Simultaneous purification of minor components in natural products using twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient

The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar compounds.This study introduces an optimized twin-column recycling chromatography method for the efficient and simultaneous purification of these elusive constituents.By introducing water at a small flowing rate between the twin columns,a step solvent gradient is created,by which the leading edge of concentration band would migrate at a slower rate than the trailing edge as it flowing from the upstream to downstream column.Hence,the band broadening is counterbalanced,resulting in an enrichment effect for those minor components in separation process.Herein,two target substances,which showed similar peak position in high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and did not exceed 1.8%in crude paclitaxel were selected as target compounds for separation.By using the twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient,a successful purification was achieved in getting the two with the purity almost 100%.We suggest this method is suitable for the separation of most components in natural produces,which shows higher precision and recovery rate compared with the common lab-operated separation ways for natural products(thin-layer chromatography and prep-HPLC).

Packed Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Analyses and Preparative Separations of Palm Oil Minor Components

This paper depicts a brief review on the applications of packed supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) in palm oil analyses and purifications from early 1990s to date. Packed SFC has been used for the analyses of various palm oil components. The analytical separations have also been scaled up to preparative scale that leads to the recovery of high value components from palm oil. This review encompasses both analytical and preparative SFC in the oil palm processing.

TRACE AND MINOR ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF XIANGDONG TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS

Geochemical characteristics of trace and minor elements in some strata of geosynclinal tectonic layer, platform tectonic layer, in granite of Diwa stage, altered rocks and wolframite in the Xiangdong Tungsten Mine are systematically studied. Enrichment of W, Sn and Cu in geosynclinal tectonic layer could be one part of mineralization. Different types of alteration might result in variance of distribution of the same trace or minor element. mNb/mTa and mMn/mFe ratios, contents of Nb and Ta in wolframite vary with vein groups′ location.

Characterization of lipid compositions, minor components and antioxidant capacities in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) oil from four major areas in China

Macadamia is rich in lipids and considered as a source of high-quality oil. In this study, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, minor components and antioxidant activities of macadamia oils (MOs) from four cultivated regions (YN: Yunnan Province;GZ: Guizhou Province;GX: Guangxi Province;GD: Guangdong Province) in China were systematically analyzed by modern chromatography (Gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy). The analysis indicated macadamia oil enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), including 62.4%–65.6% oleic acid and 11.4%–17.3% palmitoleic acid. Among the four cultivated regions, the MO from YN exhibited the highest contents of UFA (85.0%) and palmitoleic acid. In addition, the minor components and antioxidant activities of MO from four cultivation areas showed a significant difference, which GX-MO had the highest contents of α-tocotrienols (58.9 mg/kg) and phytosterols (2310.4 mg/kg), while GZ-MO was rich in squalene (626.7 mg/kg) and YN-MO had the highest levels of polyphenols (71.0 mg GAE/kg) and antioxidant capacity. Based on the correlation analysis, the polyphenols and α-tocotrienols had a remarkable contribution on the antioxidant activities of MO. Furthermore, the cultivation areas of MO can be distinguished according to the analysis of hierachical cluster analysis and principal components. Our studies offer a potential guidance for the identification of MO and its application in food industry.

Study on Trace Elements in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. by Principal Component Analysis and Clustering Analysis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the trace elements in Rehman- nia glutinosa Libosch. by using principal component analysis and clustering analysis. [Method] Principal component analysis and clustering analysis of R. glutinosa medicinal materials from different sources were conducted with contents of six trace elements as indices. [Result] The principal component analysis could comprehen- sively evaluate the quality of R. glutinosa samples with objective results which was consistent with the results of clustering analysis. [Conclusion] Principal component analysis and clustering analysis methods can be used for the quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal materials with multiple indices.

Changes of Serum Trace Elements, AFP, CEA, SF, T3, T4 and IGF-Ⅱ in Different Periods of Rat Liver Cancer

Objective: Based on liver cancer model built in SD rats, the contents of trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg), AFP, CEA, SF, TH and IGF-II in serum were measured at different stages to explore the molecular changes during the rat liver cancer development. Methods: The SD rat liver cancer model was built by using diethylnitrosamine (DENA) as the mutagen. During 16 weeks of DENA gavage, blood samples were taken in the 14th, 28th, 56th, 77th, 105th and 112th days respectively after the first day of gavage with DENA, then the contents of five trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and Mg), T3, T4, IGF-II, AFP, CEA and SF in serum were determined. Results: During the development of the rat liver cancer, in the test group, the Cu content significantly increased in serum, while the contents of Fe, Zn and Ca significantly decreased. The content of Mg showed no significant change. AFP and CEA of the test group showed same expression level with the control group; while the content of SF was lower than that of the control group when cancerization appeared. T3 and T4 increased at the first stage and then went down, and the content of IGF-II was always high. Conclusion: Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, T3, T4, SF and IGF-II are closely related to the development of liver cancer. The changes of their contents in the development of cancer could enlighten the researches on cancer pathogenesis and prevention.

