Analysis of Flesh Thickness of Summer Squash by Using Mixed Major Genes and Polygene Inheritance Model

[Objective]The aim was to study the inheritance of flesh thickness,so as to provide a theoretical basis for breeding of thicker-flesh summer squash variety.[Method]Using mixed major genes and polygene inheritance model,a joint analysis of six generations from two crosses q-1×23-4G（Cross 1）and q-1×A-7（Cross 2）was conducted to investigate the inheritance of the flesh thickness of summer squash.[Result]The results showed that the flesh thickness was controlled by D-2 model（a pair of additive major genes plus additive-dominant polygene）;genetic effect of flesh thickness in the two crosses was mainly the dominant effect of polygene.Heritability values of the genes of F2 generation were relatively low,while the environmental effect was great.[Conclusion]To flesh thickness,the method of individual selection on high separated generations was effective in the breeding of summer squash with thick flesh.

Analysis of Fruit Length Using Mixed Major Gene and Polygene Inheritance Model in Summer Squash

[Objective]The aim was to provide scientific basis for breeding on the fruit length of summer squash.[Method]Inheritance of the fruit length of summer squash in P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 from two crosses q-1 ×23-4G（cross 1） and q-1 ×A-7（cross 2） was investigated by the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance model of quantitative traits.[Result]The results showed that the fruit length was controlled by D2 model;Genetic effect of fruit length of cross 1 was mainly additive effect,but genetic effect of fruit length of cross 2 was mainly dominant effect.Heritability values of the genes of F2 were relatively high and the environmental effect was relatively low.[Conclusion]The fruit length breeding of summer squash should be selected in early generation selection.

Analysis of Fruit Width Using Mixed Major Gene and Polygene Inheritance Model in Summer Squash

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for breeding on the fruit width of summer squash.[Method] Inheritance of the fruit width traits of summer squash in P1,P2,F1,BC1,BC2 and F2 from two crosses q-1×23-4G（cross 1）and q-1×A-7（cross 2）was investigated by the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance model of quantitative traits.[Result] The fruit width was controlled by B-1 model.Heritability values of the major genes of F2 were relatively high and the environmental effect was relatively low.[Conclusion] The fruit width breeding of summer squash should be selected in early generation selection.

Genetic Analysis of Cryotolerance in Cotton During the Overwintering Period Using Mixed Model of Major Gene and Polygene

The joint analysis of the mixed genetic model of major gene and polygene was conducted to study the inheritance of cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period.H077（G.hirsutum L.,weak cryotolerance） and H113（G.barbadence L.,strong cryotolerance） were used as parents.Cryotolerance of six generation populations including P1,P2,F1,B1,B2,and F2,from each of the two reciprocal crosses H077×H113 and H113×H077 were all investigated.The results showed that cryotolerance in cotton during the overwintering period was accorded with two additive major genes and additivedominance polygene genetic model.For cross H077×H113,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 83.62,76.84,and 90.56%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene could only be detected in B2,which was 7.76%.For cross H113×H077,the heritabilities of major genes in B1,B2,and F2 were 67.42,68.95,and 83.40%,respectively;and the heritability of polygene was only detected in F2,which was 6.51%.In addition,the whole heritability in F2 was always higher than that in B1 and B2 in each cross.Therefore,for the cryotolerance breeding of perennial cotton,the method of single cross recombination or single backcross should be adopted to transfer major genes,and the selection in F2 would be more efficient than that in other generations.

Genetic Analysis of Stripe Disease Resistance in Rice Restorer Line C224 Using Major Gene plus Polygene Mixed Effect Model

The inheritance of stripe disease resistance in a rice restorer line C224 was analyzed using the mixed effect model of major gene plus polygene for quantitative traits.In addition,the resistance was investigated in seven crosses of C224 with maintainer lines.The results showed that the stripe resistance of C224 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance effects （E-1 model）.These two genes had additive effects of-12.47% and-24.75%,respectively,showing negative dominance effects.There were significant epistasis and interaction effects between the two major genes.The heritability of the two major genes was 92.12%,while that of polygenes was 2.74%,indicating that the stripe resistance had dominant major gene effect.Of the seven crosses,five displayed high or medium resistance to the stripe disease.

