psychiatric disorders with high morbidity rate.Stress-induced dysregulation of noradrenergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.Lack of monoamine in the brain has been believed to be the main causative factor behind pathophysiology of major depressive disorder(MDD) and several antidepressants functions by increasing the monoamine level at the synapses in the brain.However,it is undetermined whether the noradrenergic receptor stimulation is critical for the therapeutic effect of antidepressant.Contrary to noradrenergic receptor stimulation,it has been suggested that the desensitization of β-adrenoceptor is involved in the therapeutic effect of antidepressant.In addition,enhanced noradrenaline(NA) release is central response to stress and thought to be a risk factor for the development of MDD.Moreover,fast acting antidepressant suppresses the hyperactivation of noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus(LC).However,it is unclear how they alter the firing activity of LC neurons.These inconsistent reports about antidepressant effect of NA-reuptake inhibitors(NRIs) and enhanced release of NA as a stress response complicate our understanding about the pathophysiology of MDD.In this review,we will discuss the role of NA in pathophysiology of stress and the mechanism of therapeutic effect of NA in MDD.We will also discuss the possible contributions of each subtype of noradrenergic receptors on LC neurons,hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA-axis) and brain derived neurotrophic factor-induced hippocampal neurogenesis during stress and therapeutic effect of NRIs in MDD.
基金Project(50969007)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(GJJ13753)supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Fund,Department of Education,Jiangxi Province,China
文摘A unified semi-analytical solution is presented for elastic-plastic stress of a deep circular hydraulic tunnel with support yielding under plane strain conditions.The rock mass is assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic and governed by the unified strength theory (UST).Different major principal stresses in different engineering situations and different support yielding conditions are both considered.The unified solution obtained in this work is a series of results,rather than one specific solution,hence it is suitable for a wide range of rock masses.In addition,parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of intermediate principal stress.The result shows the major principal stress should be rationally chosen according to different engineering conditions.Finally,the applicability of the unified solution is discussed according to the critical pressures.
文摘Objectives: Considering the growing need for using a variety of new nonpharmacological methods in treating depression, this quasi experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic indoor exercise in a gym compared with green exercise in an outdoor green environment of an urban park on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to examine its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty six female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into 3 conditions of indoor exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), green exercise + routine pharmacotherapy (n = 15), and a routine pharmacotherapy alone as the control group (n = 16). The exercise used for both indoor and green exercise conditions consisted of 36 one hour sessions (three times per week) with an intensity of 50% - 70% of the maximum heart rate. The participants completed the pre- and post-intervention depression, stress and coping questionnaires including Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and perceived stress in both exercise groups compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between two exercise groups. With respect to the use of problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant-focused coping methods, there was no significant difference between post-intervention scores of all groups. Conclusion: In the clinical settings, both of the indoor exercise and green exercise programs can help to further improvement in all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression as an adjunct (or independent) treatment to the same degree, especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant changes in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.
基金Supported by a grant from the Faculty of Medicine,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Malaysia(FF-132-2011)
文摘Objective: To determine the ef ect of Plantago major(P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen(APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats(n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control(n = 6) and experiment(n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP(1 000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed signii cant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The i ndings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.
文摘Great earthquakes of Chinese mainland and its vicinity usually cluster in certain regions during certain periods. We call it major regions of great earthquakes, or major regions briefly in this paper.The major regions of different periods can migrate through long distance in space. We have studied mechanism of formation of major regions. It is proposed that the ductile layer of the lithosphere is the place where the major regions form, and deformation of the ductile layer controls the locations and shape of major regions. and the actions of the plate boundaries around the continent are the main driving forces. A two-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model is established to model the deformation field and Stress field of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity The boundary of the model is divided into 12 segments to represent non-uniform of boundary conditions. The stress concentration areas in the continental ductile Iayer are simulated under various compoundings of different boundary scgments. Six models are worked out in which the stress con centration regions are consistent with the realistic major regions. It is proved that stress concentfation regions can be produced in the ductile layer which are roughly in agreement with the realistic major regions under various actions of different boundary segments.
文摘Objectives: Considering the growing need for encouraging greater use of a variety of non-pharmacological methods in treating depression, the aim of this quasi experimental study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to investigate its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty five female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into three groups including exercise + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 15), psychotherapy + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 14) and a control group receiving only usual pharmacotherapy (n = 16). The exercise used was included 36 one hour session (three sessions per week) with a low to medium intensity of 50% to 70% of the maximal heart rate. The psychotherapy used in this study was the behavioral activation treatment for depression revised. The Persian version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations were applied to assess the pre- and post-intervention depression, perceived stress, and coping strategies. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and the perceived stress level in the adjunctive exercise and psychotherapy conditions compared with the control condition (p = 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the exercise and psychotherapy groups. In addition, no significant improvement was observed regarding the problem-centered, emotion-centered and avoidant-centered stress coping methods in the post-intervention scores of the exercise group compared with the control group. Conclusion: An adjunctive aerobic exercise program can be as effective as adding the psychotherapy to usual pharmacotherapy in further improvement in all three categories of depression symptoms especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant change in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Beta-thalassemia is a hereditary haemoglobinopathy caused by defective hemoglobin (Hb) </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-globin synthesis, leading to excess </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-globin chains that cause hemolysis and impair erythropoiesis. Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) is not a signal protein and not generated in pro-inflammatory state alone but rather an end product of oxidative stress.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Objectives: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of the study was to evaluate ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-thalassemia major and its relation to different iron chelators. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The study was carried on 40 children diagnosed as beta-thalassemia major recruited from the outpatient clinic and the pediatric department, at Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Faculty of medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University and EL Minia Insurance Hospital. They were 20 male and 20 female, aged from 4 - 11 years. Another 40 apparently healthy children age and sex matched as control group. CRP and IMA were determined for all participants.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were significant increases in serum CRP, IMA and ferritin levels in patients group compared to control group. There were significant decreases of IMA and CRP levels of thalassemic patients on chelation deferiprone (DFP) compared to deferasirox (DFX) P-value (<0.01) for each. There was a significant positive correlation between serum ferritin and both CRP and IMA levels in thalassemic children (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between IMA and CRP in beta-thalassemic patients (r = 0.31, p = 0.02). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">IMA, CRP and Serum ferritin were higher in children with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-thalassemia major than controls. Moreover, IMA and CRP levels in thalassemic children on deferiprone (DFP) were significantly lower compared with children on deferasirox (DFX). So it could be considered as useful markers in the follow up assessment of thalassemic patients for early detection of complications.</span></span>