Use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for the Determination of Trace Elements in Human Scalp

The analysis of trace elements in human hair for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. This study investigated the concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in human scalp hair obtained from subjects living in Forsyth County, North Carolina, USA. The influence of age, sex, race, and smoking habits on the levels of trace elements in the hair samples were also investigated. Additionally, analyses were subjected to a statistical, regression, and principal component analysis to evaluate inter-elemental association and possible pattern recognition in hair samples. Furthermore, Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios, which are often used to evaluate the degree of Ca and Cu utilization in humans and as markers for various health related issues including, atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic cancer, were calculated. The overall mean concentrations of Fe (25 μg/g), Ca (710 μg/g), Mg (120 μg/g), Zn (190 μg/g), Cu (12 μg/g), and Cr (0.20 μg/g) were found in hair samples. The trace element concentrations varied widely in hair samples as demonstrated by large range of concentrations obtained for each element. However, levels of Cd and Pb elements of <0.030 μg/g were detected in hair sample. In general, the levels of the trace elements in hair samples were poorly correlated. However, significant correlations were found between Ca and Mg (r = 0.840, p = 0.05). The levels of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Cr in hair samples and the calculated Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios were found to be largely correlated with age, race, sex, and smoking habits.

Research Progress of Special Wheat Nutrition Components and Application

With the increased pace of life and improved consumption level of people, the demand for food developed from natural resources is increasing day by day. Related researches have shown that the nutrition level of special wheat is higher than that of common wheat. Special wheat can improve the nutritional structure and diet quality of people. However, the researches on special wheat are rare at home and abroad. Compared with the common wheat, special wheat still faces many challenges in taste quality, storage stability, processing suitability as main food, etc. This paper summarized the researches on analysis and application of special wheat nutrition components at home and abroad so as to evaluate comprehensively the development prospect of special wheat.

Minor Component Analysis-based Landing Forecast System for Ship-borne Helicopter

The general structure of ship-borne helicopter landing forecast system is presented, and a novel ship motion prediction model based on minor component analysis (MCA) is built up to improve the forecast effectiveness. To validate the feasibility of this landing forecast system, time series for the roll, pitch and heave are generated by simulation and then forecasted based on MCA. Simulation results show that ship-borne helicopters can land safely in higher sea condition while carrying on rescue or replenishment tasks at sea in terms of the landing forecast system.

Main and Trace Element Contents of Tomatoes Grown in Austria

Tomatoes are one of the most popular and widespread kinds of vegetables on a global scale. Tomatoes of various varieties, sizes and shapes, were grown in 3 different greenhouses in Austria on solid substrates. After freeze drying, they were analyzed for main and trace elements by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and combustion methods （for C, N）. Main inorganic cation was K, whereas contents of hazardous metals （e.g. Cd, Pb）, Rare Earth Elements, Si, and Ti were marginal. Due to high water contents, the contribution to the Recommended Daily Intake of essential elements is largely below 1/5 for 1 kg consumption. In spite of different varieties grown at the 3 sites, trends for concentrations versus fruit size could be noted for K, Ca, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Si. Similarly, fruits with seeds ＋ jelly tended to contain more of almost all elements, but less of Li, Ca, Sr, and Ba, whereas P and B were equally distributed. No significant correlations between the concentrations found in tomato-fruits and the amount of soil mobilizable in 0.16 M acetic acid （exchangeable ＋ acid mobile） were found. A look into already published data from other countries reveals that element concentrations met in tomatoes presumably depend on climatic conditions and suitably adapted varieties than on the growing substrate.

The determination of 52 elements in marine geological samples by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a high-pressure closed digestion method

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method（HPCD）, is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES） and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error（RE） for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials（GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313）, rock reference materials（GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105）, and cobalt-rich crust reference materials（GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339）, the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation（RSD） and the relative error（RE） are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.