Inheritance Analysis of Bolting Associated Traits Using Mixed Major Gene Plus Polygene Model in Brassica rapa

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the inheritance of bolting associated traits in Brassica rapa, which will provide useful information in a breeding program for late-bolting or bolting-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage. [ Method] Three phenotypic measurements, bolting index, flowering time, days to 5 cm elongated stalk, respectively were used for inheritance analysis of six generations, P, （bolting resistant inbreed line ）, P2 （vernalization independent type） and their filial generations F1 , B1, B2 and F2, using the mixed major-gene plus polygene inheritance model. [ Result] The two traits, bolting index and days to 5 cm elongated stalk, both were controlled by two major genes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects （ B-1 model） in hybrid. The flowering time was controlled by one major gene with addltive-dominant effects plus additive-dominant-epistatic effects （D model）. The heritability of the major genes in B1, B2 and F2 were 96.22%, 93.33%, 93.55% for bolting index, 70.68%, 70.68%, 70.64% for flowering time, 79.44%, 79.55%, 79.38% for days to 5-cm elongated stalk, respectively, but no polygene heritability was detected in BI, B2 and F2 generation. It indicated that the bolting trait in Brassica rapa was controlled by one or tow major genes. [ Conclusion] This implied that in the genetic improvement for bolting resistant trait major gene was a main factor. It is fit for early selection and environment factor should be mentioned.

Evaluation of polygenic risk score for risk prediction of gastric cancer

Genetic variations are associated with individual susceptibility to gastric cancer.Recently,polygenic risk score(PRS)models have been established based on genetic variants to predict the risk of gastric cancer.To assess the accuracy of current PRS models in the risk prediction,a systematic review was conducted.A total of eight eligible studies consisted of 544842 participants were included for evaluation of the performance of PRS models.The overall accuracy was moderate with Area under the curve values ranging from 0.5600 to 0.7823.Incorporation of epidemiological factors or Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status increased the accuracy for risk prediction,while selection of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)and number of SNPs appeared to have little impact on the model performance.To further improve the accuracy of PRS models for risk prediction of gastric cancer,we summarized the association between gastric cancer risk and H.pylori genomic variations,cancer associated bacteria members in the gastric microbiome,discussed the potentials for performance improvement of PRS models with these microbial factors.Future studies on comprehensive PRS models established with human SNPs,epidemiological factors and microbial factors are indicated.

Genome-wide associations, polygenic risk, and Mendelian randomization reveal limited interactions between John Henryism and cynicism

BACKGROUND John Henryism(JH)is a strategy for dealing with chronic psychological stress characterized by high levels of physical effort and work.Cynicism is a belief that people are motivated primarily by self-interest.High scores on the JH scale and cynicism measures correlate with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.High cynicism is also a hallmark of burnout syndrome,another known risk factor for heart disease.AIM To evaluate possible interactions between JH and cynicism hoping to clarify risk factors of burnout.METHODS We analyzed genetic and psychological data available from the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes for genome-wide associations with these traits.We split the total available samples and used plink to perform the association studies on the discovery set(n=1852,80%)and tested for replication using the validation set(n=465).We used scikit-learn to perform supervised machine learning for developing genetic risk algorithms.RESULTS We identified 2,727,and 204 genetic associations for scores on the JH,cynicism and cynical distrust(CD)scales,respectively.We also found 173 associations with high cynicism,109 with high CD,but no associations with high JH.We also produced polygenic classifiers for high cynicism using machine learning with areas under the receiver operator characteristics curve greater than 0.7.CONCLUSION We found significant genetic components to these traits but no evidence of an interaction.Therefore,while there may be a genetic risk,JH is not likely a burnout risk factor.

辣椒白粉病抗性主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

辣椒白粉病是一种常见的真菌病害,该病严重影响辣椒生产。以辣椒白粉病高抗材料(NSR和NVD)为母本,高感材料(20c89、20c93)为父本,分别构建两组P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)四世代遗传群体(2021组和2022组),通过调查统计辣椒不同世代群体内单株的白粉病病情指数,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析法对辣椒白粉病抗性进行遗传分析。结果表明:两组群体辣椒白粉病抗性遗传均受两对加性-显性上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,并且基因遗传效应和遗传力等参数在两组群体中表现出较高的一致性。2021组第1对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为12.7065和-34.7107,第2对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为-9.1706和-16.9432,主基因遗传率为86.11%;2022组第1对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为20.0431和-18.0682,第2对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为-1.0668和-6.0904,主基因遗传率为97.16%。

花生RIL群体出仁率的遗传特性分析

出仁率是花生的产量性状之一,是籽仁产量的重要影响因子。本研究以花育44×DF12构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体为试验材料,出仁率作为表型数据,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对3个环境下的出仁率进行遗传特性分析。结果表明,3个环境下的出仁率的最适遗传模型均为4MG-AI,即4对加性—上位性主基因调控,3个环境下的主基因遗传率分别为91.93%,90.60%,96.85%。本研究结果为出仁率遗传机制挖掘奠定了重要理论依据。

