According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of...According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of this,the environmental cost caused by ballast water is considered as a negative externality.This paper aims to contribute by proposing that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined through questionnaires,and that the imposition of a Pigouvian retributive tax is required to compensate for the environmental damage caused.The paper proceeds as follows.Firstly,ballast water management is discussed.Second,the environmental cost is discussed and it is asserted that it is important to have clear regulations and to update them frequently to prevent or minimize ballast water’s negative impact on the environment.Finally,it is suggested that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined by questionnaires and,more specifically,by the WTP(Willingness to Pay)method,and that a special Pigouvian corrective taxation which can internalize this cost should be imposed.展开更多
The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially...The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China's transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.展开更多
An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index s...An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index system is specifically developed to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency. It is composed of three first-level indicators(law enforcement capability, management ability, and management effectiveness) and eleven second-level indicators. The second-level indicators include seven mandatory indicators and four optional indicators. Piecewise linear function is used to normalize the quantitative indicators, and expert scoring method and questionnaire survey method are used to normalize the qualitative indicators. Then a comprehensive indicator weighting evaluation method is used to evaluate the first-level indicators and the target topic. A case study is carried out to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency in Tianjin City. According to the evaluation score in each period, the management efficiency of every district in Tianjin City gradually improved. The overall evaluation score in the early deep groundwater extraction period is 0.12. After a series of deep groundwater protection efforts, this score reached to 0.61 in 2007, and met the regulation criteria. The evaluation results also showed that the further groundwater management efforts in Tianjin City should be focused on building a dynamic database to collect comprehensive deep well-log data; and on a reasonable design and distribution of the groundwater monitoring network. It demonstrated that the index system is suitable to locate the deficiencies of current groundwater management systems and to guide further improvements. It can then be used to protect deep groundwater.展开更多
The design problem of an integrated power and attitude control system (IPACS) for spacecrafts is investigated. A Lyapunov-typed IPACS controller is designed for a spacecraft equipped with 4 flywheels (3 orthogonal ...The design problem of an integrated power and attitude control system (IPACS) for spacecrafts is investigated. A Lyapunov-typed IPACS controller is designed for a spacecraft equipped with 4 flywheels (3 orthogonal + 1 skew). This controller keeps in the nonlinear properties of original systems, so the control result can be more precise. A control law of the flywheels is also proposed to accomplish the attitude control and energy storage simultaneously. Aiming at the limitations existing in the power conversion characteristic and the wheel's motor, a new strategy of energy management is proposed. The strategy can not only make the charged/discharged energy reaching balance in each orbital period, but also sufficiently utilize the power provided by the solar arrays. Therefore, the size and mass of solar arrays can be decreased, and the cost of spacecraft can be economized. A simulation example illustrates the validity of the designed IPACS.展开更多
Electricity Market Act№2019-VIII passed in 2017 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine enacts in July 2019 and causes the transition of this segment of the economy to the free market principles.The implementation of this A...Electricity Market Act№2019-VIII passed in 2017 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine enacts in July 2019 and causes the transition of this segment of the economy to the free market principles.The implementation of this Act is perceived ambiguous.Many experts criticize this Act,which have numerous risks,especially pricing risks.In order to better understand the implications of the enactment of the adopted Act,a study was carried out on the methodology of the pricing mechanism in the retail segment of the electricity market based on the Demand Side Management(DSM)approach.In the study,one of the varieties of DSM models was used–a dynamic demand-supply model for describing the pricing mechanism and short-term forecast of retail prices.Test and comparative analysis were conducted.The last one based on possibilities of short-term forecasting of prices of DSM model with the well-known Holt-Winters method.For testing were set historical data on electricity prices in England and Wales,during the transition period from a model similar to the current model of the Ukrainian electricity market.展开更多
Taking the Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome as an example,the research method of pharmacology of syndrome management system was proposed.By means of text mining,systematic pharmacology and target analysis,to attempt to ...Taking the Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome as an example,the research method of pharmacology of syndrome management system was proposed.By means of text mining,systematic pharmacology and target analysis,to attempt to reveal the essence of the corresponding syndrome by studying the drugs and targets of Qi and Yin deficiency.Fourteen Chinese herbs treating Qi and Yin deficiency were retrieved and used more than 30 times,and 9,317 related targets were predicted.The common targets of action were 85.Topological analysis was carried out by using degree centrality,closeness centrality and betweenness centrality to confirm that estrogen receptor(ESR1),tumor necrosis factor(TNF),D(2)dopamine receptor(DRD2),vitamin D3 receptor(VDR),glucocorticoid receptor(NR3C1),acetylcholinesterase(ACHE)and endothelin-1(EDN1)were highly correlated with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome.Through the target to find Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome corresponding to 17 categories of diseases.A new idea was provided for studying the biological essence of TCM clinical syndrome differentiation.展开更多
With"people as the core",Chongqing vigorously explores the reform of integration of urban and rural elements in counties,gradually breaks down the institutional barriers that hinder the free flow and equal e...With"people as the core",Chongqing vigorously explores the reform of integration of urban and rural elements in counties,gradually breaks down the institutional barriers that hinder the free flow and equal exchange of urban and rural elements,and promotes the balanced development of land,talent,medical care,pension,education and service towards"equalization"and"integration".Some typical experience practices and outstanding results have been formed.At the same time,restricted by system,capital,technology and other factors,there are still many"pain points"and"difficulties"in the integration of urban and rural development in counties of Chongqing.Based on the reform practice,some countermeasures and suggestions for the integrated development of urban and rural elements in counties of Chongqing were put forward.展开更多
Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can...Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can occur. The regional, karst Floridan aquifer system underlies the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain Physiographic Region and exhibits hydrologic interconnections with overlying surficial aquifers and throughout other zones of the aquifer system, as is characteristic of other karst aquifer systems. Anthropogenic groundwater declines in this regional karst aquifer system have been documented in published literature for decades, but the impacts of those declines in this coastal plain region and the embedded ecosystems that provide essential and critical habitat for native, endemic, and federally endangered and threatened species have not been considered previously. Those anthropogenic groundwater declines reduce surfacewater levels and flows due to the capture of both groundwater and overland flow of surfacewater, resulting in induced recharge through semi-confining zones and interbasin flow through fractures and other karst conduits. This case study identifies examples from the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area and comparison areas of how those declines result in loss of historic base flow to surface waters and other capture of surface waters, ultimately increasing saltwater intrusion. Those results alter and degrade the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters, in violation of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Historic groundwater declines from mining and other anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals from this regional karst aquifer system already threaten the survival and recovery of federally endangered and threatened species, as well as existing and proposed critical habitat for those species within this regional extent, in violation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This case study and its companion publication (Part 2) appear to be the first to provide scientific support for this regional karst aquifer system as the unifying factor in habitat responses to irreversible groundwater impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. These adverse impacts strongly suggest that the extent of the regional Floridan aquifer system should be designated as the Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion for the purpose of managing natural resources. Mining activities continue to expand in our study area, which is the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. Despite that fact, no comprehensive Areawide Environmental Impact Statement (AEIS), similar to the AEIS required for phosphate mining within the Central Florida Phosphate District (CFPD) approximately a decade ago has been conducted for any of the numerous mining projects that are occurring and are proposed within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also provides examples of why a comprehensive AEIS is essential to consider all of the adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of those mining activities to the CWA, the ESA, and the irreversible losses to local economies, because federal agencies responsible for considering those adverse impacts rely on public comments to identify those adverse impacts. The mining activities authorized throughout the regional Floridan aquifer system under Category 44 Nationwide Permits (NWP) result in the same type of adverse impacts as the mining activities evaluated under Individual Permits in that region. Therefore, those Category 44 NWP mining activities also should be required to obtain Individual Permits and be evaluated under an AEIS in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also describes how Florida’s assumption of the CWA Section 404 regulatory authority in 2020 severs four sub-basins within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area at the state line between Florida and Georgia.展开更多
文摘According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of this,the environmental cost caused by ballast water is considered as a negative externality.This paper aims to contribute by proposing that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined through questionnaires,and that the imposition of a Pigouvian retributive tax is required to compensate for the environmental damage caused.The paper proceeds as follows.Firstly,ballast water management is discussed.Second,the environmental cost is discussed and it is asserted that it is important to have clear regulations and to update them frequently to prevent or minimize ballast water’s negative impact on the environment.Finally,it is suggested that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined by questionnaires and,more specifically,by the WTP(Willingness to Pay)method,and that a special Pigouvian corrective taxation which can internalize this cost should be imposed.
文摘The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China's transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.
基金Under the auspices of National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB428804)
文摘An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index system is specifically developed to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency. It is composed of three first-level indicators(law enforcement capability, management ability, and management effectiveness) and eleven second-level indicators. The second-level indicators include seven mandatory indicators and four optional indicators. Piecewise linear function is used to normalize the quantitative indicators, and expert scoring method and questionnaire survey method are used to normalize the qualitative indicators. Then a comprehensive indicator weighting evaluation method is used to evaluate the first-level indicators and the target topic. A case study is carried out to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency in Tianjin City. According to the evaluation score in each period, the management efficiency of every district in Tianjin City gradually improved. The overall evaluation score in the early deep groundwater extraction period is 0.12. After a series of deep groundwater protection efforts, this score reached to 0.61 in 2007, and met the regulation criteria. The evaluation results also showed that the further groundwater management efforts in Tianjin City should be focused on building a dynamic database to collect comprehensive deep well-log data; and on a reasonable design and distribution of the groundwater monitoring network. It demonstrated that the index system is suitable to locate the deficiencies of current groundwater management systems and to guide further improvements. It can then be used to protect deep groundwater.
文摘The design problem of an integrated power and attitude control system (IPACS) for spacecrafts is investigated. A Lyapunov-typed IPACS controller is designed for a spacecraft equipped with 4 flywheels (3 orthogonal + 1 skew). This controller keeps in the nonlinear properties of original systems, so the control result can be more precise. A control law of the flywheels is also proposed to accomplish the attitude control and energy storage simultaneously. Aiming at the limitations existing in the power conversion characteristic and the wheel's motor, a new strategy of energy management is proposed. The strategy can not only make the charged/discharged energy reaching balance in each orbital period, but also sufficiently utilize the power provided by the solar arrays. Therefore, the size and mass of solar arrays can be decreased, and the cost of spacecraft can be economized. A simulation example illustrates the validity of the designed IPACS.