Differences of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Upper Fresh Leaves and Post-growth Roots in Different Quality Stages

In order to explore the physiological and biochemical characteristics of fresh upper leaves and roots of different qualities of tobacco, the malonaldehyde （MDA）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, chlorophyllase activity, amylase activity, medium trace element content, chemical component content, root fresh weight, dry weight and activity in the normal tobacco leaves, tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves were studied. The results showed that compared with the normal tobacco leaves, the root fresh weight, dry weight and activity in the premature grey tobacco leaves decreased by 41.22%, 14.44% and 60.29% respectively, while malonaldehyde content increased by 34.82%, and chlorophyllase, α-amylase, β-amylase and SOD activity declined by 89.55%, 65.71%, 71.26% and 37.25% respectively. Chlorophyllase, co-amylase and 13-amylase activity in the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients decreased by 58.76%, 36.19% and 41.93% respectively. The content of medium trace elements in the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves was lower than that of the normal tobacco leaves. Starch, total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium content in the normal tobacco leaves were higher than that of the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves.

Role of Micronutrient in Rice Cultivation and Management Strategy in Organic Agriculture—A Reappraisal

Micronutrient refers to the relative quantity of a nutrient that is required for plant growth. It takes part in metabolic activities, enzymatic process/catalysts etc. Thus these all directly and indirectly help in plant growth and development. There are 8 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients like boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl) and silicon (Si). They constitute in total less than 1% of the dry weight of most plants. Organic sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost etc. may contain less quantity of these nutrients but presence of these help the plant in their growth and development. They also called trace elements or minor elements. They are required only in small amounts (5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight). The visual symptoms may be caused by more than one nutrient. Deficiency of one nutrient may be related to an excess quantity of another. Nutrient deficiency symptoms are observed only after the crop has already suffered an irretrievable loss. When soil supplies more quantity of nutrient than the plant’s requirement, plant shows toxicity symptom.

An advanced segmentation using area and boundary tracing technique in extraction of lungs region

A new method is presented for the segmentation of pulmonary parenchyma. The proposed method is based on the area calculation of different objects in the image. The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is the segment of the lungs images from the computer tomography(CT) images. The original image is binarized using the bit-plane slicing technique and among the different images the best binarized image is chosen. After binarization, the labeling is done and the area of each label is calculated from which the next level of binarized image is obtained. Then, the boundary tracing algorithm is applied to get another level of binarized image. The proposed method is able to extract lung region from the original images. The experimental results show the significance of the proposed method.

Demineralization of Gondwana coal with Pseudomonas mendocina strain B6-1： a case study of coal from Gopinathpur top and bottom seams of Mugma mine, Dhanbad, Jharkhand （India）

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to demineralize the Gondwana coal of Gopinathpur top and bottom seams of Mugma mine, Raniganj coalfield, Dhanbad with the help of Pseudomonas mendocina strain B6-1. The change in the amount of ash yield and decrease in the concentration of selected minor elements like Na, K, Mn and Ca and environmentally sensitive selected trace elements such as Cd, Pb, Se, Ni, Mn, and Zn have been studied as a function of time of bacterial treatment as well as with variation in the bacterial biomass. After 28 days of bacterial treatment there was variable amount of decrease observed in ash yield as well as in the concentration of minor and trace elements. The removal of the elements was further enhanced with the increase in the bacterial biomass from 10 to 25 mg/mL. Due to over exploitation of superior grade coals in the country, the remaining coal resources, available for current use, are inferior in grade and contain high level of impurities and there is ample scope of bio-beneficiation of these coals using bacterial biomass.

基于SMOTE-IKPCA-SeNet深度迁移学习的小批量生产质量预测研究

随着智能制造技术的发展和客户个性化需求的增加,多品种小批量生产方式逐渐成为制造业的主流。面向大批量生产、以统计过程控制为核心的质量管理方式并不适用于小批量生产。针对复杂生产过程存在参数多、非线性和交互作用的问题,提出利用深度迁移学习的方式将历史生产数据作为源域迁移至小样本目标产品数据进行质量预测。首先,通过合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority over-sampling technique,SMOTE)和改进的核主成分分析(improved kernel principal component analysis,IKPCA)算法筛选源域和目标域的可迁移特征,这不仅兼顾了特征重要性和可迁移性,还减少了“负迁移”,提高了模型泛化能力;然后,采用结合通道注意力机制的卷积神经网络SeNet构建基于深度迁移学习的质量预测模型。仿真结果表明,随着目标域样本的增加,所提方法的预测准确性明显优于广泛采用的支持向量机建模方法。同时,所提可迁移特征筛选方法显著提高了深度迁移学习的质量预测效果,为复杂的小批量生产过程质量保证提供了新方法。