花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

“坐球高度”是评价花椰菜品种是否适合机械化采收的重要农艺性状之一。为了解析花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的遗传规律,使用早熟、紧实型花椰菜F 7代自交系ZAASC4101与芥蓝F_(6)代自交系ZAASJ1401为亲本构建了包括P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)、B_(1)、B_(2)的6个联合世代群体,利用主茎高度(六世代群体)和叶痕间距(F_(2)群体)两个指标来锚定“坐球高度”性状。研究结果表明,F_(2)群体中主茎高度与叶痕间距数值呈极显著相关(相关系数为0.652),并且这两个指标均为连续性的近似正态分布,符合数量遗传的特征;主茎高度的六世代群体遗传分析和叶痕间距的F_(2)群体遗传分析结果均表明,花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的最适遗传模型为:两对加性显性上位性主基因+加性显性上位性多基因遗传模型,表明该性状主要受两对主基因+多个微效基因的控制,并且遗传率达到97.84%。因此,可以利用连锁分子标记在早期世代对花椰菜“坐球高度”性状进行辅助选择和遗传改良。综上,本研究结果为进一步定位和挖掘控制花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的关键基因,最终利用生物技术手段育成适宜机械化采收的花椰菜新品种奠定了前期研究基础。

河南豫东地区661例非小细胞肺癌常见驱动基因突变分析

目的分析河南豫东地区非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancers,NSCLC)患者常见驱动基因的突变情况。方法回顾性分析2022年3月至2023年7月就诊于商丘市第一人民医院的661例NSCLC患者,入组病例均采用了5种基因突变检测试剂盒(荧光PCR法)进行检测。应用统计学方法分析其临床特征与各驱动基因状态之间的关系。结果661例NSCLC中EGFR、KRAS、ALK、ROS1、PIK3CA、BRAF、HER2、RET、MET14和NRAS的突变率分别为47.35%、9.68%、5.45%、1.82%、2.87%、1.82%、1.21%、0.91%、0.61%和0%。EGFR、ROS1和HER2的突变更易发生在在女性患者中(P<0.05),而KRAS突变常发生于男性患者(P<0.05)。EGFR、KRAS和ALK突变在腺癌中的突变率显著高于鳞癌和非小细胞肺癌非特指型(NSCLC.NOS)(P<0.05),PIK3CA在NSCLC.NOS中的突变率最高。KRAS基因在Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的突变率显著高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期(P<0.05),其他基因与临床分期无明显相关性。与吸烟者相比,非吸烟者的总驱动基因突变率明显较高(P<0.05),EGFR、ALK、PIK3CA、ROS1、BRAF和HER2常发生于非吸烟患者中(P<0.05),而KRAS基因更易发生于吸烟患者中(P<0.05)。沉渣细胞块标本10种驱动基因突变率78.67%,检出率显著高于其他类型标本(P<0.05)。结论EGFR、KRAS、ALK等常见驱动基因与患者性别、病理类型、临床分期以及吸烟具有一定的相关性。质控合格的沉渣细胞块标本用于基因检测的优势明显,可以在有条件的患者中广泛推广;ARMS-PCR法联合检测10种基因可作为初诊初治NSCLC患者的首选基因检测方法。

多基因疾病胚胎植入前遗传学检测的研究进展及挑战

胚胎植入前遗传学检测是辅助生殖过程中的重要环节,可以阻断单基因或染色体疾病的代际间遗传。其中,多基因疾病胚胎植入前遗传学检测(PGT-P)是该领域的最新进展之一。PGT-P在人工智能和遗传检测技术发展的基础上,通过检测遗传物质,计算多基因风险评分,再将其转化为发病概率,可以筛选得到多基因疾病发病概率相对较低的胚胎进行移植,以期降低子代未来患该疾病的可能,具有显著的临床和社会意义。目前,PGT-P在国内外都进行了阶段性的开展并取得了成功的临床实践。与此同时,PGT-P作为一项正在发展的技术仍存在结果不稳定、无法排除环境因素、种族差异影响等技术缺陷;在伦理角度,若不严加规范PGT-P的筛选指征则容易产生新的社会问题。本文主要综述了目前PGT-P的技术组成和最新进展,并对其未来的发展,尤其是如何建立完整且适用于我国人群的筛查模型提出了展望。