文摘Electricity Market Act№2019-VIII passed in 2017 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine enacts in July 2019 and causes the transition of this segment of the economy to the free market principles.The implementation of this Act is perceived ambiguous.Many experts criticize this Act,which have numerous risks,especially pricing risks.In order to better understand the implications of the enactment of the adopted Act,a study was carried out on the methodology of the pricing mechanism in the retail segment of the electricity market based on the Demand Side Management(DSM)approach.In the study,one of the varieties of DSM models was used–a dynamic demand-supply model for describing the pricing mechanism and short-term forecast of retail prices.Test and comparative analysis were conducted.The last one based on possibilities of short-term forecasting of prices of DSM model with the well-known Holt-Winters method.For testing were set historical data on electricity prices in England and Wales,during the transition period from a model similar to the current model of the Ukrainian electricity market.
文摘Taking the Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome as an example,the research method of pharmacology of syndrome management system was proposed.By means of text mining,systematic pharmacology and target analysis,to attempt to reveal the essence of the corresponding syndrome by studying the drugs and targets of Qi and Yin deficiency.Fourteen Chinese herbs treating Qi and Yin deficiency were retrieved and used more than 30 times,and 9,317 related targets were predicted.The common targets of action were 85.Topological analysis was carried out by using degree centrality,closeness centrality and betweenness centrality to confirm that estrogen receptor(ESR1),tumor necrosis factor(TNF),D(2)dopamine receptor(DRD2),vitamin D3 receptor(VDR),glucocorticoid receptor(NR3C1),acetylcholinesterase(ACHE)and endothelin-1(EDN1)were highly correlated with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome.Through the target to find Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome corresponding to 17 categories of diseases.A new idea was provided for studying the biological essence of TCM clinical syndrome differentiation.
文摘With"people as the core",Chongqing vigorously explores the reform of integration of urban and rural elements in counties,gradually breaks down the institutional barriers that hinder the free flow and equal exchange of urban and rural elements,and promotes the balanced development of land,talent,medical care,pension,education and service towards"equalization"and"integration".Some typical experience practices and outstanding results have been formed.At the same time,restricted by system,capital,technology and other factors,there are still many"pain points"and"difficulties"in the integration of urban and rural development in counties of Chongqing.Based on the reform practice,some countermeasures and suggestions for the integrated development of urban and rural elements in counties of Chongqing were put forward.
文摘Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can occur. The regional, karst Floridan aquifer system underlies the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain Physiographic Region and exhibits hydrologic interconnections with overlying surficial aquifers and throughout other zones of the aquifer system, as is characteristic of other karst aquifer systems. Anthropogenic groundwater declines in this regional karst aquifer system have been documented in published literature for decades, but the impacts of those declines in this coastal plain region and the embedded ecosystems that provide essential and critical habitat for native, endemic, and federally endangered and threatened species have not been considered previously. Those anthropogenic groundwater declines reduce surfacewater levels and flows due to the capture of both groundwater and overland flow of surfacewater, resulting in induced recharge through semi-confining zones and interbasin flow through fractures and other karst conduits. This case study identifies examples from the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area and comparison areas of how those declines result in loss of historic base flow to surface waters and other capture of surface waters, ultimately increasing saltwater intrusion. Those results alter and degrade the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters, in violation of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Historic groundwater declines from mining and other anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals from this regional karst aquifer system already threaten the survival and recovery of federally endangered and threatened species, as well as existing and proposed critical habitat for those species within this regional extent, in violation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This case study and its companion publication (Part 2) appear to be the first to provide scientific support for this regional karst aquifer system as the unifying factor in habitat responses to irreversible groundwater impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. These adverse impacts strongly suggest that the extent of the regional Floridan aquifer system should be designated as the Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion for the purpose of managing natural resources. Mining activities continue to expand in our study area, which is the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. Despite that fact, no comprehensive Areawide Environmental Impact Statement (AEIS), similar to the AEIS required for phosphate mining within the Central Florida Phosphate District (CFPD) approximately a decade ago has been conducted for any of the numerous mining projects that are occurring and are proposed within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also provides examples of why a comprehensive AEIS is essential to consider all of the adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of those mining activities to the CWA, the ESA, and the irreversible losses to local economies, because federal agencies responsible for considering those adverse impacts rely on public comments to identify those adverse impacts. The mining activities authorized throughout the regional Floridan aquifer system under Category 44 Nationwide Permits (NWP) result in the same type of adverse impacts as the mining activities evaluated under Individual Permits in that region. Therefore, those Category 44 NWP mining activities also should be required to obtain Individual Permits and be evaluated under an AEIS in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also describes how Florida’s assumption of the CWA Section 404 regulatory authority in 2020 severs four sub-basins within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area at the state line between Florida and Georgia.