Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Inten...Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Intensified conditioning of human occupied areas and less intensified conditioning of surrounding areas are able to effectively improve the overall satisfaction by individual control of personalized micro-environments and also,achieve maximum energy efficiency.Four main concepts have been identified chronologically through the devel-opment of personal environmental conditioning,changing the intensified conditioning area closer to the human body and enhancing conditioning efforts,namely the task ambient conditioning(TAC)system,personal envi-ronmental control system(PECS),personal comfort system(PCS),and the personal thermal management(PTM)system.This review follows a clue of the concept progress and system evaluation,summarizes important findings and feasible applications,current gaps as well as future research needs.展开更多
文摘Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Intensified conditioning of human occupied areas and less intensified conditioning of surrounding areas are able to effectively improve the overall satisfaction by individual control of personalized micro-environments and also,achieve maximum energy efficiency.Four main concepts have been identified chronologically through the devel-opment of personal environmental conditioning,changing the intensified conditioning area closer to the human body and enhancing conditioning efforts,namely the task ambient conditioning(TAC)system,personal envi-ronmental control system(PECS),personal comfort system(PCS),and the personal thermal management(PTM)system.This review follows a clue of the concept progress and system evaluation,summarizes important findings and feasible applications,current gaps as well as future research needs.
文摘为解决燃料电池混合动力公交车中基于优化的能量管理策略难以实车应用的问题,在分析燃料电池公交车(Fuel cell hybrid bus,FCHB)行驶路线的固定性和片段性的基础上,提出了一种基于SOM-K-means(Self-organized mapping K-means)工况识别的能量管理策略。首先,根据公交车站点将行驶路线划分为多个行驶片段,在车辆停站时,运用SOM-K-means二阶聚类模型完成工况识别,获取车辆下一行驶片段的识别协态变量;当车辆在下一个行驶片段运行时,运用识别协态变量完成基于庞特里亚金极值原理(Pontryagin s maximum principle,PMP)求解的能量管理策略的实时应用。其次,建立基于公交车实际运行数据的仿真实验,最后建立硬件在环实验,将所提出的策略移植入整车控制器(Vehicle control unit,VCU)中进行实验。实验结果表明,与基于规则的能量管理策略相比,本研究提出的能量管理策略降低了19.77%的平均等效氢气消耗。且该策略在VCU中每一步的计算时间大约为30 ms,计算结果与仿真结果完全一致,满足车辆对能量管理策略的时效性和准确性的要求。