芥菜型油菜种子中神经酸、芥酸和油酸含量的遗传分析

神经酸等有益脂肪酸对人体健康具有重要作用。芥菜型油菜作为神经酸潜力来源,是具有高品质的功能型油料作物。为探究芥菜型油菜神经酸等重要脂肪酸的遗传规律,本文以芥菜型油菜高神经酸种质JH1和低神经酸种质JL4为亲本,创制遗传分析世代(P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)/RF_(1)、B_(1)/RB_(1)、B_(2)/RB_(2)、F_(2)/RF_(2)),测定各世代种子的脂肪酸含量,对神经酸、芥酸和油酸含量进行相关性分析和遗传分析。结果发现,油酸与芥酸、神经酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),神经酸与芥酸极显著正相关(P<0.01)。两个亲本的神经酸含量分别为(2.998±0.274)%和(0.000±0.000)%,芥酸含量分别为(47.644±2.343)%和(0.000±0.000)%,油酸含量分别为(8.853±1.963)%和(48.649±3.395)%,亲本之间存在显著差异。F1和RF1的三种脂肪酸含量介于两个亲本之间,分离世代的表型分布广泛。遗传分析表明:三种脂肪酸含量的加性效应较强,其最佳遗传模型均为MX2-ADI-ADI(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。B2/RB2和F2/RF2中三种脂肪酸的遗传都以主基因为主,遗传率较高,环境影响小。B1和RB1的神经酸和芥酸以主基因或多基因遗传为主,环境影响小,油酸受环境影响较大。本文结果为高神经酸芥菜型油菜品质育种提供了理论依据。

甘蓝型油菜开花时间的数量遗传分析

以甘蓝型油菜早花亲本3379、晚花亲本750及其衍生的F_(5∶6)重组自交系群体为试材,利用R软件包SEA对西宁和元谋2个环境下的开花时间进行数量遗传分析,研究了甘蓝型油菜开花时间的遗传规律,以期为早熟育种提供参考依据。结果表明:控制甘蓝型油菜开花时间4对主基因加性效应均为负向效应,加性上位性作用明显,主导控制开花时间的遗传,累加在一起时主基因表现较弱,最终表现为多基因遗传,2个环境下的多基因遗传率为91.26%和91.91%。因此,在今后的早熟育种中可以考虑在现有品种中积累更多的早熟基因位点。

黄瓜枯萎病抗性的遗传分析

为研究黄瓜枯萎病抗性的遗传规律,选择华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高感材料Han203为母本与华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高抗材料BLF-2-1A为父本,华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高感材料NS为母本与其近等基因系黄瓜枯萎病高抗材料NR为父本,分别杂交获得2个四世代杂交组合,采用主基因与多基因混合模型分析了黄瓜枯萎病的遗传规律。结果显示,Han203×BLF-2-1A在2018年秋季符合E-1(MX2-ADI-AD)模型,在2019年春季符合E-0(MX2-ADI-ADI)模型;NS×NR在2023年春季符合E-1(MX2-ADI-AD)模型,在2023年秋季符合E-0(MX2-ADI-ADI)模型。在这4个模型中,主基因遗传效率分别为87.98%、77.30%、73.96%和72.33%,多基因遗传效率分别为0、2.7%、0和0,环境方差占表型方差百分比分别为12.22%、22.70%、26.40%和27.67%。研究结果为黄瓜枯萎病抗性材料的选育及挖掘黄瓜枯萎病抗性相关基因提供了参考依据。

有棱丝瓜早熟相关性状主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

【目的】通过主基因+多基因遗传模型分析有棱丝瓜早熟性相关性状的遗传规律,为早熟丝瓜品种选育提供理论参考。【方法】以高代自交系有棱丝瓜LC034(♀)和LC052(♂)为亲本构建6世代群体,采用主基因+多基因遗传分离法分析有棱丝瓜的4个早熟相关性状(第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期)遗传规律。【结果】LC034的4个早熟相关性状均极显著低于LC052(P<0.01)。F_(1)、BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的4个早熟相关性状变异系数为8.70%~25.46%、14.77%~37.67%、19.93%~38.97%和22.37%~46.81%,且4个早熟相关性状在F_(2)代群体的分离频率分布均包含多种正态分布的混合分布。MX2-ADI-ADI为第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制;第一雌花节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的主基因遗传率(h^(2)_(mg))分别为4.63%、84.69%和79.99%,多基因遗传率(h^(2)_(pg))为74.60%、0和0;第一坐果节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为2.38%、82.86%和76.45%,h^(2)_(pg)为57.04%、0和0。2MG-ADI为始花期的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为72.02%、79.05%和86.53%。2MG-AD为有棱丝瓜始收期最优遗传模型,属于2对主基因控制的加性—显性遗传模型,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为62.33%、84.79%和85.07%。【结论】有棱丝瓜的第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期均表现为数量性状的特点,受多基因的控制,其中第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位受2对主加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制,始花期受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,始收期受2对加性—显性主基因控制。