永定河平原南部典型植被土壤优先流特征及其归因

[目的]研究永定河平原地区的优先流现象,解析其形态特征和发育程度,明确影响优先流的主要因素,为该区域淡水资源保护以及生态环境恢复提供理论依据。[方法]以3种典型植被柳树、荆条和狗尾草为对象,在25 mm入渗水量下(大雨)通过野外亮蓝染色示踪试验获取原始土样和染色剖面图像,使用图像处理技术解析水分和溶质在土壤中下渗的形态规律,结合相关性分析和主成成分分析法研究不同土壤因子对优先流产生和发育的响应。[结果](1)柳树、荆条和狗尾草土壤优先流分别集中在10—40 cm处、10—40 cm处和10—30 cm处,最大染色深度分别为40.0 cm,44.8 cm,31.5 cm。不同植被类型垂直剖面上显示出染色面积比随土层深度的增加而下降。(2)优先流发育程度为柳树样地>荆条样地>狗尾草样地。柳树样地和狗尾草样地的染色面积比和长度指数差异显著(p<0.05),荆条样地与其他2种植被差异均不显著(p>0.05)。(3)黏粒、砂粒、粉粒含量对方差变异性的贡献率为24.824%,根重密度和有机质含量对方差变异性的贡献率为46.312%。[结论]永定河平原南部3种典型植被中柳树样地最早发生土壤优先流现象,形成优先流染色形态分化程度最高,优先流现象最明显,而狗尾草样地最不明显。随着入渗水量的增加,土壤水分运动表现出整体下移,加深了土壤水流形态分化界面深度,即0—20 cm土层染色形态表现为相对稳定。土壤机械组成与径级小于5 mm根系是影响优先流产生发育的重要因素,由于各样地中植被的生长发育状态不同,因此对土壤优先流的影响程度也不尽相同,存在一定的差异性。

米糠油加工过程中组成及品质变化的研究

旨在为米糠油适度加工提供数据支撑,对来自国内3个工厂的不同加工阶段米糠油的理化指标、组成、色泽和微量成分进行了测定。结果表明:A、B、C 3个工厂的米糠油在精炼后酸值(KOH)分别由24.22、18.95、17.21 mg/g降至0.15 mg/g以下,脂肪酸脱除率高达99%以上,过氧化值分别降至0.99、1.54、0.71 mmol/kg,精炼后米糠油酸值、过氧化值均达到GB/T 19112-2003中一级油标准;3个工厂的米糠油在加工过程中其游离脂肪酸含量变化趋势与酸值的变化趋势一致;精炼后米糠油甘一酯含量降低了58.9%~84.9%,主要在物理脱酸和脱臭时脱除,甘二酯含量变化不大,甘三酯含量增加了12.8%~23.9%;3个工厂米糠油脂肪酸组成在加工过程中没有明显变化;精炼后米糠油中叶绿素被有效脱除,色泽均达到国标一级油标准;米糠油的微量成分在加工过程中变化极大,其中谷维素出现明显的损失,损失率高达80.8%~94.1%,主要在化学脱酸时损失,甾醇损失率为21.2%~42.6%,主要在化学脱酸时损失,维生素E含量变化趋势存在差异,A工厂维生素E含量增加30.2%,B、C工厂维生素E损失率分别为31.7%、55.6%;角鲨烯损失率为65.9%~96.3%,主要发生在脱臭工序。综上,企业应根据自己的定位,合理调整精炼工序,优化精炼工艺参数,生产出符合企业追求的米糠油产品。

Trace element characteristics and origin of intergranular components in mantle peridotites

Leaching experiment has been carried out on mantle xenoliths with different petrographic features in order to directly characterize the nature of intergranular components. ICP-MS analyses of leachates show that they are characterized by high LREE concentrations with strong depletion of Ta. The total REE contents and whether the negative Rb, Ba and Nb anomalies are present or not in intergranular components are largely dependent upon the nature of mantle metasomatism experienced by its host rock. It is proposed that intergranular components may represent residues of small volume metasomatic melts.