不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的遗传分析

【背景】不结球白菜(BrassicacampestrisL.ssp.chinensis(L.)Makino)属十字花科(Cruciferae)植物,是我国南方地区广泛栽培的叶菜类蔬菜作物。在叶片性状中,叶面的皱缩是不结球白菜的一个重要农艺性状,不仅决定不结球白菜的外观商品性,还因影响叶片的光合作用而对其产量、营养品质、抗逆性等产生显著影响。但是,目前对该性状的遗传和形成机制尚无清晰认识,从而限制了对该性状的高效遗传改良。【目的】对不结球白菜的叶片皱缩性状进行数量化描述,探究不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的遗传和形成机制,提高对该性状的高效选择和调控,从而指导不结球白菜的育种工作。【方法】以不结球白菜中叶片皱缩明显的塌菜(Brassicacampestrisssp.chinensisvar.rosularisTsen et Lee)为亲本之一构建6个不同F2群体,通过指标“最大叶叶面凸起数量”在莲座期对F2植株进行叶片皱缩性状的量化,运用数量性状主基因-多基因遗传分离分析方法对这一性状的遗传规律进行分析。【结果】F2群体单株间叶片皱缩性状变异幅度较大,呈现连续性变化,拟分布曲线呈现正态分布或偏正态分布。通过主基因+多基因遗传模型计算方法对叶片皱缩性状进行遗传分析,显示不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的最佳遗传模型为2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型(2MG-ADI),主基因遗传率为99.08%,第1主基因的显性效应使皱缩程度减弱,而第2主基因的显性效应使皱缩程度加强,2对主基因的加性效应均导致叶片皱缩程度加深。两主基因加性×加性互作效应、加性×显性互作效应对叶片皱缩程度起到减效作用,显性×加性、显性×显性互作效应对性状呈现增益效果。【结论】不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状是由2对主基因控制的数量性状,且主基因在该性状的形成调控中发挥主要作用。

辣椒果实性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

以西北农林科技大学蔬菜种质资源创新实验室提供的辣椒品系AA5与CK18为亲本构建F 2代群体,统计调查群体各性状的分离情况,经相关性分析以及主基因+多基因遗传分析的方法来获得辣椒6个果实性状的主基因模型以及遗传效应。结果表明:6个果实性状皆是受主基因调控的数量性状,而且其相关性密切。辣椒果形指数、果肉厚度和果宽等3个性状中存在两组等加性主基因,属于2MG-EA模型;果长和单果质量存在两组加-显性主基因,属于2MG-AD模型;果皮硬度性状的遗传属于1MG-AD模型,存在一组加-显性主基因。辣椒的果形指数和单果质量第1对主基因的正加性更显著。果皮硬度和果长性状的主基因效应为负显性以及正加性。果宽和果肉厚度性状的两对主基因表现为正向等加性。主基因遗传率∶单果质量(53.69)>果宽(48.42)>果长(34.67)>果肉厚度(25.42)>果皮硬度(22.91)>果形指数(22.23)。因此辣椒的这6个果实性状不宜于低代开展选育。研究结果为本材料的后续分子标记以及更高效、更具针对性的辣椒分子选育工作提供理论参考。

苦瓜品质性状主基因+多基因混合遗传效应分析

开展苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)干物质含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和硝酸盐含量的品质性状研究,分析其遗传机制。以苦瓜雌性系Z-1-4为母本,优质苦瓜高世代自交系2538、5325和5321为父本,构建3个组合的4个世代[P_(1)(亲本)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)]遗传群体,并结合主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对苦瓜干物质含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和硝酸盐含量进行遗传及相关分析。结果表明,苦瓜干物质含量最适遗传模型为等加性主基因加性+多基因模型,且遗传率较高;苦瓜可溶性蛋白质含量最适遗传模型为负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,遗传率较低,适合在早期世代进行遗传选择。商品瓜硝酸盐含量最适遗传模型为2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,遗传率也较低。可溶性蛋白质与硝酸盐的遗传率均相对不高,适合在高世代进行表型选择。